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H A Zondag - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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investigation of a household scale open sorption energy Storage system based on the zeolite 13x water reacting pair
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018Co-Authors: R Van Alebeek, Luca Scapino, Ccm Camilo Rindt, H A Zondag, Mohammadreza M Gaeini, M A J M BevingAbstract:Abstract Sorption thermal energy Storage is a promising concept for Seasonal Heat Storage. Advantages of sorption Heat Storage are high energy Storage density (compared to sensible and phase change Heat Storage) and negligible energy losses during Storage over long time periods. In order to investigate the potential of sorption thermal energy Storage, a high power open sorption Heat Storage system has been designed and built for household space Heating applications. In this paper, the characteristics of the open zeolite 13X/water sorption energy Storage system will be presented. The setup consists of four segments with a total capacity of 250 L of zeolite. A segmented reactor has been designed to reduce the pressure drop over the system, which results in less required fan power. This configuration also decreases the response time and makes the system scalable. Dehydration of the reactor is performed by supplying hot air to the zeolite bed. Hydration is performed by supplying humidified air to the bed. In all the segments, the pressure drop, temperature, and humidity are monitored. Furthermore, inside one of the reactor segments, the temperature is monitored at different locations in the zeolite bed. Several tests, using different mass flow rates, have been performed. During the tests, a maximum temperature step of 24 °C was realized. The maximum delivered power was 4.4 kW and the obtained Storage capacity was 52 kWh. The reactor efficiency was 76% taking into consideration the conductive Heat losses through the reactor wall and the sensible Heat taken up by the thermal mass of the solids. Furthermore, it has been noticed that the flow through the bed was not completely uniform. This has a negative influence on the performance of the system.
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hot tap water production by a 4 kw sorption segmented reactor in household scale for Seasonal Heat Storage
Journal of energy storage, 2018Co-Authors: Mohammadreza M Gaeini, Luca Scapino, H A Zondag, R Van Alebeek, Ccm Camilo RindtAbstract:Abstract Replacing fossil fuel by solar energy as a promising sustainable energy source, is of high interest, for both electricity and Heat generation. However, to reach high solar thermal fractions and to overcome the mismatch between supply and demand of solar Heat, long term Heat Storage is necessary. A promising method for long term Heat Storage is to use thermochemical materials, TCMs. The reversible adsorption–desorption reactions, which are exothermic in the hydration direction and endothermic in the reverse dehydration direction, can be used to store Heat. A 250 L setup based on a gas–solid reaction between water–zeolite 13X is designed and tested. Humid air is introduced into a packed bed reactor filled with dehydrated material, and due to the adsorption of water vapour on TCM, Heat is released. The reactor consists of four segments of 62.5 L each, which can be operated in different modes. The temperature is measured at several locations to gain insight into the effect of segmentation. Experiments are performeignore.txtd for hydration–dehydration cycles in different modes. Using the temperatures measured at different locations in the system, a complete thermal picture of the system is calculated, including thermal powers of the segments. A maximum power of around 4 kW is obtained by running the segments in parallel mode. Compactness and robustness are two important factors for the successful introduction of Heat Storage systems in the built environment, and both can be met by reactor segmentation. With the segmented reactor concept, a high flexibility can be achieved in the performance of a Heat Storage system, while still being compact. The system is also able to produce domestic hot tap water with the required temperature of 60 °C. This can be done by implementing a recuperating unit to preHeat the inflow by recovering the residual Heat in the outflow. In this work, the recuperator is simulated by a Heater, and applicability of the system for domestic purposes is assessed. An energy density of 198 kWh/m 3 is calculated on material level, and the energy density calculated on reactor level is around 108 kWh/m 3 and 61 kWh/m 3 for experiment without and with preHeating, respectively.
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realization of a 4kw thermochemical segmented reactor in household scale for Seasonal Heat Storage
Energy Procedia, 2017Co-Authors: Mohammadreza M Gaeini, H A Zondag, Muhammad Javed, H Ouwerkerk, Ccm Camilo RindtAbstract:Abstract Replacing fossil fuel by solar energy as a promising sustainable energy source, is of high interest, for both electricity and Heat generation. However, to reach high thermal solar fractions and to overcome the mismatch between supply and demand of solar Heat, long term Heat Storage is necessary. A promising method for long term Heat Storage is to use thermochemical materials, TCMs. The reversible adsorption-desorption reactions, which are exothermic in the hydration direction and endothermic in the reverse dehydration direction, can be used to store Heat. A 250L setup based on a gas-solid reaction between water-zeolite 13X is designed and tested. Humid air is introduced to a packed bed reactor filled with dehydrated material and by the resulting adsorption of water vapour on TCM, Heat is released. The reactor consists of four segments of 62.5L each, which can be operated in different modes. The temperature is measured at several locations to gain insight into the effect of segmentation. Experiments are performed for hydration-dehydration cycles in different modes. Using the temperatures measured at different locations in the system, a complete thermal picture of the system is calculated, including thermal powers of the segments. A maximum power of around 4kW is obtained by running the segments in parallel mode. Compactness and robustness are two important factors for the successful introduction of Heat Storage systems in the built environment, and both can be met by reactor segmentation. With the segmented reactor concept, a high flexibility can be achieved in the performance of a Heat Storage system, while still being compact.
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reactive force field development for magnesium chloride hydrates and its application for Seasonal Heat Storage
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016Co-Authors: Amar Deep Pathak, Ccm Camilo Rindt, S Silvia V Nedea, Act Van Duin, H A Zondag, Dmj David SmeuldersAbstract:MgCl2 hydrates are considered as high-potential candidates for Seasonal Heat Storage materials. These materials have high Storage capacity and fast dehydration kinetics. However, as a side reaction to dehydration, hydrolysis may occur. Hydrolysis is an irreversible reaction, which produces HCl gas thus affecting the durability of Heat Storage systems. In this study, we present the parameterization of a reactive force field (ReaxFF) for MgCl2 hydrates to study the dehydration and hydrolysis kinetics of MgCl2·H2O and MgCl2·2H2O. The ReaxFF parameters have been derived by training against quantum mechanics data obtained from Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations consisting of bond dissociation curves, angle bending curves, reaction enthalpies, and equation of state. A single-parameter search algorithm in combination with a Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm is successfully used for this ReaxFF parameterization. The newly developed force field is validated by examining the elastic properties of MgCl2 hydrates and the proton transfer reaction barrier, which is important for the hydrolysis reaction. The bulk moduli of MgCl2·H2O and MgCl2·2H2O obtained from ReaxFF are in close agreement with the bulk moduli obtained from DFT. A barrier of 20.24 kcal mol−1 for the proton transfer in MgCl2·2H2O is obtained, which is in good agreement with the barrier (19.55 kcal mol−1) obtained from DFT. Molecular dynamics simulations using the newly developed ReaxFF on 2D-periodic slabs of MgCl2·H2O and MgCl2·2H2O show that the dehydration rate increases more rapidly with temperature in MgCl2·H2O than in MgCl2·2H2O, in the temperature range 300–500 K. The onset temperature of HCl formation, a crucial design parameter in Seasonal Heat Storage systems, is observed at 340 K for MgCl2·H2O, which is in agreement with experiments. The HCl formation is not observed for MgCl2·2H2O. The diffusion coefficient of H2O through MgCl2·H2O is lower than through MgCl2·2H2O, and can become a rate-limiting step. The diffusion coefficient increases with temperature and follows the Arrhenius law both for MgCl2·H2O and MgCl2·2H2O. These results indicate the validity of the ReaxFF approach for studying MgCl2 hydrates and provide important atomistic-scale insight of reaction kinetics and H2O transport in these materials.
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a dft based comparative equilibrium study of thermal dehydration and hydrolysis of cacl2 hydrates and mgcl2 hydrates for Seasonal Heat Storage
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016Co-Authors: Amar Deep Pathak, S Silvia V Nedea, H A Zondag, Ccm Camilo Rind, Dmj David SmeuldersAbstract:Salt hydrates store solar energy in chemical form via a reversible dehydration–hydration reaction. However, as a side reaction to dehydration, hydrolysis (HCl formation) may occur in chloride based salt hydrates (specially in MgCl2 hydrates), affecting the durability of the Storage system. The mixture of CaCl2 and MgCl2 hydrates has been shown experimentally to have exceptional cycle stability and improved kinetics. However, the optimal operating conditions for the mixture are unknown. To understand the appropriate balance between dehydration and hydrolysis kinetics in the mixtures, it is essential to gain in-depth insight into the mixture components. We present a GGA-DFT level study to investigate the various gaseous structures of CaCl2 hydrates and to understand the relative stability of their conformers. The hydration strength and relative stability of conformers are dominated by electrostatic interactions. A wide network of intramolecular homonuclear and heteronuclear hydrogen bonds is observed in CaCl2 hydrates. Equilibrium product concentrations are obtained during dehydration and hydrolysis reactions under various temperature and pressure conditions. The trend of the dehydration curve with temperature in CaCl2 hydrates is similar to the experiments. Comparing these results to those of MgCl2 hydrates, we find that CaCl2 hydrates are more resistant towards hydrolysis in the temperature range of 273–800 K. Specifically, the present study reveals that the onset temperatures of HCl formation, a crucial design parameter for MgCl2 hydrates, are lower than for CaCl2 hydrates except for the mono-hydrate.
Ccm Camilo Rindt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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investigation of a household scale open sorption energy Storage system based on the zeolite 13x water reacting pair
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018Co-Authors: R Van Alebeek, Luca Scapino, Ccm Camilo Rindt, H A Zondag, Mohammadreza M Gaeini, M A J M BevingAbstract:Abstract Sorption thermal energy Storage is a promising concept for Seasonal Heat Storage. Advantages of sorption Heat Storage are high energy Storage density (compared to sensible and phase change Heat Storage) and negligible energy losses during Storage over long time periods. In order to investigate the potential of sorption thermal energy Storage, a high power open sorption Heat Storage system has been designed and built for household space Heating applications. In this paper, the characteristics of the open zeolite 13X/water sorption energy Storage system will be presented. The setup consists of four segments with a total capacity of 250 L of zeolite. A segmented reactor has been designed to reduce the pressure drop over the system, which results in less required fan power. This configuration also decreases the response time and makes the system scalable. Dehydration of the reactor is performed by supplying hot air to the zeolite bed. Hydration is performed by supplying humidified air to the bed. In all the segments, the pressure drop, temperature, and humidity are monitored. Furthermore, inside one of the reactor segments, the temperature is monitored at different locations in the zeolite bed. Several tests, using different mass flow rates, have been performed. During the tests, a maximum temperature step of 24 °C was realized. The maximum delivered power was 4.4 kW and the obtained Storage capacity was 52 kWh. The reactor efficiency was 76% taking into consideration the conductive Heat losses through the reactor wall and the sensible Heat taken up by the thermal mass of the solids. Furthermore, it has been noticed that the flow through the bed was not completely uniform. This has a negative influence on the performance of the system.
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hot tap water production by a 4 kw sorption segmented reactor in household scale for Seasonal Heat Storage
Journal of energy storage, 2018Co-Authors: Mohammadreza M Gaeini, Luca Scapino, H A Zondag, R Van Alebeek, Ccm Camilo RindtAbstract:Abstract Replacing fossil fuel by solar energy as a promising sustainable energy source, is of high interest, for both electricity and Heat generation. However, to reach high solar thermal fractions and to overcome the mismatch between supply and demand of solar Heat, long term Heat Storage is necessary. A promising method for long term Heat Storage is to use thermochemical materials, TCMs. The reversible adsorption–desorption reactions, which are exothermic in the hydration direction and endothermic in the reverse dehydration direction, can be used to store Heat. A 250 L setup based on a gas–solid reaction between water–zeolite 13X is designed and tested. Humid air is introduced into a packed bed reactor filled with dehydrated material, and due to the adsorption of water vapour on TCM, Heat is released. The reactor consists of four segments of 62.5 L each, which can be operated in different modes. The temperature is measured at several locations to gain insight into the effect of segmentation. Experiments are performeignore.txtd for hydration–dehydration cycles in different modes. Using the temperatures measured at different locations in the system, a complete thermal picture of the system is calculated, including thermal powers of the segments. A maximum power of around 4 kW is obtained by running the segments in parallel mode. Compactness and robustness are two important factors for the successful introduction of Heat Storage systems in the built environment, and both can be met by reactor segmentation. With the segmented reactor concept, a high flexibility can be achieved in the performance of a Heat Storage system, while still being compact. The system is also able to produce domestic hot tap water with the required temperature of 60 °C. This can be done by implementing a recuperating unit to preHeat the inflow by recovering the residual Heat in the outflow. In this work, the recuperator is simulated by a Heater, and applicability of the system for domestic purposes is assessed. An energy density of 198 kWh/m 3 is calculated on material level, and the energy density calculated on reactor level is around 108 kWh/m 3 and 61 kWh/m 3 for experiment without and with preHeating, respectively.
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realization of a 4kw thermochemical segmented reactor in household scale for Seasonal Heat Storage
Energy Procedia, 2017Co-Authors: Mohammadreza M Gaeini, H A Zondag, Muhammad Javed, H Ouwerkerk, Ccm Camilo RindtAbstract:Abstract Replacing fossil fuel by solar energy as a promising sustainable energy source, is of high interest, for both electricity and Heat generation. However, to reach high thermal solar fractions and to overcome the mismatch between supply and demand of solar Heat, long term Heat Storage is necessary. A promising method for long term Heat Storage is to use thermochemical materials, TCMs. The reversible adsorption-desorption reactions, which are exothermic in the hydration direction and endothermic in the reverse dehydration direction, can be used to store Heat. A 250L setup based on a gas-solid reaction between water-zeolite 13X is designed and tested. Humid air is introduced to a packed bed reactor filled with dehydrated material and by the resulting adsorption of water vapour on TCM, Heat is released. The reactor consists of four segments of 62.5L each, which can be operated in different modes. The temperature is measured at several locations to gain insight into the effect of segmentation. Experiments are performed for hydration-dehydration cycles in different modes. Using the temperatures measured at different locations in the system, a complete thermal picture of the system is calculated, including thermal powers of the segments. A maximum power of around 4kW is obtained by running the segments in parallel mode. Compactness and robustness are two important factors for the successful introduction of Heat Storage systems in the built environment, and both can be met by reactor segmentation. With the segmented reactor concept, a high flexibility can be achieved in the performance of a Heat Storage system, while still being compact.
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energy density and Storage capacity cost comparison of conceptual solid and liquid sorption Seasonal Heat Storage systems for low temperature space Heating
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017Co-Authors: Luca Scapino, Ha Herbert Zondag, Johan Van Bael, J Diriken, Ccm Camilo RindtAbstract:Abstract Sorption Heat Storage can potentially store thermal energy for long time periods with a higher energy density compared to conventional Storage technologies. A performance comparison in terms of energy density and Storage capacity costs of different sorption system concepts used for Seasonal Heat Storage is carried out. The reference scenario for the analysis consisted of satisfying the yearly Heating demand of a passive house. Three salt hydrates (MgCl 2 , Na 2 S, and SrBr 2 ), one adsorbent (zeolite 13X) and one ideal composite based on CaCl 2 , are used as active materials in solid sorption systems. One liquid sorption system based on NaOH is also considered in this analysis. The focus is on open solid sorption systems, which are compared with closed sorption systems and with the liquid sorption system. The main results show that, for the assumed reactor layouts, the closed solid sorption systems are generally more expensive compared to open systems. The use of the ideal composite represented a good compromise between energy density and Storage capacity costs, assuming a sufficient hydrothermal stability. The ideal liquid system resulted more affordable in terms of reactor and active material costs but less compact compared to the systems based on the pure adsorbent and certain salt hydrates. Among the main conclusions, this analysis shows that the costs for the investigated ideal systems based on sorption reactions, even considering only the active material and the reactor material costs, are relatively high compared to the acceptable Storage capacity costs defined for different users. However, acceptable Storage capacity costs reflect the present market condition, and they can sensibly increase or decrease in a relatively short period due to for e.g. the variation of fossil fuels prices. Therefore, in the upcoming future, systems like the ones investigated in this work can become more competitive in the energy sector.
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reactive force field development for magnesium chloride hydrates and its application for Seasonal Heat Storage
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016Co-Authors: Amar Deep Pathak, Ccm Camilo Rindt, S Silvia V Nedea, Act Van Duin, H A Zondag, Dmj David SmeuldersAbstract:MgCl2 hydrates are considered as high-potential candidates for Seasonal Heat Storage materials. These materials have high Storage capacity and fast dehydration kinetics. However, as a side reaction to dehydration, hydrolysis may occur. Hydrolysis is an irreversible reaction, which produces HCl gas thus affecting the durability of Heat Storage systems. In this study, we present the parameterization of a reactive force field (ReaxFF) for MgCl2 hydrates to study the dehydration and hydrolysis kinetics of MgCl2·H2O and MgCl2·2H2O. The ReaxFF parameters have been derived by training against quantum mechanics data obtained from Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations consisting of bond dissociation curves, angle bending curves, reaction enthalpies, and equation of state. A single-parameter search algorithm in combination with a Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm is successfully used for this ReaxFF parameterization. The newly developed force field is validated by examining the elastic properties of MgCl2 hydrates and the proton transfer reaction barrier, which is important for the hydrolysis reaction. The bulk moduli of MgCl2·H2O and MgCl2·2H2O obtained from ReaxFF are in close agreement with the bulk moduli obtained from DFT. A barrier of 20.24 kcal mol−1 for the proton transfer in MgCl2·2H2O is obtained, which is in good agreement with the barrier (19.55 kcal mol−1) obtained from DFT. Molecular dynamics simulations using the newly developed ReaxFF on 2D-periodic slabs of MgCl2·H2O and MgCl2·2H2O show that the dehydration rate increases more rapidly with temperature in MgCl2·H2O than in MgCl2·2H2O, in the temperature range 300–500 K. The onset temperature of HCl formation, a crucial design parameter in Seasonal Heat Storage systems, is observed at 340 K for MgCl2·H2O, which is in agreement with experiments. The HCl formation is not observed for MgCl2·2H2O. The diffusion coefficient of H2O through MgCl2·H2O is lower than through MgCl2·2H2O, and can become a rate-limiting step. The diffusion coefficient increases with temperature and follows the Arrhenius law both for MgCl2·H2O and MgCl2·2H2O. These results indicate the validity of the ReaxFF approach for studying MgCl2 hydrates and provide important atomistic-scale insight of reaction kinetics and H2O transport in these materials.
Hans Mullersteinhagen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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german central solar Heating plants with Seasonal Heat Storage
Solar Energy, 2010Co-Authors: D Bauer, Hans Mullersteinhagen, Roman Marx, J Nusbickerlux, F Ochs, W HeidemannAbstract:Central solar Heating plants contribute to the reduction of CO2-emissions and global warming. The combination of central solar Heating plants with Seasonal Heat Storage enables high solar fractions of 50% and more. Several pilot central solar Heating plants with Seasonal Heat Storage (CSHPSS) built in Germany since 1996 have proven the appropriate operation of these systems and confirmed the high solar fractions. Four different types of Seasonal thermal energy stores have been developed, tested and monitored under realistic operation conditions: Hot-water thermal energy store (e.g. in Friedrichshafen), gravel-water thermal energy store (e.g. in Steinfurt–Borghorst), borehole thermal energy store (in Neckarsulm) and aquifer thermal energy store (in Rostock). In this paper, measured Heat balances of several German CSHPSS are presented. The different types of thermal energy stores and the affiliated central solar Heating plants and district Heating systems are described. Their operational characteristics are compared using measured data gained from an extensive monitoring program. Thus long-term operational experiences such as the influence of net return temperatures are shown.
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central solar Heating plants with Seasonal Storage in germany
Solar Energy, 2004Co-Authors: T Schmidt, D Mangold, Hans MullersteinhagenAbstract:Abstract In the house building sector, central solar Heating plants presently offer the most cost-favourable application of all possibilities of solar-thermal systems. By the integration of Seasonal Heat Storage, more than 50% of the annual Heating demand for space Heating and domestic hot water can be supplied by solar energy. Since 1995, eight central solar Heating plants with Seasonal Heat Storage have been built in Germany within the governmental R&D-programme ‘Solarthermie-2000’. This report describes the technology of central solar Heating plants and gives advice about planning and costs. The pilot and demonstration plants for Seasonal Heat Storage already built in Germany are described in detail to give an idea about possible system design and applications of central solar Heating plants.
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solar assisted district Heating system with duct Heat store in neckarsulm amorbach germany
2003Co-Authors: J Nusbicker, D Mangold, W Heidemann, Hans MullersteinhagenAbstract:In Neckarsulm-Amorbach a solar assisted district Heating system is being realised. The planned solar fraction based on the total Heat demand (space Heating and domestic hot water) is 50 %. To reach such high solar fractions Seasonal Heat Storage is needed. Therefore a duct Heat store was constructed. The Storage temperature will be up to 80 °C. The duct Heat store was extended in several phases according to the extension of the residential area. The residential area presently consists of 160 accommodation units and several public buildings. The duct Heat store has a volume of 63,360 m³ Heated- up by 5,007 m² solar thermal collectors. In 2002 a solar fraction of 39 % was reached. This value meets the expected solar fraction for the present stage of the solar assisted district Heating system.
Luca Scapino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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investigation of a household scale open sorption energy Storage system based on the zeolite 13x water reacting pair
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018Co-Authors: R Van Alebeek, Luca Scapino, Ccm Camilo Rindt, H A Zondag, Mohammadreza M Gaeini, M A J M BevingAbstract:Abstract Sorption thermal energy Storage is a promising concept for Seasonal Heat Storage. Advantages of sorption Heat Storage are high energy Storage density (compared to sensible and phase change Heat Storage) and negligible energy losses during Storage over long time periods. In order to investigate the potential of sorption thermal energy Storage, a high power open sorption Heat Storage system has been designed and built for household space Heating applications. In this paper, the characteristics of the open zeolite 13X/water sorption energy Storage system will be presented. The setup consists of four segments with a total capacity of 250 L of zeolite. A segmented reactor has been designed to reduce the pressure drop over the system, which results in less required fan power. This configuration also decreases the response time and makes the system scalable. Dehydration of the reactor is performed by supplying hot air to the zeolite bed. Hydration is performed by supplying humidified air to the bed. In all the segments, the pressure drop, temperature, and humidity are monitored. Furthermore, inside one of the reactor segments, the temperature is monitored at different locations in the zeolite bed. Several tests, using different mass flow rates, have been performed. During the tests, a maximum temperature step of 24 °C was realized. The maximum delivered power was 4.4 kW and the obtained Storage capacity was 52 kWh. The reactor efficiency was 76% taking into consideration the conductive Heat losses through the reactor wall and the sensible Heat taken up by the thermal mass of the solids. Furthermore, it has been noticed that the flow through the bed was not completely uniform. This has a negative influence on the performance of the system.
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hot tap water production by a 4 kw sorption segmented reactor in household scale for Seasonal Heat Storage
Journal of energy storage, 2018Co-Authors: Mohammadreza M Gaeini, Luca Scapino, H A Zondag, R Van Alebeek, Ccm Camilo RindtAbstract:Abstract Replacing fossil fuel by solar energy as a promising sustainable energy source, is of high interest, for both electricity and Heat generation. However, to reach high solar thermal fractions and to overcome the mismatch between supply and demand of solar Heat, long term Heat Storage is necessary. A promising method for long term Heat Storage is to use thermochemical materials, TCMs. The reversible adsorption–desorption reactions, which are exothermic in the hydration direction and endothermic in the reverse dehydration direction, can be used to store Heat. A 250 L setup based on a gas–solid reaction between water–zeolite 13X is designed and tested. Humid air is introduced into a packed bed reactor filled with dehydrated material, and due to the adsorption of water vapour on TCM, Heat is released. The reactor consists of four segments of 62.5 L each, which can be operated in different modes. The temperature is measured at several locations to gain insight into the effect of segmentation. Experiments are performeignore.txtd for hydration–dehydration cycles in different modes. Using the temperatures measured at different locations in the system, a complete thermal picture of the system is calculated, including thermal powers of the segments. A maximum power of around 4 kW is obtained by running the segments in parallel mode. Compactness and robustness are two important factors for the successful introduction of Heat Storage systems in the built environment, and both can be met by reactor segmentation. With the segmented reactor concept, a high flexibility can be achieved in the performance of a Heat Storage system, while still being compact. The system is also able to produce domestic hot tap water with the required temperature of 60 °C. This can be done by implementing a recuperating unit to preHeat the inflow by recovering the residual Heat in the outflow. In this work, the recuperator is simulated by a Heater, and applicability of the system for domestic purposes is assessed. An energy density of 198 kWh/m 3 is calculated on material level, and the energy density calculated on reactor level is around 108 kWh/m 3 and 61 kWh/m 3 for experiment without and with preHeating, respectively.
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energy density and Storage capacity cost comparison of conceptual solid and liquid sorption Seasonal Heat Storage systems for low temperature space Heating
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017Co-Authors: Luca Scapino, Ha Herbert Zondag, Johan Van Bael, J Diriken, Ccm Camilo RindtAbstract:Abstract Sorption Heat Storage can potentially store thermal energy for long time periods with a higher energy density compared to conventional Storage technologies. A performance comparison in terms of energy density and Storage capacity costs of different sorption system concepts used for Seasonal Heat Storage is carried out. The reference scenario for the analysis consisted of satisfying the yearly Heating demand of a passive house. Three salt hydrates (MgCl 2 , Na 2 S, and SrBr 2 ), one adsorbent (zeolite 13X) and one ideal composite based on CaCl 2 , are used as active materials in solid sorption systems. One liquid sorption system based on NaOH is also considered in this analysis. The focus is on open solid sorption systems, which are compared with closed sorption systems and with the liquid sorption system. The main results show that, for the assumed reactor layouts, the closed solid sorption systems are generally more expensive compared to open systems. The use of the ideal composite represented a good compromise between energy density and Storage capacity costs, assuming a sufficient hydrothermal stability. The ideal liquid system resulted more affordable in terms of reactor and active material costs but less compact compared to the systems based on the pure adsorbent and certain salt hydrates. Among the main conclusions, this analysis shows that the costs for the investigated ideal systems based on sorption reactions, even considering only the active material and the reactor material costs, are relatively high compared to the acceptable Storage capacity costs defined for different users. However, acceptable Storage capacity costs reflect the present market condition, and they can sensibly increase or decrease in a relatively short period due to for e.g. the variation of fossil fuels prices. Therefore, in the upcoming future, systems like the ones investigated in this work can become more competitive in the energy sector.
Mohammadreza M Gaeini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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investigation of a household scale open sorption energy Storage system based on the zeolite 13x water reacting pair
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018Co-Authors: R Van Alebeek, Luca Scapino, Ccm Camilo Rindt, H A Zondag, Mohammadreza M Gaeini, M A J M BevingAbstract:Abstract Sorption thermal energy Storage is a promising concept for Seasonal Heat Storage. Advantages of sorption Heat Storage are high energy Storage density (compared to sensible and phase change Heat Storage) and negligible energy losses during Storage over long time periods. In order to investigate the potential of sorption thermal energy Storage, a high power open sorption Heat Storage system has been designed and built for household space Heating applications. In this paper, the characteristics of the open zeolite 13X/water sorption energy Storage system will be presented. The setup consists of four segments with a total capacity of 250 L of zeolite. A segmented reactor has been designed to reduce the pressure drop over the system, which results in less required fan power. This configuration also decreases the response time and makes the system scalable. Dehydration of the reactor is performed by supplying hot air to the zeolite bed. Hydration is performed by supplying humidified air to the bed. In all the segments, the pressure drop, temperature, and humidity are monitored. Furthermore, inside one of the reactor segments, the temperature is monitored at different locations in the zeolite bed. Several tests, using different mass flow rates, have been performed. During the tests, a maximum temperature step of 24 °C was realized. The maximum delivered power was 4.4 kW and the obtained Storage capacity was 52 kWh. The reactor efficiency was 76% taking into consideration the conductive Heat losses through the reactor wall and the sensible Heat taken up by the thermal mass of the solids. Furthermore, it has been noticed that the flow through the bed was not completely uniform. This has a negative influence on the performance of the system.
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hot tap water production by a 4 kw sorption segmented reactor in household scale for Seasonal Heat Storage
Journal of energy storage, 2018Co-Authors: Mohammadreza M Gaeini, Luca Scapino, H A Zondag, R Van Alebeek, Ccm Camilo RindtAbstract:Abstract Replacing fossil fuel by solar energy as a promising sustainable energy source, is of high interest, for both electricity and Heat generation. However, to reach high solar thermal fractions and to overcome the mismatch between supply and demand of solar Heat, long term Heat Storage is necessary. A promising method for long term Heat Storage is to use thermochemical materials, TCMs. The reversible adsorption–desorption reactions, which are exothermic in the hydration direction and endothermic in the reverse dehydration direction, can be used to store Heat. A 250 L setup based on a gas–solid reaction between water–zeolite 13X is designed and tested. Humid air is introduced into a packed bed reactor filled with dehydrated material, and due to the adsorption of water vapour on TCM, Heat is released. The reactor consists of four segments of 62.5 L each, which can be operated in different modes. The temperature is measured at several locations to gain insight into the effect of segmentation. Experiments are performeignore.txtd for hydration–dehydration cycles in different modes. Using the temperatures measured at different locations in the system, a complete thermal picture of the system is calculated, including thermal powers of the segments. A maximum power of around 4 kW is obtained by running the segments in parallel mode. Compactness and robustness are two important factors for the successful introduction of Heat Storage systems in the built environment, and both can be met by reactor segmentation. With the segmented reactor concept, a high flexibility can be achieved in the performance of a Heat Storage system, while still being compact. The system is also able to produce domestic hot tap water with the required temperature of 60 °C. This can be done by implementing a recuperating unit to preHeat the inflow by recovering the residual Heat in the outflow. In this work, the recuperator is simulated by a Heater, and applicability of the system for domestic purposes is assessed. An energy density of 198 kWh/m 3 is calculated on material level, and the energy density calculated on reactor level is around 108 kWh/m 3 and 61 kWh/m 3 for experiment without and with preHeating, respectively.
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realization of a 4kw thermochemical segmented reactor in household scale for Seasonal Heat Storage
Energy Procedia, 2017Co-Authors: Mohammadreza M Gaeini, H A Zondag, Muhammad Javed, H Ouwerkerk, Ccm Camilo RindtAbstract:Abstract Replacing fossil fuel by solar energy as a promising sustainable energy source, is of high interest, for both electricity and Heat generation. However, to reach high thermal solar fractions and to overcome the mismatch between supply and demand of solar Heat, long term Heat Storage is necessary. A promising method for long term Heat Storage is to use thermochemical materials, TCMs. The reversible adsorption-desorption reactions, which are exothermic in the hydration direction and endothermic in the reverse dehydration direction, can be used to store Heat. A 250L setup based on a gas-solid reaction between water-zeolite 13X is designed and tested. Humid air is introduced to a packed bed reactor filled with dehydrated material and by the resulting adsorption of water vapour on TCM, Heat is released. The reactor consists of four segments of 62.5L each, which can be operated in different modes. The temperature is measured at several locations to gain insight into the effect of segmentation. Experiments are performed for hydration-dehydration cycles in different modes. Using the temperatures measured at different locations in the system, a complete thermal picture of the system is calculated, including thermal powers of the segments. A maximum power of around 4kW is obtained by running the segments in parallel mode. Compactness and robustness are two important factors for the successful introduction of Heat Storage systems in the built environment, and both can be met by reactor segmentation. With the segmented reactor concept, a high flexibility can be achieved in the performance of a Heat Storage system, while still being compact.