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Lucía Artazcoz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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informal employment unpaid care work and health status in spanish speaking central american countries a gender based approach
International Journal of Public Health, 2017Co-Authors: Maria Lopezruiz, Alejandra Vives, Fernando G. Benavides, Lucía ArtazcozAbstract:Abstract Objectives To assess the relationship between paid work, family characteristics and health status in Central American workers; and to examine whether patterns of association differ by gender and informal or formal employment. Methods Cross-sectional study of 8680 non-agricultural workers, based on the First Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health (2011). Main explicative variables were paid working hours, marital status, caring for children, and caring for people with functional diversity or ill. Using Poisson regression models, adjusted prevalence ratios of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex and social Security Coverage (proxy of informal employment). Results A clear pattern of association was observed for women in informal employment who were previously married, had care responsibilities, long working hours, or part-time work for both self-perceived and mental health. No other patterns were found. Conclusions Our results show health inequalities related to unpaid care work and paid work that depend on the interaction between gender and informal employment. To reduce these inequalities suitable policies should consider both the labor (increasing social Security Coverage) and domestic spheres (co-responsibility of care).
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Informal employment, unpaid care work, and health status in Spanish-speaking Central American countries: a gender-based approach
International journal of public health, 2016Co-Authors: María López-ruiz, Fernando G. Benavides, Alejandra Vives, Lucía ArtazcozAbstract:To assess the relationship between paid work, family characteristics and health status in Central American workers; and to examine whether patterns of association differ by gender and informal or formal employment. Cross-sectional study of 8680 non-agricultural workers, based on the First Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health (2011). Main explicative variables were paid working hours, marital status, caring for children, and caring for people with functional diversity or ill. Using Poisson regression models, adjusted prevalence ratios of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex and social Security Coverage (proxy of informal employment). A clear pattern of association was observed for women in informal employment who were previously married, had care responsibilities, long working hours, or part-time work for both self-perceived and mental health. No other patterns were found. Our results show health inequalities related to unpaid care work and paid work that depend on the interaction between gender and informal employment. To reduce these inequalities suitable policies should consider both the labor (increasing social Security Coverage) and domestic spheres (co-responsibility of care).
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Informal employment and health status in Central America
BMC Public Health, 2015Co-Authors: María López-ruiz, Lucía Artazcoz, José Miguel Martínez, Marianela Rojas, Fernando G. BenavidesAbstract:Background Informal employment is assumed to be an important but seldom studied social determinant of health, affecting a large number of workers around the world. Although informal employment arrangements constitute a permanent, structural pillar of many labor markets in low- and middle-income countries, studies about its relationship with health status are still scarce. In Central America more than 60 % of non-agricultural workers have informal employment. Therefore, we aimed to assess differences in self-perceived and mental health status of Central Americans with different patterns of informal and formal employment. Methods Employment profiles were created by combining employment relations (employees, self-employed, employers), social Security Coverage (yes/no) and type of contract -only for employees- (written, oral, none), in a cross-sectional study of 8,823 non-agricultural workers based on the I Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health of 2011. Using logistic regression models, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) by country, age and occupation, of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex. Different models were first fitted separately for the three dimensions of employment conditions, then for employment profiles as independent variables. Results Poor self-perceived health was reported by 34 % of women and 27 % of men, and 30 % of women and 26 % of men reported poor mental health. Lack of social Security Coverage was associated with poor self-perceived health (women, aOR: 1.38, 95 % CI: 1.13-1.67; men, aOR: 1.36, 95 % CI: 1.13-1.63). Almost all employment profiles with no social Security Coverage were significantly associated with poor self-perceived and poor mental health in both sexes. Conclusions Our results show that informal employment is a significant factor in social health inequalities among Central American workers, which could be diminished by policies aimed at increasing social Security Coverage.
Fernando G. Benavides - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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informal employment unpaid care work and health status in spanish speaking central american countries a gender based approach
International Journal of Public Health, 2017Co-Authors: Maria Lopezruiz, Alejandra Vives, Fernando G. Benavides, Lucía ArtazcozAbstract:Abstract Objectives To assess the relationship between paid work, family characteristics and health status in Central American workers; and to examine whether patterns of association differ by gender and informal or formal employment. Methods Cross-sectional study of 8680 non-agricultural workers, based on the First Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health (2011). Main explicative variables were paid working hours, marital status, caring for children, and caring for people with functional diversity or ill. Using Poisson regression models, adjusted prevalence ratios of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex and social Security Coverage (proxy of informal employment). Results A clear pattern of association was observed for women in informal employment who were previously married, had care responsibilities, long working hours, or part-time work for both self-perceived and mental health. No other patterns were found. Conclusions Our results show health inequalities related to unpaid care work and paid work that depend on the interaction between gender and informal employment. To reduce these inequalities suitable policies should consider both the labor (increasing social Security Coverage) and domestic spheres (co-responsibility of care).
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Informal employment, unpaid care work, and health status in Spanish-speaking Central American countries: a gender-based approach
International journal of public health, 2016Co-Authors: María López-ruiz, Fernando G. Benavides, Alejandra Vives, Lucía ArtazcozAbstract:To assess the relationship between paid work, family characteristics and health status in Central American workers; and to examine whether patterns of association differ by gender and informal or formal employment. Cross-sectional study of 8680 non-agricultural workers, based on the First Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health (2011). Main explicative variables were paid working hours, marital status, caring for children, and caring for people with functional diversity or ill. Using Poisson regression models, adjusted prevalence ratios of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex and social Security Coverage (proxy of informal employment). A clear pattern of association was observed for women in informal employment who were previously married, had care responsibilities, long working hours, or part-time work for both self-perceived and mental health. No other patterns were found. Our results show health inequalities related to unpaid care work and paid work that depend on the interaction between gender and informal employment. To reduce these inequalities suitable policies should consider both the labor (increasing social Security Coverage) and domestic spheres (co-responsibility of care).
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Informal employment and health status in Central America
BMC Public Health, 2015Co-Authors: María López-ruiz, Lucía Artazcoz, José Miguel Martínez, Marianela Rojas, Fernando G. BenavidesAbstract:Background Informal employment is assumed to be an important but seldom studied social determinant of health, affecting a large number of workers around the world. Although informal employment arrangements constitute a permanent, structural pillar of many labor markets in low- and middle-income countries, studies about its relationship with health status are still scarce. In Central America more than 60 % of non-agricultural workers have informal employment. Therefore, we aimed to assess differences in self-perceived and mental health status of Central Americans with different patterns of informal and formal employment. Methods Employment profiles were created by combining employment relations (employees, self-employed, employers), social Security Coverage (yes/no) and type of contract -only for employees- (written, oral, none), in a cross-sectional study of 8,823 non-agricultural workers based on the I Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health of 2011. Using logistic regression models, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) by country, age and occupation, of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex. Different models were first fitted separately for the three dimensions of employment conditions, then for employment profiles as independent variables. Results Poor self-perceived health was reported by 34 % of women and 27 % of men, and 30 % of women and 26 % of men reported poor mental health. Lack of social Security Coverage was associated with poor self-perceived health (women, aOR: 1.38, 95 % CI: 1.13-1.67; men, aOR: 1.36, 95 % CI: 1.13-1.63). Almost all employment profiles with no social Security Coverage were significantly associated with poor self-perceived and poor mental health in both sexes. Conclusions Our results show that informal employment is a significant factor in social health inequalities among Central American workers, which could be diminished by policies aimed at increasing social Security Coverage.
María López-ruiz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Informal employment, unpaid care work, and health status in Spanish-speaking Central American countries: a gender-based approach
International journal of public health, 2016Co-Authors: María López-ruiz, Fernando G. Benavides, Alejandra Vives, Lucía ArtazcozAbstract:To assess the relationship between paid work, family characteristics and health status in Central American workers; and to examine whether patterns of association differ by gender and informal or formal employment. Cross-sectional study of 8680 non-agricultural workers, based on the First Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health (2011). Main explicative variables were paid working hours, marital status, caring for children, and caring for people with functional diversity or ill. Using Poisson regression models, adjusted prevalence ratios of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex and social Security Coverage (proxy of informal employment). A clear pattern of association was observed for women in informal employment who were previously married, had care responsibilities, long working hours, or part-time work for both self-perceived and mental health. No other patterns were found. Our results show health inequalities related to unpaid care work and paid work that depend on the interaction between gender and informal employment. To reduce these inequalities suitable policies should consider both the labor (increasing social Security Coverage) and domestic spheres (co-responsibility of care).
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Informal employment and health status in Central America
BMC Public Health, 2015Co-Authors: María López-ruiz, Lucía Artazcoz, José Miguel Martínez, Marianela Rojas, Fernando G. BenavidesAbstract:Background Informal employment is assumed to be an important but seldom studied social determinant of health, affecting a large number of workers around the world. Although informal employment arrangements constitute a permanent, structural pillar of many labor markets in low- and middle-income countries, studies about its relationship with health status are still scarce. In Central America more than 60 % of non-agricultural workers have informal employment. Therefore, we aimed to assess differences in self-perceived and mental health status of Central Americans with different patterns of informal and formal employment. Methods Employment profiles were created by combining employment relations (employees, self-employed, employers), social Security Coverage (yes/no) and type of contract -only for employees- (written, oral, none), in a cross-sectional study of 8,823 non-agricultural workers based on the I Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health of 2011. Using logistic regression models, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) by country, age and occupation, of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex. Different models were first fitted separately for the three dimensions of employment conditions, then for employment profiles as independent variables. Results Poor self-perceived health was reported by 34 % of women and 27 % of men, and 30 % of women and 26 % of men reported poor mental health. Lack of social Security Coverage was associated with poor self-perceived health (women, aOR: 1.38, 95 % CI: 1.13-1.67; men, aOR: 1.36, 95 % CI: 1.13-1.63). Almost all employment profiles with no social Security Coverage were significantly associated with poor self-perceived and poor mental health in both sexes. Conclusions Our results show that informal employment is a significant factor in social health inequalities among Central American workers, which could be diminished by policies aimed at increasing social Security Coverage.
Alejandra Vives - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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informal employment unpaid care work and health status in spanish speaking central american countries a gender based approach
International Journal of Public Health, 2017Co-Authors: Maria Lopezruiz, Alejandra Vives, Fernando G. Benavides, Lucía ArtazcozAbstract:Abstract Objectives To assess the relationship between paid work, family characteristics and health status in Central American workers; and to examine whether patterns of association differ by gender and informal or formal employment. Methods Cross-sectional study of 8680 non-agricultural workers, based on the First Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health (2011). Main explicative variables were paid working hours, marital status, caring for children, and caring for people with functional diversity or ill. Using Poisson regression models, adjusted prevalence ratios of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex and social Security Coverage (proxy of informal employment). Results A clear pattern of association was observed for women in informal employment who were previously married, had care responsibilities, long working hours, or part-time work for both self-perceived and mental health. No other patterns were found. Conclusions Our results show health inequalities related to unpaid care work and paid work that depend on the interaction between gender and informal employment. To reduce these inequalities suitable policies should consider both the labor (increasing social Security Coverage) and domestic spheres (co-responsibility of care).
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Informal employment, unpaid care work, and health status in Spanish-speaking Central American countries: a gender-based approach
International journal of public health, 2016Co-Authors: María López-ruiz, Fernando G. Benavides, Alejandra Vives, Lucía ArtazcozAbstract:To assess the relationship between paid work, family characteristics and health status in Central American workers; and to examine whether patterns of association differ by gender and informal or formal employment. Cross-sectional study of 8680 non-agricultural workers, based on the First Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health (2011). Main explicative variables were paid working hours, marital status, caring for children, and caring for people with functional diversity or ill. Using Poisson regression models, adjusted prevalence ratios of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex and social Security Coverage (proxy of informal employment). A clear pattern of association was observed for women in informal employment who were previously married, had care responsibilities, long working hours, or part-time work for both self-perceived and mental health. No other patterns were found. Our results show health inequalities related to unpaid care work and paid work that depend on the interaction between gender and informal employment. To reduce these inequalities suitable policies should consider both the labor (increasing social Security Coverage) and domestic spheres (co-responsibility of care).
Maria Lopezruiz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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informal employment unpaid care work and health status in spanish speaking central american countries a gender based approach
International Journal of Public Health, 2017Co-Authors: Maria Lopezruiz, Alejandra Vives, Fernando G. Benavides, Lucía ArtazcozAbstract:Abstract Objectives To assess the relationship between paid work, family characteristics and health status in Central American workers; and to examine whether patterns of association differ by gender and informal or formal employment. Methods Cross-sectional study of 8680 non-agricultural workers, based on the First Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health (2011). Main explicative variables were paid working hours, marital status, caring for children, and caring for people with functional diversity or ill. Using Poisson regression models, adjusted prevalence ratios of poor self-perceived and mental health were calculated by sex and social Security Coverage (proxy of informal employment). Results A clear pattern of association was observed for women in informal employment who were previously married, had care responsibilities, long working hours, or part-time work for both self-perceived and mental health. No other patterns were found. Conclusions Our results show health inequalities related to unpaid care work and paid work that depend on the interaction between gender and informal employment. To reduce these inequalities suitable policies should consider both the labor (increasing social Security Coverage) and domestic spheres (co-responsibility of care).