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Dean Keith Simonton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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on praising convergent thinking creativity as blind variation and Selective Retention
Creativity Research Journal, 2015Co-Authors: Dean Keith SimontonAbstract:Arthur Cropley (2006) emphasized the critical place that convergent thinking has in creativity. Although he briefly refers to the blind variation and Selective Retention (BVSR) theory of creativity, his discussion could not reflect the most recent theoretical and empirical developments in BVSR, especially the resulting combinatorial models. Therefore, in this article I first provide an overview of contemporary BVSR theory, including both a general combinatorial model and its specific manifestations (internal vs. external selection, simultaneous vs. sequential selection, exploration vs. elimination, and open vs. closed preselection). This overview then permits theoretical treatment of the connections between convergent thinking and BVSR. These connections entail the direct involvement of convergent thinking in BVSR, as well as the occasions in which sequential BVSR operates in a manner resembling convergent thinking. The article closes with a discussion of some misunderstandings regarding the function of d...
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creative thought as blind variation and Selective Retention why creativity is inversely related to sightedness
Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Dean Keith SimontonAbstract:Campbell (1960) proposed the theory that creativity required blind variation and Selective Retention (BVSR). More than a half century has transpired without any resolution of the controversy over the theory’s validity. This inability to reach consensus may reflect a fundamental failure on both sides to define the critical terms of the debate, namely, creativity and blindness. Hence, to help resolve the issue, the ideas making up a variant set are first described via three parameters: (a) the idea’s initial probability of generation, (b) its final utility, and (c) any prior knowledge of its utility value. These three subjective parameters are then used to derive a creativity index applicable to each idea in the set. The same parameters are also deployed to produce a sightedness metric that describes the sightedness of the variant set as well as each idea in that set. It is then logically demonstrated, first, that an idea’s creativity is inversely related to its sightedness, and, second, that an idea’s creativity is inversely related to the sightedness of the variant set that contains that idea. Furthermore, the same general conclusions hold when the third parameter is omitted from the two definitions or when the two definitions are not functions of identical parameters (e.g., novelty in one but originality in the other). Because blindness is just the inverse of sightedness, it automatically follows that creativity has an essential positive connection with blind variation. The article closes with a discussion of BVSR implications regarding the joint distribution of creativity and sightedness.
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Creativity and Discovery as Blind Variation: Campbell's (1960) BVSR Model after the Half-Century Mark:
Review of General Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Dean Keith SimontonAbstract:This article assesses and extends Campbell's (1960) classic theory that creativity and discovery depend on blind variation and Selective Retention (BVSR), with special attention given to blind vari...
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creative thought as blind variation and Selective Retention combinatorial models of exceptional creativity
Physics of Life Reviews, 2010Co-Authors: Dean Keith SimontonAbstract:Campbell (1960) proposed that creative thought should be conceived as a blind-variation and Selective-Retention process (BVSR). This article reviews the developments that have taken place in the half century that has elapsed since his proposal, with special focus on the use of combinatorial models as formal representations of the general theory. After defining the key concepts of blind variants, creative thought, and disciplinary context, the combinatorial models are specified in terms of individual domain samples, variable field size, ideational combination, and disciplinary communication. Empirical implications are then derived with respect to individual, domain, and field systems. These abstract combinatorial models are next provided substantive reinforcement with respect to findings concerning the cognitive processes, personality traits, developmental factors, and social contexts that contribute to creativity. The review concludes with some suggestions regarding future efforts to explicate creativity according to BVSR theory.
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Reply to CommentCreative thought as blind-variation and Selective-Retention: Combinatorial models of exceptional creativity
Physics of Life Reviews, 2010Co-Authors: Dean Keith SimontonAbstract:Both positive and negative comments are discussed with the aim of stimulating future theoretical and empirical research on BVSR models of creativity, including combinatorial models.
Kresimir Williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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length Selective Retention of walleye pollock theragra chalcogramma by midwater trawls
Ices Journal of Marine Science, 2011Co-Authors: Kresimir Williams, André E. Punt, Christopher D. Wilson, John K. HorneAbstract:Williams, K., Punt, A. E., Wilson, C. D., and Horne, J. K. 2011. Length-Selective Retention of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, by midwater trawls. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 119–129.Midwater trawls are commonly used during acoustic surveys of fish abundance to determine species and length compositions of acoustically sampled fish aggregations. As trawls are Selective samplers, catches can be unrepresentative of sampled populations and lead to biased abundance estimates. Length-dependent Retention of walleye pollock was estimated using small recapture nets, so-called pocket nets, attached to the outside of the trawl. Experimental haul sets comprising eight hauls each were conducted in the Gulf of Alaska in 2007 and 2008 and in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) in 2007. Pocket-net catches were then modelled by fitting parameters for selectivity and escapement location along the trawl. Within- and between-haul variability was jointly estimated using hierarchical Bayesian methods. There was significant undersampling of juvenile (<25 cm) pollock, with the length-at-50%-Retention (L 50 ) estimated between 13.5 and 26.1 cm among haul sets. In the EBS set, L 50 values were correlated with light level, escapement being greater at night. Trawl selectivity may be a significant source of error in acoustic-survey estimates of the abundance of pollock.
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Length-Selective Retention of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, by midwater trawls
Ices Journal of Marine Science, 2010Co-Authors: Kresimir Williams, André E. Punt, Christopher D. Wilson, John K. HorneAbstract:Williams, K., Punt, A. E., Wilson, C. D., and Horne, J. K. 2011. Length-Selective Retention of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, by midwater trawls. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 119–129.Midwater trawls are commonly used during acoustic surveys of fish abundance to determine species and length compositions of acoustically sampled fish aggregations. As trawls are Selective samplers, catches can be unrepresentative of sampled populations and lead to biased abundance estimates. Length-dependent Retention of walleye pollock was estimated using small recapture nets, so-called pocket nets, attached to the outside of the trawl. Experimental haul sets comprising eight hauls each were conducted in the Gulf of Alaska in 2007 and 2008 and in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) in 2007. Pocket-net catches were then modelled by fitting parameters for selectivity and escapement location along the trawl. Within- and between-haul variability was jointly estimated using hierarchical Bayesian methods. There was significant undersampling of juvenile (
John K. Horne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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length Selective Retention of walleye pollock theragra chalcogramma by midwater trawls
Ices Journal of Marine Science, 2011Co-Authors: Kresimir Williams, André E. Punt, Christopher D. Wilson, John K. HorneAbstract:Williams, K., Punt, A. E., Wilson, C. D., and Horne, J. K. 2011. Length-Selective Retention of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, by midwater trawls. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 119–129.Midwater trawls are commonly used during acoustic surveys of fish abundance to determine species and length compositions of acoustically sampled fish aggregations. As trawls are Selective samplers, catches can be unrepresentative of sampled populations and lead to biased abundance estimates. Length-dependent Retention of walleye pollock was estimated using small recapture nets, so-called pocket nets, attached to the outside of the trawl. Experimental haul sets comprising eight hauls each were conducted in the Gulf of Alaska in 2007 and 2008 and in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) in 2007. Pocket-net catches were then modelled by fitting parameters for selectivity and escapement location along the trawl. Within- and between-haul variability was jointly estimated using hierarchical Bayesian methods. There was significant undersampling of juvenile (<25 cm) pollock, with the length-at-50%-Retention (L 50 ) estimated between 13.5 and 26.1 cm among haul sets. In the EBS set, L 50 values were correlated with light level, escapement being greater at night. Trawl selectivity may be a significant source of error in acoustic-survey estimates of the abundance of pollock.
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Length-Selective Retention of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, by midwater trawls
Ices Journal of Marine Science, 2010Co-Authors: Kresimir Williams, André E. Punt, Christopher D. Wilson, John K. HorneAbstract:Williams, K., Punt, A. E., Wilson, C. D., and Horne, J. K. 2011. Length-Selective Retention of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, by midwater trawls. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 119–129.Midwater trawls are commonly used during acoustic surveys of fish abundance to determine species and length compositions of acoustically sampled fish aggregations. As trawls are Selective samplers, catches can be unrepresentative of sampled populations and lead to biased abundance estimates. Length-dependent Retention of walleye pollock was estimated using small recapture nets, so-called pocket nets, attached to the outside of the trawl. Experimental haul sets comprising eight hauls each were conducted in the Gulf of Alaska in 2007 and 2008 and in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) in 2007. Pocket-net catches were then modelled by fitting parameters for selectivity and escapement location along the trawl. Within- and between-haul variability was jointly estimated using hierarchical Bayesian methods. There was significant undersampling of juvenile (
Liane Gabora - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an analysis of the blind variation and Selective Retention theory of creativity
Creativity Research Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Liane GaboraAbstract:Picasso's Guernica sketches continue to provide a fruitful testing ground for examining and assessing the Blind Variation Selective Retention (BVSR) theory of creativity. Nonmonotonicity—e.g., as indicated by a lack of similarity of successive sketches—is not evidence of a selectionist process. Although the notion of blindness originally implied randomness, it now encompasses phenomena that bias idea generation, e.g., the influence of remote associations on sketch ideas. However, for a selectionist framework is to be applicable, such biases must be negligible, otherwise evolutionary change is attributed to those biases, not to selection. The notion of variants should not be applied to creativity; without a mechanism of inheritance, there is no basis upon which to delineate, for example, which sketch ideas are or are not variants of a given sketch idea. The notion of Selective Retention is also problematic. Selection provides an explanation when acquired change is not transmitted; it cannot apply to Picass...
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why blind variation and Selective Retention is an inappropriate explanatory framework for creativity comment on creative thought as blind variation and Selective Retention combinatorial models of exceptional creativity by prof simonton
Physics of Life Reviews, 2010Co-Authors: Liane GaboraAbstract:Simonton is attempting to salvage the Blind Variation Selective Retention theory of creativity (often referred to as the Darwinian theory of creativity) by dissociating it from Darwinism. This is a necessary move for complex reasons outlined in detail elsewhere. However, whether or not one calls BVSR a Darwinian theory, it is still a variation-and-selection theory. Variation-and-selection was put forward to solve a certain kind of paradox, that of how biological change accumulates (that is, over generations, species become more adapted to their environment) despite being discarded at the end of each generation (that is, parents don't transmit to offspring knowledge or bodily changes acquired during their lifetimes, e.g., you don't inherit your mother's ear piercings). This paradox does not exist with respect to creative thought. There is no discarding of acquired change when ideas are transmitted amongst individuals; we share with others modified versions of the ideas we were exposed to on a regular basis.
Peder Nørgaard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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forage fiber effects on particle size reduction ruminal stratification and Selective Retention in heifers fed highly digestible grass clover silages
Journal of Animal Science, 2014Co-Authors: A. K. S. Schulze, Martin Riis Weisbjerg, A. C. Storm, Peder NørgaardAbstract:The objective of this study was to investi- gate the effect of NDF content in highly digestible grass/ clover silage on particle size reduction, ruminal stratifica- tion, and Selective Retention in dairy heifers. The reduction in particle size from feed to feces was evaluated and related to feed intake, chewing activity, and apparent digestibility. Four grass/clover harvests (Mixtures of Lolium perenne, Trifolium pratense, and Trifolium repens) were performed from early May to late August at different maturities, at different regrowth stages, and with different clover pro- portions, resulting in silages with NDF contents of 312, 360, 371, and 446 g/kg DM, respectively, and decreasing NDF digestibility with greater NDF content. Four rumen- fistulated dairy heifers were fed silage at 90% of ad libitum level as the only feed source in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Silage, ingested feed boluses, medial and ventral ruminal digesta, and feces samples were washed with neutral deter- gent in nylon bags of 10-μm pore size, freeze dried, and divided into small ( 1 mm) particles by dry-sieving. Chewing activity, rumen pool size, and apparent digestibility were measured. Intake of NDF increased linearly from 2.3 to 2.8 kg/d with greater NDF content of forages (P = 0.01), but silages were exposed to similar eating time (P = 0.55) and rumination time per kg NDF (P = 0.35). No linear effect of NDF content was found on proportion of LP in ingested feed boluses (P = 0.31), medial rumen digesta (P = 0.95), ventral rumen digesta (P = 0.84), and feces (P = 0.09). Greater proportions of DM (P 0.13). The LP proportion was >30% of particles in the ventral and medial rumen, whereas in the feces, the LP proportion was <2%. Particle size strati- fication of the rumen was undetectable regardless of NDF content of the silages, stressing that the Retention mecha- nism of large undigested particles lies elsewhere than with particle entrapment in the rumen mat. In this study, forage particle breakdown, ruminal stratification, and Retention of particles in the rumen were not affected by NDF content of highly digestible grass/clover silages.
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Forage fiber effects on particle size reduction, ruminal stratification, and Selective Retention in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages.
Journal of Animal Science, 2014Co-Authors: A. K. S. Schulze, Martin Riis Weisbjerg, A. C. Storm, Peder NørgaardAbstract:The objective of this study was to investi- gate the effect of NDF content in highly digestible grass/ clover silage on particle size reduction, ruminal stratifica- tion, and Selective Retention in dairy heifers. The reduction in particle size from feed to feces was evaluated and related to feed intake, chewing activity, and apparent digestibility. Four grass/clover harvests (Mixtures of Lolium perenne, Trifolium pratense, and Trifolium repens) were performed from early May to late August at different maturities, at different regrowth stages, and with different clover pro- portions, resulting in silages with NDF contents of 312, 360, 371, and 446 g/kg DM, respectively, and decreasing NDF digestibility with greater NDF content. Four rumen- fistulated dairy heifers were fed silage at 90% of ad libitum level as the only feed source in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Silage, ingested feed boluses, medial and ventral ruminal digesta, and feces samples were washed with neutral deter- gent in nylon bags of 10-μm pore size, freeze dried, and divided into small ( 1 mm) particles by dry-sieving. Chewing activity, rumen pool size, and apparent digestibility were measured. Intake of NDF increased linearly from 2.3 to 2.8 kg/d with greater NDF content of forages (P = 0.01), but silages were exposed to similar eating time (P = 0.55) and rumination time per kg NDF (P = 0.35). No linear effect of NDF content was found on proportion of LP in ingested feed boluses (P = 0.31), medial rumen digesta (P = 0.95), ventral rumen digesta (P = 0.84), and feces (P = 0.09). Greater proportions of DM (P 0.13). The LP proportion was >30% of particles in the ventral and medial rumen, whereas in the feces, the LP proportion was
