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Gregor Rehder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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self preservation of ch4 hydrates for gas transport technology pressure temperature dependence and ice microstructures
Energy & Fuels, 2014Co-Authors: Andrzej Falenty, Werner F Kuhs, Michael Glockzin, Gregor RehderAbstract:“Self-Preservation” is a kinetic anomaly that allows for storing a substantial amount of gas locked in gas hydrate far outside its thermodynamic stability field for a period of days, weeks, or even months under very mild pressure–temperature (p–T) conditions, by merely maintaining temperatures below the melting point of ice. Utilizing this phenomenon for low-cost storage and transportation of natural gas is not yet sufficiently developed to be competitive with already existing, well-established methods (e.g., liquefied natural gas (LNG), gas to liquid (GTL), compressed natural gas (CNG), or pipeline (PL)). Aside from the refinement of numerous engineering and safety aspects, a deeper understanding of the “Self-Preservation” phenomenon is needed in order to promote these technologies. We address some of these outstanding issues in a series of isothermal–isobaric pressure–volume–temperature (pVT) experiments exploring the kinetics of the dissociation of pure sI methane hydrate to ice and CH4 gas in a wide p...
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methane hydrate pellet transport using the self preservation effect a techno economic analysis
Energies, 2012Co-Authors: Gregor Rehder, Andrzej Falenty, Werner F Kuhs, Robert Eckl, Markus Elfgen, Rainer Hamann, Nina Kahler, Hans Osterkamp, Christoph WindmeierAbstract:Within the German integrated project SUGAR, aiming for the development of new technologies for the exploration and exploitation of submarine gas hydrates, the option of gas transport by gas hydrate pellets has been comprehensively re-investigated. A series of pVT dissociation experiments, combined with analytical tools such as x-ray diffraction and cryo-SEM, were used to gather an additional level of understanding on effects controlling ice formation. Based on these new findings and the accessible literature, knowns and unknowns of the Self-Preservation effect important for the technology are summarized. A conceptual process design for methane hydrate production and pelletisation has been developed. For the major steps identified, comprising (i) hydrate formation; (ii) dewatering; (iii) pelletisation; (iv) pellet cooling; and (v) pressure relief, available technologies have been evaluated, and modifications and amendments included where needed. A hydrate carrier has been designed, featuring amongst other technical solutions a pivoted cargo system with the potential to mitigate sintering, an actively cooled containment and cargo distribution system, and a dual fuel engine allowing the use of the boil-off gas. The design was constrained by the properties of gas hydrate pellets, the expected operation on continental slopes in areas with rough seas, a scenario-defined loading capacity of 20,000 m 3 methane hydrate pellets, and safety as well as environmental considerations. A risk analysis for the transport at sea has been carried out in this early stage of development, and the safety level of the new concept was compared to the safety level of other ship types with similar scopes, i.e. , LNG carriers and crude oil tankers. Based on the results of the technological part of this study, and with best knowledge available on the alternative technologies, i.e. , pipeline, LNG and CNG transportation, an evaluation of the economic competitiveness of the methane hydrate transport technology has been performed. The analysis considers capital investment as well as operational costs and comprises a wide set of scenarios with production rates from 20 to 800 10 3 Nm 3 ·h −1 and transport distances from 200 to 10,000 km. In contrast to previous studies, the model calculations in this study reveal no economic benefit of methane hydrate transportation versus competing technologies.
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Methane Hydrate Pellet Transport Using the Self-Preservation Effect: A Techno-Economic Analysis
MDPI AG, 2012Co-Authors: Hans Osterkamp, Andrzej Falenty, Werner F Kuhs, Robert Eckl, Markus Elfgen, Rainer Hamann, Nina Kahler, Christoph Windmeier, Gregor RehderAbstract:Within the German integrated project SUGAR, aiming for the development of new technologies for the exploration and exploitation of submarine gas hydrates, the option of gas transport by gas hydrate pellets has been comprehensively re-investigated. A series of pVT dissociation experiments, combined with analytical tools such as x-ray diffraction and cryo-SEM, were used to gather an additional level of understanding on effects controlling ice formation. Based on these new findings and the accessible literature, knowns and unknowns of the Self-Preservation effect important for the technology are summarized. A conceptual process design for methane hydrate production and pelletisation has been developed. For the major steps identified, comprising (i) hydrate formation; (ii) dewatering; (iii) pelletisation; (iv) pellet cooling; and (v) pressure relief, available technologies have been evaluated, and modifications and amendments included where needed. A hydrate carrier has been designed, featuring amongst other technical solutions a pivoted cargo system with the potential to mitigate sintering, an actively cooled containment and cargo distribution system, and a dual fuel engine allowing the use of the boil-off gas. The design was constrained by the properties of gas hydrate pellets, the expected operation on continental slopes in areas with rough seas, a scenario-defined loading capacity of 20,000 m<sup>3</sup> methane hydrate pellets, and safety as well as environmental considerations. A risk analysis for the transport at sea has been carried out in this early stage of development, and the safety level of the new concept was compared to the safety level of other ship types with similar scopes, <em>i.e.</em>, LNG carriers and crude oil tankers. Based on the results of the technological part of this study, and with best knowledge available on the alternative technologies, <em>i.e.</em>, pipeline, LNG and CNG transportation, an evaluation of the economic competitiveness of the methane hydrate transport technology has been performed. The analysis considers capital investment as well as operational costs and comprises a wide set of scenarios with production rates from 20 to 800 10<sup>3</sup> Nm<sup>3</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup> and transport distances from 200 to 10,000 km. In contrast to previous studies, the model calculations in this study reveal no economic benefit of methane hydrate transportation versus competing technologies
Andrzej Falenty - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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self preservation of ch4 hydrates for gas transport technology pressure temperature dependence and ice microstructures
Energy & Fuels, 2014Co-Authors: Andrzej Falenty, Werner F Kuhs, Michael Glockzin, Gregor RehderAbstract:“Self-Preservation” is a kinetic anomaly that allows for storing a substantial amount of gas locked in gas hydrate far outside its thermodynamic stability field for a period of days, weeks, or even months under very mild pressure–temperature (p–T) conditions, by merely maintaining temperatures below the melting point of ice. Utilizing this phenomenon for low-cost storage and transportation of natural gas is not yet sufficiently developed to be competitive with already existing, well-established methods (e.g., liquefied natural gas (LNG), gas to liquid (GTL), compressed natural gas (CNG), or pipeline (PL)). Aside from the refinement of numerous engineering and safety aspects, a deeper understanding of the “Self-Preservation” phenomenon is needed in order to promote these technologies. We address some of these outstanding issues in a series of isothermal–isobaric pressure–volume–temperature (pVT) experiments exploring the kinetics of the dissociation of pure sI methane hydrate to ice and CH4 gas in a wide p...
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methane hydrate pellet transport using the self preservation effect a techno economic analysis
Energies, 2012Co-Authors: Gregor Rehder, Andrzej Falenty, Werner F Kuhs, Robert Eckl, Markus Elfgen, Rainer Hamann, Nina Kahler, Hans Osterkamp, Christoph WindmeierAbstract:Within the German integrated project SUGAR, aiming for the development of new technologies for the exploration and exploitation of submarine gas hydrates, the option of gas transport by gas hydrate pellets has been comprehensively re-investigated. A series of pVT dissociation experiments, combined with analytical tools such as x-ray diffraction and cryo-SEM, were used to gather an additional level of understanding on effects controlling ice formation. Based on these new findings and the accessible literature, knowns and unknowns of the Self-Preservation effect important for the technology are summarized. A conceptual process design for methane hydrate production and pelletisation has been developed. For the major steps identified, comprising (i) hydrate formation; (ii) dewatering; (iii) pelletisation; (iv) pellet cooling; and (v) pressure relief, available technologies have been evaluated, and modifications and amendments included where needed. A hydrate carrier has been designed, featuring amongst other technical solutions a pivoted cargo system with the potential to mitigate sintering, an actively cooled containment and cargo distribution system, and a dual fuel engine allowing the use of the boil-off gas. The design was constrained by the properties of gas hydrate pellets, the expected operation on continental slopes in areas with rough seas, a scenario-defined loading capacity of 20,000 m 3 methane hydrate pellets, and safety as well as environmental considerations. A risk analysis for the transport at sea has been carried out in this early stage of development, and the safety level of the new concept was compared to the safety level of other ship types with similar scopes, i.e. , LNG carriers and crude oil tankers. Based on the results of the technological part of this study, and with best knowledge available on the alternative technologies, i.e. , pipeline, LNG and CNG transportation, an evaluation of the economic competitiveness of the methane hydrate transport technology has been performed. The analysis considers capital investment as well as operational costs and comprises a wide set of scenarios with production rates from 20 to 800 10 3 Nm 3 ·h −1 and transport distances from 200 to 10,000 km. In contrast to previous studies, the model calculations in this study reveal no economic benefit of methane hydrate transportation versus competing technologies.
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Methane Hydrate Pellet Transport Using the Self-Preservation Effect: A Techno-Economic Analysis
MDPI AG, 2012Co-Authors: Hans Osterkamp, Andrzej Falenty, Werner F Kuhs, Robert Eckl, Markus Elfgen, Rainer Hamann, Nina Kahler, Christoph Windmeier, Gregor RehderAbstract:Within the German integrated project SUGAR, aiming for the development of new technologies for the exploration and exploitation of submarine gas hydrates, the option of gas transport by gas hydrate pellets has been comprehensively re-investigated. A series of pVT dissociation experiments, combined with analytical tools such as x-ray diffraction and cryo-SEM, were used to gather an additional level of understanding on effects controlling ice formation. Based on these new findings and the accessible literature, knowns and unknowns of the Self-Preservation effect important for the technology are summarized. A conceptual process design for methane hydrate production and pelletisation has been developed. For the major steps identified, comprising (i) hydrate formation; (ii) dewatering; (iii) pelletisation; (iv) pellet cooling; and (v) pressure relief, available technologies have been evaluated, and modifications and amendments included where needed. A hydrate carrier has been designed, featuring amongst other technical solutions a pivoted cargo system with the potential to mitigate sintering, an actively cooled containment and cargo distribution system, and a dual fuel engine allowing the use of the boil-off gas. The design was constrained by the properties of gas hydrate pellets, the expected operation on continental slopes in areas with rough seas, a scenario-defined loading capacity of 20,000 m<sup>3</sup> methane hydrate pellets, and safety as well as environmental considerations. A risk analysis for the transport at sea has been carried out in this early stage of development, and the safety level of the new concept was compared to the safety level of other ship types with similar scopes, <em>i.e.</em>, LNG carriers and crude oil tankers. Based on the results of the technological part of this study, and with best knowledge available on the alternative technologies, <em>i.e.</em>, pipeline, LNG and CNG transportation, an evaluation of the economic competitiveness of the methane hydrate transport technology has been performed. The analysis considers capital investment as well as operational costs and comprises a wide set of scenarios with production rates from 20 to 800 10<sup>3</sup> Nm<sup>3</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup> and transport distances from 200 to 10,000 km. In contrast to previous studies, the model calculations in this study reveal no economic benefit of methane hydrate transportation versus competing technologies
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self preservation of co2 gas hydrates surface microstructure and ice perfection
Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2009Co-Authors: Andrzej Falenty, Werner F KuhsAbstract:Gas hydrates can exhibit an anomalously slow decomposition outside their thermodynamic stability field; the phenomenon is called “Self-Preservation” and is mostly studied at ambient pressure and at temperatures between ∼240 K and the melting point of ice. Here, we present a combination of in situ neutron diffraction studies, pVT work, and ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on CO2 clathrates covering a much broader p−T field, stretching from 200 to 270 K and pressures between the hydrate stability limit and 0.6 kPa (6 mbar), a pressure far outside stability. The Self-Preservation regime above 240 K is confirmed over a broad pressure range and appears to be caused by the annealing of an ice cover formed in the initial hydrate decomposition. Another, previously unknown regime of the Self-Preservation exists below this temperature, extending however only over a rather narrow pressure range. In this case, the initial ice microstructure is dominated by a fast two-dimensional growth covering rapidly the ...
Werner F Kuhs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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self preservation of ch4 hydrates for gas transport technology pressure temperature dependence and ice microstructures
Energy & Fuels, 2014Co-Authors: Andrzej Falenty, Werner F Kuhs, Michael Glockzin, Gregor RehderAbstract:“Self-Preservation” is a kinetic anomaly that allows for storing a substantial amount of gas locked in gas hydrate far outside its thermodynamic stability field for a period of days, weeks, or even months under very mild pressure–temperature (p–T) conditions, by merely maintaining temperatures below the melting point of ice. Utilizing this phenomenon for low-cost storage and transportation of natural gas is not yet sufficiently developed to be competitive with already existing, well-established methods (e.g., liquefied natural gas (LNG), gas to liquid (GTL), compressed natural gas (CNG), or pipeline (PL)). Aside from the refinement of numerous engineering and safety aspects, a deeper understanding of the “Self-Preservation” phenomenon is needed in order to promote these technologies. We address some of these outstanding issues in a series of isothermal–isobaric pressure–volume–temperature (pVT) experiments exploring the kinetics of the dissociation of pure sI methane hydrate to ice and CH4 gas in a wide p...
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methane hydrate pellet transport using the self preservation effect a techno economic analysis
Energies, 2012Co-Authors: Gregor Rehder, Andrzej Falenty, Werner F Kuhs, Robert Eckl, Markus Elfgen, Rainer Hamann, Nina Kahler, Hans Osterkamp, Christoph WindmeierAbstract:Within the German integrated project SUGAR, aiming for the development of new technologies for the exploration and exploitation of submarine gas hydrates, the option of gas transport by gas hydrate pellets has been comprehensively re-investigated. A series of pVT dissociation experiments, combined with analytical tools such as x-ray diffraction and cryo-SEM, were used to gather an additional level of understanding on effects controlling ice formation. Based on these new findings and the accessible literature, knowns and unknowns of the Self-Preservation effect important for the technology are summarized. A conceptual process design for methane hydrate production and pelletisation has been developed. For the major steps identified, comprising (i) hydrate formation; (ii) dewatering; (iii) pelletisation; (iv) pellet cooling; and (v) pressure relief, available technologies have been evaluated, and modifications and amendments included where needed. A hydrate carrier has been designed, featuring amongst other technical solutions a pivoted cargo system with the potential to mitigate sintering, an actively cooled containment and cargo distribution system, and a dual fuel engine allowing the use of the boil-off gas. The design was constrained by the properties of gas hydrate pellets, the expected operation on continental slopes in areas with rough seas, a scenario-defined loading capacity of 20,000 m 3 methane hydrate pellets, and safety as well as environmental considerations. A risk analysis for the transport at sea has been carried out in this early stage of development, and the safety level of the new concept was compared to the safety level of other ship types with similar scopes, i.e. , LNG carriers and crude oil tankers. Based on the results of the technological part of this study, and with best knowledge available on the alternative technologies, i.e. , pipeline, LNG and CNG transportation, an evaluation of the economic competitiveness of the methane hydrate transport technology has been performed. The analysis considers capital investment as well as operational costs and comprises a wide set of scenarios with production rates from 20 to 800 10 3 Nm 3 ·h −1 and transport distances from 200 to 10,000 km. In contrast to previous studies, the model calculations in this study reveal no economic benefit of methane hydrate transportation versus competing technologies.
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Methane Hydrate Pellet Transport Using the Self-Preservation Effect: A Techno-Economic Analysis
MDPI AG, 2012Co-Authors: Hans Osterkamp, Andrzej Falenty, Werner F Kuhs, Robert Eckl, Markus Elfgen, Rainer Hamann, Nina Kahler, Christoph Windmeier, Gregor RehderAbstract:Within the German integrated project SUGAR, aiming for the development of new technologies for the exploration and exploitation of submarine gas hydrates, the option of gas transport by gas hydrate pellets has been comprehensively re-investigated. A series of pVT dissociation experiments, combined with analytical tools such as x-ray diffraction and cryo-SEM, were used to gather an additional level of understanding on effects controlling ice formation. Based on these new findings and the accessible literature, knowns and unknowns of the Self-Preservation effect important for the technology are summarized. A conceptual process design for methane hydrate production and pelletisation has been developed. For the major steps identified, comprising (i) hydrate formation; (ii) dewatering; (iii) pelletisation; (iv) pellet cooling; and (v) pressure relief, available technologies have been evaluated, and modifications and amendments included where needed. A hydrate carrier has been designed, featuring amongst other technical solutions a pivoted cargo system with the potential to mitigate sintering, an actively cooled containment and cargo distribution system, and a dual fuel engine allowing the use of the boil-off gas. The design was constrained by the properties of gas hydrate pellets, the expected operation on continental slopes in areas with rough seas, a scenario-defined loading capacity of 20,000 m<sup>3</sup> methane hydrate pellets, and safety as well as environmental considerations. A risk analysis for the transport at sea has been carried out in this early stage of development, and the safety level of the new concept was compared to the safety level of other ship types with similar scopes, <em>i.e.</em>, LNG carriers and crude oil tankers. Based on the results of the technological part of this study, and with best knowledge available on the alternative technologies, <em>i.e.</em>, pipeline, LNG and CNG transportation, an evaluation of the economic competitiveness of the methane hydrate transport technology has been performed. The analysis considers capital investment as well as operational costs and comprises a wide set of scenarios with production rates from 20 to 800 10<sup>3</sup> Nm<sup>3</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup> and transport distances from 200 to 10,000 km. In contrast to previous studies, the model calculations in this study reveal no economic benefit of methane hydrate transportation versus competing technologies
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self preservation of co2 gas hydrates surface microstructure and ice perfection
Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2009Co-Authors: Andrzej Falenty, Werner F KuhsAbstract:Gas hydrates can exhibit an anomalously slow decomposition outside their thermodynamic stability field; the phenomenon is called “Self-Preservation” and is mostly studied at ambient pressure and at temperatures between ∼240 K and the melting point of ice. Here, we present a combination of in situ neutron diffraction studies, pVT work, and ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on CO2 clathrates covering a much broader p−T field, stretching from 200 to 270 K and pressures between the hydrate stability limit and 0.6 kPa (6 mbar), a pressure far outside stability. The Self-Preservation regime above 240 K is confirmed over a broad pressure range and appears to be caused by the annealing of an ice cover formed in the initial hydrate decomposition. Another, previously unknown regime of the Self-Preservation exists below this temperature, extending however only over a rather narrow pressure range. In this case, the initial ice microstructure is dominated by a fast two-dimensional growth covering rapidly the ...
Yaad Rotem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pursuing preservation of pre bankruptcy entitlements corporate bankruptcy law s self executing mechanisms
Social Science Research Network, 2011Co-Authors: Yaad RotemAbstract:Much analogous to corporate law, the core problem of which could be described as the agency problem, corporate bankruptcy law’s nucleus problem is the Problem of Preservation: attempting to prevent inasmuch as possible unnecessary alteration of pre-bankruptcy entitlements. Pursuing preservation, however, is of course only a second order goal. Corporate bankruptcy law was not created as a means to accomplish preservation, but rather to deliberately alter pre-bankruptcy entitlements in order to pursue a first order goal – effectively help firms in financial distress. Thus, it becomes apparent that corporate bankruptcy law cannot rely on the decisions of a single regulator (i.e., the bankruptcy judge) to prevent excessive alteration of pre-bankruptcy entitlements, because attaining preservation inherently – and blatantly – conflicts with bankruptcy’s first order goals. Consequently, corporate bankruptcy law must also employ other mechanisms in order to truly support a policy of preservation. It is argued here that corporate bankruptcy law demonstrates its commitment to preservation by deploying specially crafted self-executing mechanisms. At least three types of such mechanisms can be identified in corporate bankruptcy settings: internal mechanisms that monitor against excessive redistribution; discretion-limiting mechanisms; and external monitoring and enforcement market mechanisms. The line of reasoning presented in this Article supplies a new point of view from which to explain certain corporate bankruptcy doctrines, and the structure of corporate bankruptcy law in general. Moreover, analyzing the bankruptcy phenomenon from the perspectives of the preservation problem and self-executing mechanisms leads to important normative conclusions. First, lawmakers ought to consider several additional preservation mechanisms, some of which are easily available. Second, future research ought to contemplate whether corporate bankruptcy law is indeed successful in preventing excessive alteration of pre-bankruptcy entitlements by deploying its specified self-executing mechanisms. More importantly, research should examine the relative efficacy of the various types of mechanisms.
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pursuing preservation of pre bankruptcy entitlements corporate bankruptcy law s self executing mechanisms
Berkeley Business Law Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Yaad RotemAbstract:Much analogous to corporate law, the core problem of which could be described as the agency problem, corporate bankruptcy law's nucleus problem is the Problem of Preservation: attempting to prevent inasmuch as possible unnecessary alteration of pre-bankruptcy entitlements. Pursuing preservation, however, is of course only a second order goal. Corporate bankruptcy law was not created as a means to accomplish preservation, but rather to deliberately alter pre-bankruptcy entitlements in order to pursue a first order goal-effectively help firms in financial distress. Thus, it becomes apparent that corporate bankruptcy law cannot rely on the decisions of a single regulator (i.e., the bankruptcy judge) to prevent excessive alteration of prebankruptcy entitlements, because attaining preservation inherently-and blatantly-conflicts with bankruptcy 's first order goals. Consequently, corporate bankruptcy law must also employ other mechanisms in order to truly support a policy of preservation. It is argued here that corporate bankruptcy law demonstrates its commitment to preservation by deploying specially crafted self-executing mechanisms. At least three types of such mechanisms can be identified in corporate bankruptcy settings: internal mechanisms that monitor against excessive redistribution; discretion-limiting mechanisms; and external monitoring and enforcement market mechanisms. The line of reasoning presented in this Article supplies a new point of view from which to explain certain corporate bankruptcy doctrines, and the structure of corporate bankruptcy law in general. Moreover, analyzing the bankruptcy phenomenon from the perspectives of the preservation problem and self-executing mechanisms leads to important normative conclusions. First, lawmakers ought to consider several additional preservation mechanisms, some of which are easily available. Second, future research ought to contemplate whether corporate bankruptcy law is indeed successful in preventing excessive alteration of pre-bankruptcy entitlements by deploying its specified selfexecuting mechanisms. More importantly, research should examine the relative efficacy of the various types of mechanisms. tAssistant Professor, Ramat-Gan Law School. I thank Zohar Goshen, Yuval Procaccia and participants in the faculty colloquium at the Ramat Gan Law School for their comments on an earlier version of the article. Berkeley Business Law Journal Vol. 5.1, 2008
Ya S Misyura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the features of self preservation for hydrate systems with methane
Chemical Engineering Science, 2013Co-Authors: V E Nakoryakov, Ya S MisyuraAbstract:Abstract Dissociation of hydrate systems is studied experimentally: gas hydrate of methane produced artificially in the reactor–crystallizer; natural gas hydrates of methane; water–methane–isopropanol systems in the air atmosphere. Artificial gas hydrate of methane and natural hydrates demonstrate the ranges of abnormally low dissociation rate. At that the boundaries of the temperature windows of Self-Preservation differ significantly for natural and artificial hydrate systems. Despite the similar structures of elementary hydrate cells of natural and artificial gas hydrates, the dissociation rate of natural samples was significantly lower than the dissociation rate of artificial powders. Moreover, natural hydrates had the expanded time period of the stable thermodynamic state. The mechanism of gas hydrate dissociations depends not only on the driving forces and structural characteristics, but also on the average initial diameter of the powder particles. The creep properties of gas hydrates and limits of their strength are associated with microstructural characteristics, and the dissociation rate depends on the size of the grains. The temperature fields of separate granule surface were obtained via many-times magnification of thermal images. Temperature distribution over the surface is significantly non-uniform, and this characterizes non-uniform hydrate dissociation within the granule volume. Dissociation kinetics for the natural and artificial samples was studied at different heat fluxes. The maximal heat flux and maximal dissociation rate were achieved at combustion of methane hydrate. Both instantaneous and average dissociation rates were measured.
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effect of heat transfer on the kinetics of methane hydrate dissociation
Chemical Physics Letters, 2013Co-Authors: Ya S MisyuraAbstract:Abstract The dissociation of methane hydrate under external pressure of 1 bar is studied experimentally. Non-isothermal dissociation is fundamentally different from the quasi-isothermal case. The increase in the density of heat flux from 255 to 13 700 W m −2 results in 9-fold increase in the dissociation rate of methane hydrate. Different variations of clathrates dissociation may be observed depending on the heat flux magnitude: (1) without Self-Preservation (high heat fluxes), (2) a partial Self-Preservation with one minimum of dissociation rate, and (3) a partial Self-Preservation with two minimums (low heat fluxes). When describing dissociation kinetics of the spherical granules, it is important to know the time dependence of the ice layer thickness growth. It is shown that not the curvature, but the heat flux value regulates the dissociation rate and the change in diffusion. A drastic change in dissociation rate is caused by a pressure decrease in pores.