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Susan Kovats - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Sex Hormones regulate innate immune cells and promote Sex differences in respiratory virus infection
    Frontiers in Immunology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Sapana Kadel, Susan Kovats
    Abstract:

    Sex differences in the incidence and severity of respiratory virus infection are widely documented in humans and murine models and correlate with Sex biases in numbers and/or functional responses of innate immune cells in homeostasis and lung infection. Similarly, changes in Sex Hormone levels upon puberty, pregnancy, and menopause/aging are associated with qualitative and quantitative differences in innate immunity. Immune cells express Receptors for estrogens (ERα and ERβ), androgens (AR), and progesterone (PR), and experimental manipulation of Sex Hormone levels or Receptors has revealed that Sex Hormone Receptor activity often underlies Sex differences in immune cell numbers and/or functional responses in the respiratory tract. While elegant studies have defined mechanistic roles for Sex Hormones and Receptors in innate immune cells, much remains to be learned about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of ER, PR, and AR in myeloid cells and innate lymphocytes to promote the initiation and resolution of antiviral immunity in the lung. Here, we review the literature on Sex differences and Sex Hormone regulation in innate immune cells in the lung in homeostasis and upon respiratory virus infection.

Masato Shirai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • vascular endothelial growth factor restores erectile function through modulation of the insulin like growth factor system and Sex Hormone Receptors in diabetic rat
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2006
    Co-Authors: Masato Shirai, Toshifumi Kawakami, Masaki Yamanaka, Makoto Fujime, Hiroaki Shiina, Mikio Igawa, Nobuhisa Ishii, Rajvir Dahiya
    Abstract:

    Previous studies have shown that intracavernous injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) restored erectile function in diabetic rats. However, the mechanism of VEGF in diabetes-related erectile dysfunction (ED) has not been fully investigated. We hypothesize that intracavernous injection of VEGF may reverse diabetes-related ED through modulation of the insulin-like growth factor system and Sex Hormone Receptors. To test this hypothesis the erectile function of treated and control rats was analyzed by measurement of intracavernous pressure (ICP) following electrostimulation of the cavernous nerves. Mean ICP was significantly lower in non-treated diabetic rats compared to controls. After VEGF injection, ICP was significantly higher than in non-treated diabetic rats. IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein expression was significantly higher in non-treated diabetic rat crura than controls, while VEGF-treated animals had control levels. ER-β and PR mRNA and protein expression was significantly lower in non-treated diabetic rat crura. After VEGF injection, ER-β and PR mRNA and protein expression was similar to control levels. Expression of AR and ER-α was the same in all groups. These findings suggest that orthotopic injection of VEGF may improve the functional recovery of diabetes-related ED through modulation of the insulin-like growth factor system and Sex Hormone Receptors. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that VEGF treatment restores erectile function through restoration of the insulin-like growth factor system and Sex Hormone Receptor genes at the mRNA and protein levels in diabetic rat crura. These results may be important in understanding the pathogenesis of diabetes-related ED and also in providing better strategies for management of this disease.

Angelica Linden Hirschberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of testosterone and estrogen treatment on the distribution of Sex Hormone Receptors in the endometrium of postmenopausal women
    Menopause, 2008
    Co-Authors: Hong Zang, Britt Masironi, Lena Sahlin, Angelica Linden Hirschberg
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the effects of the addition of testosterone to estrogen compared with those of estrogen alone on the expression and distribution of Sex Hormone Receptors in glands and stroma of the endometrium of postmenopausal women. DESIGN: An open, randomized clinical study with parallel group comparison was performed in the Women's Health Research Unit at a university hospital. Thirty-one postmenopausal women were given oral estradiol valerate (2 mg daily) or estradiol valerate in combination with testosterone undecanoate (40 mg every 2 days) for 3 months. Before and at the end of treatment, endometrial biopsy samples were obtained, and expressions of estrogen Receptor (ER)-alpha, ER-beta, progesterone Receptor isoforms A and B, and androgen Receptor (AR) were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: At baseline, expressions of ER-alpha and progesterone Receptors were stronger in glands than in stroma, whereas the immunostaining of AR was stronger in stroma than in glands. After treatment, expressions of ER-alpha and progesterone Receptors were up-regulated in both glands and stroma by both treatments, but to a lesser extent in glands by combined treatment. The expression of ER-beta in glands was significantly higher with combined treatment than with estrogen alone. Moreover, AR immunostaining was significantly higher after combined treatment than after treatment with estrogen alone. CONCLUSIONS: Expressions of AR and ER-beta were stronger in glands of the endometrium of postmenopausal women after treatment with testosterone added to estrogen than after estrogen alone. In contrast, expressions of ER-alpha and progesterone Receptors were up-regulated in the endometrium with estrogen-alone treatment, whereas these expressions were less increased in glands after combined treatment. These data indicate that testosterone is involved in the regulation of Sex Hormone Receptor expression in the postmenopausal endometrium and may therefore influence endometrial proliferation and differentiation.

Rajvir Dahiya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • vascular endothelial growth factor restores erectile function through modulation of the insulin like growth factor system and Sex Hormone Receptors in diabetic rat
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2006
    Co-Authors: Masato Shirai, Toshifumi Kawakami, Masaki Yamanaka, Makoto Fujime, Hiroaki Shiina, Mikio Igawa, Nobuhisa Ishii, Rajvir Dahiya
    Abstract:

    Previous studies have shown that intracavernous injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) restored erectile function in diabetic rats. However, the mechanism of VEGF in diabetes-related erectile dysfunction (ED) has not been fully investigated. We hypothesize that intracavernous injection of VEGF may reverse diabetes-related ED through modulation of the insulin-like growth factor system and Sex Hormone Receptors. To test this hypothesis the erectile function of treated and control rats was analyzed by measurement of intracavernous pressure (ICP) following electrostimulation of the cavernous nerves. Mean ICP was significantly lower in non-treated diabetic rats compared to controls. After VEGF injection, ICP was significantly higher than in non-treated diabetic rats. IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein expression was significantly higher in non-treated diabetic rat crura than controls, while VEGF-treated animals had control levels. ER-β and PR mRNA and protein expression was significantly lower in non-treated diabetic rat crura. After VEGF injection, ER-β and PR mRNA and protein expression was similar to control levels. Expression of AR and ER-α was the same in all groups. These findings suggest that orthotopic injection of VEGF may improve the functional recovery of diabetes-related ED through modulation of the insulin-like growth factor system and Sex Hormone Receptors. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that VEGF treatment restores erectile function through restoration of the insulin-like growth factor system and Sex Hormone Receptor genes at the mRNA and protein levels in diabetic rat crura. These results may be important in understanding the pathogenesis of diabetes-related ED and also in providing better strategies for management of this disease.

Martin K. Angele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.