The Experts below are selected from a list of 1488 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ken C J Van Rees - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
demonstration and testing of the improved shelterbelt component in the holos model
Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2020Co-Authors: Roland Krobel, Colin P. Laroque, Beyhan Y Amichev, Ken C J Van Rees, Julius Moore, Aaron Mcpherson, Laura Poppy, Raju Y Soolanayakanahally, Tricia Ward, Fardausi AkhterAbstract:Using a participatory approach, the shelterbelt component of Canada’s whole-farm model Holos was upgraded from an age-determined to a circumference-determined (at breast height) calculation using a multi-stem averaging approach. The model interface was developed around the idea that a shelterbelt could have multiple rows, and a variable species composition within each row. With this, the model calculates the accumulated aboveground carbon in the standing biomass and a lookup table of modelled tree growth is used to add estimates of the belowground carbon. Going from an initial interface that asks for the current state, the model also incorporates an option of past and future shelterbelt plantings. In order to test the model’s suitability, we measured diverse Shelterbelts (evergreen, deciduous, shrub type) in southern Saskatchewan, Canada representing commonly planted woody species. By making use of Caragana, Green Ash, Colorado Spruce, Siberian Elm, and a mixed Caragana/Green Ash tree rows, we tested how many tree circumference measurements would be required to yield a representative average. Later, these results were incorporated in the Holos model to calculate the accumulated above- and below-ground carbon in each shelterbelt type.
-
shelterbelt removals in saskatchewan canada implications for long term carbon sequestration
Agroforestry Systems, 2020Co-Authors: Beyhan Y Amichev, Colin P. Laroque, Ken C J Van ReesAbstract:Shelterbelt agroforestry systems represent an actively managed historical agricultural resource for which farmers are the driving force, and their decisions have long-term consequences. For decades, detailed records were maintained of millions of trees and shrubs planted in Shelterbelts on agricultural fields and farmyards across the Canadian Prairies. However, no records were collected regarding shelterbelt removals. This study quantified the length and carbon (C) stocks of all removed Shelterbelts in Saskatchewan for the 2008–2016 period, and identified shelterbelt removal trends across five soil zones. Removals were detected using a recently developed integrated GIS and remote sensing approach, and were land-use features that were mapped as Shelterbelts in an inventory map in 2008 but were missing in the classified map in 2016. A total of 2491.2 km of Shelterbelts were removed, containing 190.7 GgC (1 Gg = 1000 Mg = 1000 tonnes). The majority of C stock removals were in shrub Shelterbelts (107.2 GgC; 1676.6 km), followed by deciduous (78.1 GgC; 719.1 km) and coniferous Shelterbelts (5.4 GgC; 95.5 km). Medium (2–3 rows) and wide (> 3 rows) Shelterbelts had higher likelihood of being completely removed, while narrow (1 row) Shelterbelts were only shortened. Removals in the < 50 m length designs were one- to three-orders of magnitude higher than any other shelterbelt length design. Future shelterbelt removal studies could serve to sustain the carbon sequestration effectiveness of the existing and extensive shelterbelt network on the Canadian Prairies in the long term, and to protect an important agricultural resource that took a very long time to establish.
-
above and below ground carbon sequestration in shelterbelt trees in canada a review
Forests, 2019Co-Authors: Rafaella C Mayrinck, Colin P. Laroque, Beyhan Y Amichev, Ken C J Van ReesAbstract:Shelterbelts have been planted around the world for many reasons. Recently, due to increasing awareness of climate change risks, shelterbelt agroforestry systems have received special attention because of the environmental services they provide, including their greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential. This paper aims to discuss shelterbelt history in Canada, and the environmental benefits they provide, focusing on carbon sequestration potential, above- and below-ground. Shelterbelt establishment in Canada dates back to more than a century ago, when their main use was protecting the soil, farm infrastructure and livestock from the elements. As minimal-and no-till systems have become more prevalent among agricultural producers, soil has been less exposed and less vulnerable to wind erosion, so the practice of planting and maintaining Shelterbelts has declined in recent decades. In addition, as farm equipment has grown in size to meet the demands of larger landowners, Shelterbelts are being removed to increase efficiency and machine maneuverability in the field. This trend of shelterbelt removal prevents shelterbelt’s climate change mitigation potential to be fully achieved. For example, in the last century, Shelterbelts have sequestered 4.85 Tg C in Saskatchewan. To increase our understanding of carbon sequestration by Shelterbelts, in 2013, the Government of Canada launched the Agricultural Greenhouse Gases Program (AGGP). In five years, 27 million dollars were spent supporting technologies and practices to mitigate GHG release on agricultural land, including understanding shelterbelt carbon sequestration and to encourage planting on farms. All these topics are further explained in this paper as an attempt to inform and promote Shelterbelts as a climate change mitigation tool on agricultural lands.
-
distribution of soil organic carbon in the light and heavy fractions for six shelterbelt species and their adjacent agricultural fields in saskatchewan
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 2017Co-Authors: Gurbir Singh Dhillon, Ken C J Van ReesAbstract:Agroforestry systems play an important role in the sequestration of carbon (C) to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. However, the extent of long-term C sequestration will depend on physical stabilization of the sequestered C. This study determined the influence of six major shelterbelt species on soil organic carbon (SOC) distribution in the light- and heavy-density fractions of bulk soil compared with adjacent agricultural fields. Soil samples were collected from the Shelterbelts and adjacent agricultural fields and were separated into light and heavy fractions using sodium iodide solution (NaI, density = 1.6 g cm−3) and analyzed for their organic C stocks. Both the light and heavy fractions to a 50 cm soil depth contained higher SOC stocks for the Shelterbelts (21 and 91 Mg C ha−1, respectively) compared with the adjacent agricultural fields (14 and 81 Mg C ha−1, respectively). Most SOC added at the 0–10 cm soil depth was in the form of labile light fraction (92%), whereas heavy fraction co...
-
spectroscopic investigation of soil organic matter composition for shelterbelt agroforestry systems
Geoderma, 2017Co-Authors: Gurbir Singh Dhillon, Adam W Gillespie, Derek Peak, Ken C J Van ReesAbstract:Abstract While the role of agroforestry systems in increasing soil organic matter (SOM) storage has been studied, insufficient information is available on their effect on the chemical composition of SOM. The objective of this study was to determine the carbon (C) functional group chemistry of SOM for Shelterbelts and compare it to the adjacent agricultural fields by using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Carbon K -edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies. ATR-FTIR spectral analysis indicated larger proportions of conjugated carboxylic and aromatic C groups for hybrid poplar, white spruce and caragana Shelterbelts, phenolic C for hybrid poplar and Manitoba maple Shelterbelts and aliphatic and aromatic C for Manitoba maple Shelterbelts compared to the adjacent agricultural fields. Polysaccharide, ether and alcoholic C functional groups were generally lower for Shelterbelts compared to agricultural fields, with the exception of hybrid poplar species. Analysis by C K -edge XANES spectroscopy on a subset of soils showed the accumulation of aromatic C, ketones and carbohydrates in the surface soil layer (0–5 cm) for the Shelterbelts compared to agricultural fields. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the majority of SOM added under the Shelterbelts was in the form of plant-derived aromatic, phenolic and carboxylic C groups. The results of this study suggested that the initial composition of litter and its decomposition rate had a strong influence on the composition of SOM under the Shelterbelts. The higher proportion of processed forms of SOM, such as ketones, indicated that the SOM for Shelterbelts was at a more advanced stage of decomposition compared to agricultural fields; likely due to the surface deposition of litter under Shelterbelts.
Richard E Farrell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
greenhouse gas emissions along a shelterbelt cropped field transect
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Chukwudi C Amadi, Richard E Farrell, Ken C J Van ReesAbstract:Abstract The influence of Shelterbelts on soil properties and crop yield at various distances from the shelterbelt have been studied; however, there are no available data detailing the spatial effects from Shelterbelts into adjacent cropped fields on soil-derived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of this study was to quantify, for the first time, changes in soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes along replicate (n = 5) transects extending from the center of the shelterbelt to the center of the adjacent agricultural field. The shelterbelt was a 31-year-old, two-row hybrid poplar-caragana shelterbelt located in the parkland region of Saskatchewan Canada. Soil-derived GHG fluxes were measured using non-steady-state vented chambers placed along parallel transects situated within the shelterbelt strip (0H), at the shelterbelt edge (0.2H), at the edge of the adjacent cropped field (0.5H), and in the cropped field at distances of 40 m (1.5H) and 125 m (5H) from the shelterbelt. Summed over the entire study period, cumulative CO2 emissions were greatest at 0H (8032 ± 502 kg CO2-C ha−1) and lowest at 5H (3348 ± 329 kg CO2-C ha−1); however, the decrease in CO2 emissions at increasing distances away from the shelterbelt was irregular, with soil temperature and organic carbon distribution being the dominant controls. Soil CH4 oxidation was greatest at 0H (−1447 ± 216 g CH4-C ha−1), but decreased as distance from the shelterbelt increased. Conversely, soil N2O emissions were lowest at 0H (345 ± 15 g N2O-N ha−1) but increased with increasing distance from the shelterbelt. Patterns of soil CH4 uptake and N2O emissions were strongly correlated with root biomass, and soil temperature and moisture in the upper 30 cm of the soil profile. Tree root distribution may be a key factor in determining the spatial range of shelterbelt effect on GHG emissions in adjacent fields
-
soil atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide methane and nitrous oxide in Shelterbelts compared with adjacent cropped fields
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Chukwudi C Amadi, Ken C J Van Rees, Richard E FarrellAbstract:Abstract Farm Shelterbelts are used as a management tool to reduce erosion, conserve moisture, protect crops and buildings, and sequester carbon. Although carbon storage in Shelterbelts has been well researched, there have been no measurements of soil trace gas exchange in Shelterbelts relative to cropped fields. Our objective was to quantify, for the first time, soil CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes from Shelterbelts and compare them to emissions from adjacent cropped fields to assess their potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. During 2013 and 2014, non-steady state vented chambers were used to monitor soil GHG fluxes from nine Shelterbelts and their associated cropped fields at three locations within the Boreal plains and Prairies Eco-zones of Saskatchewan Canada. Mean cumulative CO 2 emissions from shelterbelt soils were significantly ( P 2 -C ha −1 yr −1 , respectively). However, soil organic carbon (SOC) storage (0–30 cm) was 27% greater – representing an increase of 28 Mg ha −1 – in the Shelterbelts than in the cropped fields. Soil CH 4 oxidation was greater ( P 4 -C ha −1 yr −1 , respectively) and cropped soils emitted significantly ( P 2 O than the Shelterbelts (i.e., 2.5 and 0.65 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 yr −1 , respectively). Total seasonal exchange of non-CO 2 GHGs was reduced by 0.55 Mg CO 2 e ha −1 yr −1 in Shelterbelts as compared with cropped fields, 98% of which was soil-derived N 2 O. Patterns of soil temperature, moisture and organic matter distribution beneath Shelterbelts suggest a modification in soil micro-environment due to shelterbelt establishment and root activity that, in turn, may be responsible for the observed increase in soil CO 2 emissions and CH 4 oxidation. Our data demonstrate that Shelterbelts have substantial potential to mitigate GHGs by enhancing C storage and reducing N 2 O emissions, while maintaining a strong CH 4 sink.
Chukwudi C Amadi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
greenhouse gas emissions along a shelterbelt cropped field transect
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2017Co-Authors: Chukwudi C Amadi, Richard E Farrell, Ken C J Van ReesAbstract:Abstract The influence of Shelterbelts on soil properties and crop yield at various distances from the shelterbelt have been studied; however, there are no available data detailing the spatial effects from Shelterbelts into adjacent cropped fields on soil-derived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of this study was to quantify, for the first time, changes in soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes along replicate (n = 5) transects extending from the center of the shelterbelt to the center of the adjacent agricultural field. The shelterbelt was a 31-year-old, two-row hybrid poplar-caragana shelterbelt located in the parkland region of Saskatchewan Canada. Soil-derived GHG fluxes were measured using non-steady-state vented chambers placed along parallel transects situated within the shelterbelt strip (0H), at the shelterbelt edge (0.2H), at the edge of the adjacent cropped field (0.5H), and in the cropped field at distances of 40 m (1.5H) and 125 m (5H) from the shelterbelt. Summed over the entire study period, cumulative CO2 emissions were greatest at 0H (8032 ± 502 kg CO2-C ha−1) and lowest at 5H (3348 ± 329 kg CO2-C ha−1); however, the decrease in CO2 emissions at increasing distances away from the shelterbelt was irregular, with soil temperature and organic carbon distribution being the dominant controls. Soil CH4 oxidation was greatest at 0H (−1447 ± 216 g CH4-C ha−1), but decreased as distance from the shelterbelt increased. Conversely, soil N2O emissions were lowest at 0H (345 ± 15 g N2O-N ha−1) but increased with increasing distance from the shelterbelt. Patterns of soil CH4 uptake and N2O emissions were strongly correlated with root biomass, and soil temperature and moisture in the upper 30 cm of the soil profile. Tree root distribution may be a key factor in determining the spatial range of shelterbelt effect on GHG emissions in adjacent fields
-
soil atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide methane and nitrous oxide in Shelterbelts compared with adjacent cropped fields
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Chukwudi C Amadi, Ken C J Van Rees, Richard E FarrellAbstract:Abstract Farm Shelterbelts are used as a management tool to reduce erosion, conserve moisture, protect crops and buildings, and sequester carbon. Although carbon storage in Shelterbelts has been well researched, there have been no measurements of soil trace gas exchange in Shelterbelts relative to cropped fields. Our objective was to quantify, for the first time, soil CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes from Shelterbelts and compare them to emissions from adjacent cropped fields to assess their potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. During 2013 and 2014, non-steady state vented chambers were used to monitor soil GHG fluxes from nine Shelterbelts and their associated cropped fields at three locations within the Boreal plains and Prairies Eco-zones of Saskatchewan Canada. Mean cumulative CO 2 emissions from shelterbelt soils were significantly ( P 2 -C ha −1 yr −1 , respectively). However, soil organic carbon (SOC) storage (0–30 cm) was 27% greater – representing an increase of 28 Mg ha −1 – in the Shelterbelts than in the cropped fields. Soil CH 4 oxidation was greater ( P 4 -C ha −1 yr −1 , respectively) and cropped soils emitted significantly ( P 2 O than the Shelterbelts (i.e., 2.5 and 0.65 kg N 2 O-N ha −1 yr −1 , respectively). Total seasonal exchange of non-CO 2 GHGs was reduced by 0.55 Mg CO 2 e ha −1 yr −1 in Shelterbelts as compared with cropped fields, 98% of which was soil-derived N 2 O. Patterns of soil temperature, moisture and organic matter distribution beneath Shelterbelts suggest a modification in soil micro-environment due to shelterbelt establishment and root activity that, in turn, may be responsible for the observed increase in soil CO 2 emissions and CH 4 oxidation. Our data demonstrate that Shelterbelts have substantial potential to mitigate GHGs by enhancing C storage and reducing N 2 O emissions, while maintaining a strong CH 4 sink.
Gurbir Singh Dhillon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
distribution of soil organic carbon in the light and heavy fractions for six shelterbelt species and their adjacent agricultural fields in saskatchewan
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 2017Co-Authors: Gurbir Singh Dhillon, Ken C J Van ReesAbstract:Agroforestry systems play an important role in the sequestration of carbon (C) to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. However, the extent of long-term C sequestration will depend on physical stabilization of the sequestered C. This study determined the influence of six major shelterbelt species on soil organic carbon (SOC) distribution in the light- and heavy-density fractions of bulk soil compared with adjacent agricultural fields. Soil samples were collected from the Shelterbelts and adjacent agricultural fields and were separated into light and heavy fractions using sodium iodide solution (NaI, density = 1.6 g cm−3) and analyzed for their organic C stocks. Both the light and heavy fractions to a 50 cm soil depth contained higher SOC stocks for the Shelterbelts (21 and 91 Mg C ha−1, respectively) compared with the adjacent agricultural fields (14 and 81 Mg C ha−1, respectively). Most SOC added at the 0–10 cm soil depth was in the form of labile light fraction (92%), whereas heavy fraction co...
-
spectroscopic investigation of soil organic matter composition for shelterbelt agroforestry systems
Geoderma, 2017Co-Authors: Gurbir Singh Dhillon, Adam W Gillespie, Derek Peak, Ken C J Van ReesAbstract:Abstract While the role of agroforestry systems in increasing soil organic matter (SOM) storage has been studied, insufficient information is available on their effect on the chemical composition of SOM. The objective of this study was to determine the carbon (C) functional group chemistry of SOM for Shelterbelts and compare it to the adjacent agricultural fields by using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Carbon K -edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies. ATR-FTIR spectral analysis indicated larger proportions of conjugated carboxylic and aromatic C groups for hybrid poplar, white spruce and caragana Shelterbelts, phenolic C for hybrid poplar and Manitoba maple Shelterbelts and aliphatic and aromatic C for Manitoba maple Shelterbelts compared to the adjacent agricultural fields. Polysaccharide, ether and alcoholic C functional groups were generally lower for Shelterbelts compared to agricultural fields, with the exception of hybrid poplar species. Analysis by C K -edge XANES spectroscopy on a subset of soils showed the accumulation of aromatic C, ketones and carbohydrates in the surface soil layer (0–5 cm) for the Shelterbelts compared to agricultural fields. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the majority of SOM added under the Shelterbelts was in the form of plant-derived aromatic, phenolic and carboxylic C groups. The results of this study suggested that the initial composition of litter and its decomposition rate had a strong influence on the composition of SOM under the Shelterbelts. The higher proportion of processed forms of SOM, such as ketones, indicated that the SOM for Shelterbelts was at a more advanced stage of decomposition compared to agricultural fields; likely due to the surface deposition of litter under Shelterbelts.
-
soil organic carbon sequestration by shelterbelt agroforestry systems in saskatchewan1
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 2017Co-Authors: Gurbir Singh Dhillon, Ken C J Van ReesAbstract:Carbon (C) sequestration through the implementation of agroforestry practices is identified as one of the major strategies in the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the agricultural sector. The objective of this study was to examine the soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential of major shelterbelt species, including green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), hybrid poplar (Populus spp.), Manitoba maple (Acer negundo), white spruce (Picea glauca), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and caragana (Caragana arborescens), ranging in age from 5 to 63 yr. Soil samples (0–50 cm) were collected for six major shelterbelt species and adjacent agricultural fields, and SOC concentration was determined. Shelterbelts had a significantly higher amount of SOC compared with adjacent agricultural fields, with an average difference of 18.6 Mg C ha−1 in the top 50 cm soil. An additional 3–8 Mg C ha−1 was contained in the tree litter layer. Younger Shelterbelts (age less than 20 yr) tended to lose SOC in the early ...
Shuai Fu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
combining sap flow measurements and modelling to assess water needs in an oasis farmland shelterbelt of populus simonii carr in northwest china
Agricultural Water Management, 2016Co-Authors: Shuai FuAbstract:Farmland Shelterbelts provide an ecological protection screen for an oasis but exhibit high mortality in the face of water shortage. It is necessary to understand farmland shelterbelt tree transpiration under different levels of water stress and stand ages for proper management. Sap flux measurement techniques and models are among the most useful method to detect water stress and to evaluate plant water consumption. The usefulness of both methods decreases, however, when applied to species, such as Populus simonii Carr, that have an outstanding tolerance to drought and a remarkable capacity to take up water from drying soils. Our hypothesis is that analysis using simultaneous measurements of sap flow and models in the same trees is useful for assessing the irrigation needs in farmland Shelterbelts. To test our hypothesis, we analysed the relationships between canopy transpiration, canopy conductance, relative extractable water and atmospheric factors in a farmland shelterbelt and evaluated the effectiveness of the model. Measurements were made during one growing season. The time courses of sap flow measured and modelled on days of contrasting weather and soil water conditions were analysed to evaluate the usefulness of the method to assess the crop water needs. We calculated the daily tree water consumption from sap flow measurements and the parameterized modified Jarvis-Stewart model, and we evaluated the model’s usefulness to assess the final water needs under water stress and stand ages for farmland shelterbelt irrigation. The transpiration decreased as the soil drought increased, and it increased as the atmospheric drought increased. The time course of the water needs showed that the occurrence of water stress in the farmland shelterbelt trees had a large impact on their water consumption, which increased as the water stress decreased, following the equation y=1/[1+e−60.67×(REWx−0.402)]. The simultaneous use of modelling and tree structural data increased the reliability of assessing water needs from youth to maturity. A similar analysis with the water consumption values, from which stand age values were derived, showed that water needs increased with the tree age following the equation y=847−844/[1+(x/87.9)1.9]. We conclude that compared to the use of sap flow records alone, the simultaneous use of sap flow records and model values provides more detailed information to assess water needs in a farmland shelterbelt, which has an important significance for farmland shelterbelt protection.