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A T Adesogan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Silage review foodborne pathogens in Silage and their mitigation by Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2018Co-Authors: O C M Queiroz, Z G Weinberg, Ibukun M Ogunade, A T AdesoganAbstract:ABSTRACT Silage is one of the main ingredients in dairy cattle diets and it is an important source of nutrients, particularly energy and digestible fiber. Unlike properly made and managed Silage, poorly made or contaminated Silage can also be a source of pathogenic bacteria that may decrease dairy cow performance, reduce the safety and quality dairy products, and compromise animal and human health. Some of the pathogenic bacteria that are frequently or occasionally associated with Silage are enterobacteria, Listeria , Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., and Salmonella . The symptoms caused by these bacteria in dairy cows vary from mild diarrhea and reduced feed intake by Clostridium spp. to death and abortion by Listeria . Contamination of food products with pathogenic bacteria can cause losses of millions of dollars due to recalls of unsafe foods and decreases in the shelf life of dairy products. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in Silage is usually due to contamination or poor management during the fermentation, aerobic exposure, or feed-out stages. Silage Additives and inoculants can improve the safety of Silage as well as the fermentation, nutrient recovery, quality, and shelf life. This review summarizes the literature on the main foodborne pathogens that occasionally infest Silage and how Additives can improve Silage safety.
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bacterial diversity and composition of alfalfa Silage as analyzed by illumina miseq sequencing effects of escherichia coli o157 h7 and Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2017Co-Authors: I M Ogunade, Z G Weinberg, Y Jiang, Kwang Cheol Jeong, A Pech A Cervantes, Andre Soares De Oliveira, D Vyas, A T AdesoganAbstract:ABSTRACT The first objective of this study was to examine effects of adding Escherichia coli O157:H7 with or without chemical or microbial Additives on the bacterial diversity and composition of alfalfa Silage. The second objective was to examine associations between the relative abundance of known and unknown bacterial species and indices of Silage fermentation quality. Alfalfa forage was harvested at 54% dry matter, chopped to a theoretical length of cut of 19 mm, and ensiled in quadruplicate in laboratory silos for 100 d after the following treatments were applied: (1) distilled water (control); (2) 1 × 10 5 cfu/g of E. coli O157:H7 (EC); (3) EC and 1 × 10 6 cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum (EC+LP); (4) EC and 1 × 10 6 cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri (EC+LB); and (5) EC and 0.22% propionic acid (EC+PA). After 100 d of ensiling, the Silage samples were analyzed for bacterial diversity and composition via the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) and chemically characterized. Overall, Firmicutes (74.1 ± 4.86%) was the most predominant phylum followed by Proteobacteria (20.4 ± 3.80%). Relative to the control, adding E. coli O157:H7 alone at ensiling did not affect bacterial diversity or composition but adding EC+LP or EC+LB reduced the Shannon index, a measure of diversity (3.21 vs. 2.63 or 2.80, respectively). The relative abundance of Firmicutes (69.2 and 68.8%) was reduced, whereas that of Proteobacteria (24.0 and 24.9%) was increased by EC+LP and EC+PA treatments, relative to those of the control (79.5 and 16.5%) and EC+LB (77.4 and 18.5%) Silages, respectively. Compared with the control, treatment with EC+LP increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Sphingomonas, Pantoea, Pseudomonas , and Erwinia by 426, 157, 200, 194, and 163%, respectively, but reduced those of Pediococcus, Weissella , and Methylobacterium by 5,436, 763, and 250%, respectively. Relative abundance of Weissella (9.19%) and Methylobacterium (0.94%) were also reduced in the EC+LB Silage compared with the control (29.7 and 1.50%, respectively). Application of propionic acid did not affect the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Weissella , or Pediococcus. Lactate concentration correlated positively (r = 0.56) with relative abundance of Lactobacillus and negatively (r = −0.41) with relative abundance of Pediococcus . Negative correlations were detected between ammonia-N concentration and relative abundance of Sphingomonas (r = −0.51), Pantoea (r = −0.46), Pseudomonas (r = −0.45), and Stenotrophomonas (r = −0.38). Silage pH was negatively correlated with relative abundance of Lactobacillus (r = −0.59), Sphingomonas (r = −0.66), Pantoea (r = −0.69), Pseudomonas (r = −0.69), and Stenotrophomonas (r = −0.50). Future studies should aim to speciate, culture, and determine the functions of the unknown bacteria detected in this study to elucidate their roles in Silage fermentation.
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control of escherichia coli o157 h7 in contaminated alfalfa Silage effects of Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2016Co-Authors: I M Ogunade, Z G Weinberg, Donghyeon Kim, Y Jiang, Kwang Cheol Jeong, A T AdesoganAbstract:This study was conducted to examine if adding microbial inoculants or propionic acid to alfalfa Silages contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 would inhibit the growth of the pathogen during or after ensiling. Alfalfa forage was harvested at the early bloom stage, wilted to a dry matter concentration of 54%, chopped to 19-mm lengths, and ensiled after treatment with one of the following: (1) distilled water (control); (2) 1×10(5) cfu/g of E. coli O157:H7 (EC); (3) EC and 1×10(6) cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum (EC+LP); (4) EC and 1×10(6) cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri (EC+LB); and (5) EC and 2.2g/kg of propionic acid (EC+PA). Each treatment was ensiled in quadruplicate in laboratory silos for 0, 3, 7, 16, and 100d and analyzed for EC counts, pH, and organic acids. In addition, samples from d 100 were analyzed for chemical composition, ammonia-N, counts of yeasts and molds, and aerobic stability. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected in all Silages until d 7, but by d 16 it was not detected in those treated with EC+LB and EC+LP, though it was still detected in EC and EC+PA Silages. However, by d 100, the pathogen was not detected in any Silage. The rate of pH decrease to 5.0 was fastest for the EC+LP Silage (7d), followed by the EC+LB Silage (16d). Nevertheless, all Silages had attained a pH of or less than 5.0 by d 100. The rapid decrease in pH in EC+LP and EC+LB Silages was observed due to higher lactate and acetate concentrations, respectively, relative to the other Silages during the early fermentation phase (d 3-16). Propionic acid was only detected in the EC+PA Silage. Yeast counts were lowest in EC+LB and EC+PA Silages. Subsamples of all d-100 Silages were reinoculated with 1×10(5) cfu/g of EC immediately after silo opening. When the pathogen was subsequently enumerated after 168h of aerobic exposure, it was not detected in Silages treated with EC+PA, EC+LB, or EC+LP, which all had pH values less than 5.0. Whereas the EC Silage had a pH value of 5.4 and 2.3 log cfu/g of the pathogen. Certain bacterial inoculants can hasten the inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 during ensiling, such as propionic acid, and they can also prevent its growth on Silage contaminated with the pathogen after ensiling.
Z G Weinberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Silage review foodborne pathogens in Silage and their mitigation by Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2018Co-Authors: O C M Queiroz, Z G Weinberg, Ibukun M Ogunade, A T AdesoganAbstract:ABSTRACT Silage is one of the main ingredients in dairy cattle diets and it is an important source of nutrients, particularly energy and digestible fiber. Unlike properly made and managed Silage, poorly made or contaminated Silage can also be a source of pathogenic bacteria that may decrease dairy cow performance, reduce the safety and quality dairy products, and compromise animal and human health. Some of the pathogenic bacteria that are frequently or occasionally associated with Silage are enterobacteria, Listeria , Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., and Salmonella . The symptoms caused by these bacteria in dairy cows vary from mild diarrhea and reduced feed intake by Clostridium spp. to death and abortion by Listeria . Contamination of food products with pathogenic bacteria can cause losses of millions of dollars due to recalls of unsafe foods and decreases in the shelf life of dairy products. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in Silage is usually due to contamination or poor management during the fermentation, aerobic exposure, or feed-out stages. Silage Additives and inoculants can improve the safety of Silage as well as the fermentation, nutrient recovery, quality, and shelf life. This review summarizes the literature on the main foodborne pathogens that occasionally infest Silage and how Additives can improve Silage safety.
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bacterial diversity and composition of alfalfa Silage as analyzed by illumina miseq sequencing effects of escherichia coli o157 h7 and Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2017Co-Authors: I M Ogunade, Z G Weinberg, Y Jiang, Kwang Cheol Jeong, A Pech A Cervantes, Andre Soares De Oliveira, D Vyas, A T AdesoganAbstract:ABSTRACT The first objective of this study was to examine effects of adding Escherichia coli O157:H7 with or without chemical or microbial Additives on the bacterial diversity and composition of alfalfa Silage. The second objective was to examine associations between the relative abundance of known and unknown bacterial species and indices of Silage fermentation quality. Alfalfa forage was harvested at 54% dry matter, chopped to a theoretical length of cut of 19 mm, and ensiled in quadruplicate in laboratory silos for 100 d after the following treatments were applied: (1) distilled water (control); (2) 1 × 10 5 cfu/g of E. coli O157:H7 (EC); (3) EC and 1 × 10 6 cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum (EC+LP); (4) EC and 1 × 10 6 cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri (EC+LB); and (5) EC and 0.22% propionic acid (EC+PA). After 100 d of ensiling, the Silage samples were analyzed for bacterial diversity and composition via the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) and chemically characterized. Overall, Firmicutes (74.1 ± 4.86%) was the most predominant phylum followed by Proteobacteria (20.4 ± 3.80%). Relative to the control, adding E. coli O157:H7 alone at ensiling did not affect bacterial diversity or composition but adding EC+LP or EC+LB reduced the Shannon index, a measure of diversity (3.21 vs. 2.63 or 2.80, respectively). The relative abundance of Firmicutes (69.2 and 68.8%) was reduced, whereas that of Proteobacteria (24.0 and 24.9%) was increased by EC+LP and EC+PA treatments, relative to those of the control (79.5 and 16.5%) and EC+LB (77.4 and 18.5%) Silages, respectively. Compared with the control, treatment with EC+LP increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Sphingomonas, Pantoea, Pseudomonas , and Erwinia by 426, 157, 200, 194, and 163%, respectively, but reduced those of Pediococcus, Weissella , and Methylobacterium by 5,436, 763, and 250%, respectively. Relative abundance of Weissella (9.19%) and Methylobacterium (0.94%) were also reduced in the EC+LB Silage compared with the control (29.7 and 1.50%, respectively). Application of propionic acid did not affect the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Weissella , or Pediococcus. Lactate concentration correlated positively (r = 0.56) with relative abundance of Lactobacillus and negatively (r = −0.41) with relative abundance of Pediococcus . Negative correlations were detected between ammonia-N concentration and relative abundance of Sphingomonas (r = −0.51), Pantoea (r = −0.46), Pseudomonas (r = −0.45), and Stenotrophomonas (r = −0.38). Silage pH was negatively correlated with relative abundance of Lactobacillus (r = −0.59), Sphingomonas (r = −0.66), Pantoea (r = −0.69), Pseudomonas (r = −0.69), and Stenotrophomonas (r = −0.50). Future studies should aim to speciate, culture, and determine the functions of the unknown bacteria detected in this study to elucidate their roles in Silage fermentation.
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control of escherichia coli o157 h7 in contaminated alfalfa Silage effects of Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2016Co-Authors: I M Ogunade, Z G Weinberg, Donghyeon Kim, Y Jiang, Kwang Cheol Jeong, A T AdesoganAbstract:This study was conducted to examine if adding microbial inoculants or propionic acid to alfalfa Silages contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 would inhibit the growth of the pathogen during or after ensiling. Alfalfa forage was harvested at the early bloom stage, wilted to a dry matter concentration of 54%, chopped to 19-mm lengths, and ensiled after treatment with one of the following: (1) distilled water (control); (2) 1×10(5) cfu/g of E. coli O157:H7 (EC); (3) EC and 1×10(6) cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum (EC+LP); (4) EC and 1×10(6) cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri (EC+LB); and (5) EC and 2.2g/kg of propionic acid (EC+PA). Each treatment was ensiled in quadruplicate in laboratory silos for 0, 3, 7, 16, and 100d and analyzed for EC counts, pH, and organic acids. In addition, samples from d 100 were analyzed for chemical composition, ammonia-N, counts of yeasts and molds, and aerobic stability. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected in all Silages until d 7, but by d 16 it was not detected in those treated with EC+LB and EC+LP, though it was still detected in EC and EC+PA Silages. However, by d 100, the pathogen was not detected in any Silage. The rate of pH decrease to 5.0 was fastest for the EC+LP Silage (7d), followed by the EC+LB Silage (16d). Nevertheless, all Silages had attained a pH of or less than 5.0 by d 100. The rapid decrease in pH in EC+LP and EC+LB Silages was observed due to higher lactate and acetate concentrations, respectively, relative to the other Silages during the early fermentation phase (d 3-16). Propionic acid was only detected in the EC+PA Silage. Yeast counts were lowest in EC+LB and EC+PA Silages. Subsamples of all d-100 Silages were reinoculated with 1×10(5) cfu/g of EC immediately after silo opening. When the pathogen was subsequently enumerated after 168h of aerobic exposure, it was not detected in Silages treated with EC+PA, EC+LB, or EC+LP, which all had pH values less than 5.0. Whereas the EC Silage had a pH value of 5.4 and 2.3 log cfu/g of the pathogen. Certain bacterial inoculants can hasten the inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 during ensiling, such as propionic acid, and they can also prevent its growth on Silage contaminated with the pathogen after ensiling.
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ensiling whole crop wheat and corn in large containers with lactobacillus plantarum and lactobacillus buchneri
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2002Co-Authors: Z G Weinberg, G Ashbell, A Azrieli, George Szakacs, Ismail FilyaAbstract:The effect of applying Lactobacillus buchneri, alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum, at ensiling, on the aerobic stability of wheat and corn Silages was studied in 50-l plastic containers. Treatments comprised control (no Additives), L. plantarum, L. buchneri and a combination of L. plantarum+L. buchneri. After 3 months of storage, the wheat Silages treated with L. buchneri had higher acetic acid contents than the control or L. plantarum-treated Silages, and were free of mold, whereas the top layers of the control or L. plantarum-treated Silages were moldy. In an aerobic stability test the L. buchneri-treated Silages were stable, whereas those treated with L. plantarum deteriorated. In the corn Silages the effects of L. buchneri were not as clear and the top layer was moldy in all Silages. However, L. buchneri also improved the aerobic stability of the corn Silage, as indicated by lower yeast numbers, less CO2 production and stable pH. It is concluded that L. buchneri has a potential as a Silage additive that protects the Silage upon aerobic exposure. The 50-l plastic containers can serve as an appropriate model to test Silage Additives before conducting full-scale farm experiments. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 7–11 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000207
L Kung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Silage review recent advances and future uses of Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2018Co-Authors: R E Muck, Elisabet Nadeau, T A Mcallister, F E Contrerasgovea, M C Santos, L KungAbstract:Additives have been available for enhancing Silage preservation for decades. This review covers research studies published since 2000 that have investigated the efficacy of Silage Additives. The review has been divided into 6 categories of Additives: homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB), obligate heterofermentative LAB, combination inoculants containing obligate heterofermentative LAB plus homofermentative LAB, other inoculants, chemicals, and enzymes. The homofermentative LAB rapidly decrease pH and increase lactic acid relative to other fermentation products, although a meta-analysis indicated no reduction in pH in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane Silages relative to untreated Silages. These Additives resulted in higher milk production according to the meta-analysis by mechanisms that are still unclear. Lactobacillus buchneri is the dominant species used in obligate heterofermentative LAB Silage Additives. It slowly converts lactic acid to acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol during silo storage, improving aerobic stability while having no effect on animal productivity. Current research is focused on finding other species in the Lb. buchneri group capable of producing more rapid improvements in aerobic stability. Combination inoculants aim to provide the aerobic stability benefits of Lb. buchneri with the Silage fermentation efficiency and animal productivity benefits of homofermentative LAB. Research indicates that these products are improving aerobic stability, but feeding studies are not yet sufficient to make conclusions about effects on animal performance. Novel non-LAB species have been studied as potential Silage inoculants. Streptococcus bovis is a potential starter species within a homofermentative LAB inoculant. Propionibacterium and Bacillus species offer improved aerobic stability in some cases. Some yeast research has focused on inhibiting molds and other detrimental Silage microorganisms, whereas other yeast research suggests that it may be possible to apply a direct-fed microbial strain at ensiling, have it survive ensiling, and multiply during feed out. Chemical Additives traditionally have fallen in 2 groups. Formic acid causes direct acidification, suppressing clostridia and other undesired bacteria and improving protein preservation during ensiling. On the other hand, sorbic, benzoic, propionic, and acetic acids improve Silage aerobic stability at feed out through direct inhibition of yeasts and molds. Current research has focused on various combinations of these chemicals to improve both aerobic stability and animal productivity. Enzyme Additives have been added to forage primarily to breakdown plant cell walls at ensiling to improve Silage fermentation by providing sugars for the LAB and to enhance the nutritive value of Silage by increasing the digestibility of cell walls. Cellulase or hemicellulase mixtures have been more successful at the former than the latter. A new approach focused on Lb. buchneri producing ferulic acid esterase has also had mixed success in improving the efficiency of Silage digestion. Another new enzyme approach is the application of proteases to corn Silage to improve starch digestibility, but more research is needed to determine the feasibility. Future Silage Additives are expected to directly inhibit clostridia and other detrimental microorganisms, mitigate high mycotoxin levels on harvested forages during ensiling, enhance aerobic stability, improve cell wall digestibility, increase the efficiency of utilization of Silage nitrogen by cattle, and increase the availability of starch to cattle.
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potassium sorbate reduces production of ethanol and 2 esters in corn Silage1
Journal of Dairy Science, 2014Co-Authors: Sasha D Hafner, R B Franco, L Kung, Alan C Rotz, Frank M MitloehnerAbstract:Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of biological and chemical Silage Additives on the production of volatile organic compounds (VOC; methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate) within corn Silage. Recent work has shown that Silage VOC can contribute to poor air quality and reduce feed intake. Silage Additives may reduce VOC production in Silage by inhibiting the activity of bacteria or yeasts that produce them. We produced corn Silage in 18.9-L bucket silos using the following treatments: (1) control (distilled water); (2) Lactobacillus buchneri 40788, with 400,000cfu/g of wet forage; (3) Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1, with 100,000cfu/g; (4) a commercial buffered propionic acid-based preservative (68% propionic acid, containing ammonium and sodium propionate and acetic, benzoic, and sorbic acids) at a concentration of 1g/kg of wet forage (0.1%); (5) a low dose of potassium sorbate at a concentration of 91mg/kg of wet forage (0.0091%); (6) a high dose of potassium sorbate at a concentration of 1g/kg of wet forage (0.1%); and (7) a mixture of L. plantarum MTD1 (100,000cfu/g) and a low dose of potassium sorbate (91mg/kg). Volatile organic compound concentrations within Silage were measured after ensiling and sample storage using a headspace gas chromatography method. The high dose of potassium sorbate was the only treatment that inhibited the production of multiple VOC. Compared with the control response, it reduced ethanol by 58%, ethyl acetate by 46%, and methyl acetate by 24%, but did not clearly affect production of methanol or 1-propanol. The effect of this additive on ethanol production was consistent with results from a small number of earlier studies. A low dose of this additive does not appear to be effective. Although it did reduce methanol production by 24%, it increased ethanol production by more than 2-fold and did not reduce the ethyl acetate concentration. All other treatments increased ethanol production at least 2-fold relative to the control, and L. buchneri addition also increased the 1-propanol concentration to approximately 1% of dry matter. No effects of any treatments on fiber fractions or protein were observed. However, L. buchneri addition resulted in slightly more ammonia compared with the control. If these results hold under different conditions, a high dose of potassium sorbate will be an effective treatment for reducing VOC production in and emission from Silage. Regulations aimed at reducing VOC emission could be ineffective or even increase emission if they promote Silage Additives without recognition of different types of Additives.
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the effects of various antifungal Additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn Silage
Journal of Dairy Science, 2005Co-Authors: D H Kleinschmit, R J Schmidt, L KungAbstract:In 2 consecutive years, whole plant corn was ensiled in laboratory silos to investigate the effects of various Silage Additives on fermentation, dry matter (DM) recovery and aerobic stability. In yr 1, chopped forage was treated with 1) no additive (untreated, U), 2) Lactobacillus buchneri 40788, 4 x 10(5) cfu/g of fresh forage (LLB4), 3) L. buchneri 11A44, 1 x 10(5) cfu/g (PLB), 4) Biomax 5 (Lactobacillus plantarum PA-28 and K-270), 1 x 10(5) cfu/g (B5), 5) Silo Guard II (sodium metabisulfite and amylase), 0.05% of fresh forage weight (SG), 6) a buffered propionic acid-based additive, 0.1% (Ki-112), 7), sodium benzoate, 0.1% of fresh weight (SB), or 8) potassium sorbate:EDTA (1:1), 0.1% of fresh weight (PSE). Silage treated with LLB4 had the highest concentration of acetic acid compared with other treatments, and yeasts were undetectable in LLB4 ( 210 h.
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the effects of various antifungal Additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn Silage
Journal of Dairy Science, 2005Co-Authors: D H Kleinschmit, R J Schmidt, L KungAbstract:Abstract In 2 consecutive years, whole plant corn was ensiled in laboratory silos to investigate the effects of various Silage Additives on fermentation, dry matter (DM) recovery and aerobic stability. In yr 1, chopped forage was treated with 1) no additive (untreated, U), 2) Lactobacillus buchneri 40788, 4×10 5 cfu/g of fresh forage (LLB4), 3) L. buchneri 11A44, 1×10 5 cfu/g (PLB), 4) Biomax 5 ( Lactobacillus plantarum PA-28 and K-270), 1×10 5 cfu/g (B5), 5) Silo Guard II (sodium metabisulfite and amylase), 0.05% of fresh forage weight (SG), 6) a buffered propionic acid-based additive, 0.1% (Ki-112), 7), sodium benzoate, 0.1% of fresh weight (SB), or 8) potassium sorbate:EDTA (1:1), 0.1% of fresh weight (PSE). Silage treated with LLB4 had the highest concentration of acetic acid compared with other treatments, and yeasts were undetectable in LLB4 ( 2 cfu/g). Silages treated with SB and PSE had the highest concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates, the greatest recoveries of DM, and the lowest concentrations of ethanol. Silages treated with B5, SG, and Ki-112 had no effects on fermentation, DM recovery, or aerobic stability. The aerobic stabilities of Silages treated with LLB4, SB, and PSE were greatest among all treatments. In yr 2, treatments were: 1) U, 2) LLB4, 3) PLB, 4) PLB at 4×10 5 cfu/g (PLB4), and 5) B5. Silages treated with L. buchneri had greater concentrations of acetic acid but lower concentrations of ethanol than did U- and B5-treated Silages. Yeasts were undetected in all Silages except in Silage treated with B5, which had the poorest aerobic stability of all treatments. Treatments had no effect on DM recovery. Silages treated with PLB, PLB4, and LLB4 remained stable for >210h.
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Additives containing bacteria and enzymes for alfalfa Silage
Journal of Dairy Science, 1995Co-Authors: A C Sheperd, M Maslanka, D Quinn, L KungAbstract:First-cutting alfalfa was wilted, harvested from alternate rows, left untreated or treated with Additives containing lactic acid bacteria and enzymes (cellulase, amylase, and pectinase), and ensiled in bag silos. Inoculation increased lactic acid bacteria from 5 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of forage. Because treatments were bagged consecutively, the DM of treated Silages was higher than that of untreated Silage. However, after 4 d of ensiling, the pH of treated Silage, about 4.3, was lower than that of untreated Silage, 4.7, and remained lower throughout the ensiling period. After 177 d of ensiling, total lactate was about 25% higher, and ammonia N was about 40% lower, in treated Silage. In addition, NDF and ADF contents were lower in treated than in untreated Silage. Between 51 and 177 d of storage, glucose content increased in treated Silage, but not in untreated Silage, suggesting that some plant cell-wall hydrolysis occurred during prolonged storage. In vitro digestion of NDF did not differ among treatments during early incubation, but the extent of digestion after 36 and 48 h was lower in treated than in untreated Silage. The microbial and enzyme Silage Additives used in this study improved fermentation characteristics and reduced fiber content of Silage but decreased the in vitro digestibility of fiber.
I M Ogunade - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bacterial diversity and composition of alfalfa Silage as analyzed by illumina miseq sequencing effects of escherichia coli o157 h7 and Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2017Co-Authors: I M Ogunade, Z G Weinberg, Y Jiang, Kwang Cheol Jeong, A Pech A Cervantes, Andre Soares De Oliveira, D Vyas, A T AdesoganAbstract:ABSTRACT The first objective of this study was to examine effects of adding Escherichia coli O157:H7 with or without chemical or microbial Additives on the bacterial diversity and composition of alfalfa Silage. The second objective was to examine associations between the relative abundance of known and unknown bacterial species and indices of Silage fermentation quality. Alfalfa forage was harvested at 54% dry matter, chopped to a theoretical length of cut of 19 mm, and ensiled in quadruplicate in laboratory silos for 100 d after the following treatments were applied: (1) distilled water (control); (2) 1 × 10 5 cfu/g of E. coli O157:H7 (EC); (3) EC and 1 × 10 6 cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum (EC+LP); (4) EC and 1 × 10 6 cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri (EC+LB); and (5) EC and 0.22% propionic acid (EC+PA). After 100 d of ensiling, the Silage samples were analyzed for bacterial diversity and composition via the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) and chemically characterized. Overall, Firmicutes (74.1 ± 4.86%) was the most predominant phylum followed by Proteobacteria (20.4 ± 3.80%). Relative to the control, adding E. coli O157:H7 alone at ensiling did not affect bacterial diversity or composition but adding EC+LP or EC+LB reduced the Shannon index, a measure of diversity (3.21 vs. 2.63 or 2.80, respectively). The relative abundance of Firmicutes (69.2 and 68.8%) was reduced, whereas that of Proteobacteria (24.0 and 24.9%) was increased by EC+LP and EC+PA treatments, relative to those of the control (79.5 and 16.5%) and EC+LB (77.4 and 18.5%) Silages, respectively. Compared with the control, treatment with EC+LP increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Sphingomonas, Pantoea, Pseudomonas , and Erwinia by 426, 157, 200, 194, and 163%, respectively, but reduced those of Pediococcus, Weissella , and Methylobacterium by 5,436, 763, and 250%, respectively. Relative abundance of Weissella (9.19%) and Methylobacterium (0.94%) were also reduced in the EC+LB Silage compared with the control (29.7 and 1.50%, respectively). Application of propionic acid did not affect the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Weissella , or Pediococcus. Lactate concentration correlated positively (r = 0.56) with relative abundance of Lactobacillus and negatively (r = −0.41) with relative abundance of Pediococcus . Negative correlations were detected between ammonia-N concentration and relative abundance of Sphingomonas (r = −0.51), Pantoea (r = −0.46), Pseudomonas (r = −0.45), and Stenotrophomonas (r = −0.38). Silage pH was negatively correlated with relative abundance of Lactobacillus (r = −0.59), Sphingomonas (r = −0.66), Pantoea (r = −0.69), Pseudomonas (r = −0.69), and Stenotrophomonas (r = −0.50). Future studies should aim to speciate, culture, and determine the functions of the unknown bacteria detected in this study to elucidate their roles in Silage fermentation.
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control of escherichia coli o157 h7 in contaminated alfalfa Silage effects of Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2016Co-Authors: I M Ogunade, Z G Weinberg, Donghyeon Kim, Y Jiang, Kwang Cheol Jeong, A T AdesoganAbstract:This study was conducted to examine if adding microbial inoculants or propionic acid to alfalfa Silages contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 would inhibit the growth of the pathogen during or after ensiling. Alfalfa forage was harvested at the early bloom stage, wilted to a dry matter concentration of 54%, chopped to 19-mm lengths, and ensiled after treatment with one of the following: (1) distilled water (control); (2) 1×10(5) cfu/g of E. coli O157:H7 (EC); (3) EC and 1×10(6) cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum (EC+LP); (4) EC and 1×10(6) cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri (EC+LB); and (5) EC and 2.2g/kg of propionic acid (EC+PA). Each treatment was ensiled in quadruplicate in laboratory silos for 0, 3, 7, 16, and 100d and analyzed for EC counts, pH, and organic acids. In addition, samples from d 100 were analyzed for chemical composition, ammonia-N, counts of yeasts and molds, and aerobic stability. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected in all Silages until d 7, but by d 16 it was not detected in those treated with EC+LB and EC+LP, though it was still detected in EC and EC+PA Silages. However, by d 100, the pathogen was not detected in any Silage. The rate of pH decrease to 5.0 was fastest for the EC+LP Silage (7d), followed by the EC+LB Silage (16d). Nevertheless, all Silages had attained a pH of or less than 5.0 by d 100. The rapid decrease in pH in EC+LP and EC+LB Silages was observed due to higher lactate and acetate concentrations, respectively, relative to the other Silages during the early fermentation phase (d 3-16). Propionic acid was only detected in the EC+PA Silage. Yeast counts were lowest in EC+LB and EC+PA Silages. Subsamples of all d-100 Silages were reinoculated with 1×10(5) cfu/g of EC immediately after silo opening. When the pathogen was subsequently enumerated after 168h of aerobic exposure, it was not detected in Silages treated with EC+PA, EC+LB, or EC+LP, which all had pH values less than 5.0. Whereas the EC Silage had a pH value of 5.4 and 2.3 log cfu/g of the pathogen. Certain bacterial inoculants can hasten the inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 during ensiling, such as propionic acid, and they can also prevent its growth on Silage contaminated with the pathogen after ensiling.
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bacterial diversity and composition of alfalfa Silage as analyzed by illumina miseq sequencing effects of escherichia coli o157 h7 and Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2017Co-Authors: I M Ogunade, Z G Weinberg, Y Jiang, Kwang Cheol Jeong, A Pech A Cervantes, Andre Soares De Oliveira, D Vyas, A T AdesoganAbstract:ABSTRACT The first objective of this study was to examine effects of adding Escherichia coli O157:H7 with or without chemical or microbial Additives on the bacterial diversity and composition of alfalfa Silage. The second objective was to examine associations between the relative abundance of known and unknown bacterial species and indices of Silage fermentation quality. Alfalfa forage was harvested at 54% dry matter, chopped to a theoretical length of cut of 19 mm, and ensiled in quadruplicate in laboratory silos for 100 d after the following treatments were applied: (1) distilled water (control); (2) 1 × 10 5 cfu/g of E. coli O157:H7 (EC); (3) EC and 1 × 10 6 cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum (EC+LP); (4) EC and 1 × 10 6 cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri (EC+LB); and (5) EC and 0.22% propionic acid (EC+PA). After 100 d of ensiling, the Silage samples were analyzed for bacterial diversity and composition via the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA) and chemically characterized. Overall, Firmicutes (74.1 ± 4.86%) was the most predominant phylum followed by Proteobacteria (20.4 ± 3.80%). Relative to the control, adding E. coli O157:H7 alone at ensiling did not affect bacterial diversity or composition but adding EC+LP or EC+LB reduced the Shannon index, a measure of diversity (3.21 vs. 2.63 or 2.80, respectively). The relative abundance of Firmicutes (69.2 and 68.8%) was reduced, whereas that of Proteobacteria (24.0 and 24.9%) was increased by EC+LP and EC+PA treatments, relative to those of the control (79.5 and 16.5%) and EC+LB (77.4 and 18.5%) Silages, respectively. Compared with the control, treatment with EC+LP increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Sphingomonas, Pantoea, Pseudomonas , and Erwinia by 426, 157, 200, 194, and 163%, respectively, but reduced those of Pediococcus, Weissella , and Methylobacterium by 5,436, 763, and 250%, respectively. Relative abundance of Weissella (9.19%) and Methylobacterium (0.94%) were also reduced in the EC+LB Silage compared with the control (29.7 and 1.50%, respectively). Application of propionic acid did not affect the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Weissella , or Pediococcus. Lactate concentration correlated positively (r = 0.56) with relative abundance of Lactobacillus and negatively (r = −0.41) with relative abundance of Pediococcus . Negative correlations were detected between ammonia-N concentration and relative abundance of Sphingomonas (r = −0.51), Pantoea (r = −0.46), Pseudomonas (r = −0.45), and Stenotrophomonas (r = −0.38). Silage pH was negatively correlated with relative abundance of Lactobacillus (r = −0.59), Sphingomonas (r = −0.66), Pantoea (r = −0.69), Pseudomonas (r = −0.69), and Stenotrophomonas (r = −0.50). Future studies should aim to speciate, culture, and determine the functions of the unknown bacteria detected in this study to elucidate their roles in Silage fermentation.
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control of escherichia coli o157 h7 in contaminated alfalfa Silage effects of Silage Additives
Journal of Dairy Science, 2016Co-Authors: I M Ogunade, Z G Weinberg, Donghyeon Kim, Y Jiang, Kwang Cheol Jeong, A T AdesoganAbstract:This study was conducted to examine if adding microbial inoculants or propionic acid to alfalfa Silages contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 would inhibit the growth of the pathogen during or after ensiling. Alfalfa forage was harvested at the early bloom stage, wilted to a dry matter concentration of 54%, chopped to 19-mm lengths, and ensiled after treatment with one of the following: (1) distilled water (control); (2) 1×10(5) cfu/g of E. coli O157:H7 (EC); (3) EC and 1×10(6) cfu/g of Lactobacillus plantarum (EC+LP); (4) EC and 1×10(6) cfu/g of Lactobacillus buchneri (EC+LB); and (5) EC and 2.2g/kg of propionic acid (EC+PA). Each treatment was ensiled in quadruplicate in laboratory silos for 0, 3, 7, 16, and 100d and analyzed for EC counts, pH, and organic acids. In addition, samples from d 100 were analyzed for chemical composition, ammonia-N, counts of yeasts and molds, and aerobic stability. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected in all Silages until d 7, but by d 16 it was not detected in those treated with EC+LB and EC+LP, though it was still detected in EC and EC+PA Silages. However, by d 100, the pathogen was not detected in any Silage. The rate of pH decrease to 5.0 was fastest for the EC+LP Silage (7d), followed by the EC+LB Silage (16d). Nevertheless, all Silages had attained a pH of or less than 5.0 by d 100. The rapid decrease in pH in EC+LP and EC+LB Silages was observed due to higher lactate and acetate concentrations, respectively, relative to the other Silages during the early fermentation phase (d 3-16). Propionic acid was only detected in the EC+PA Silage. Yeast counts were lowest in EC+LB and EC+PA Silages. Subsamples of all d-100 Silages were reinoculated with 1×10(5) cfu/g of EC immediately after silo opening. When the pathogen was subsequently enumerated after 168h of aerobic exposure, it was not detected in Silages treated with EC+PA, EC+LB, or EC+LP, which all had pH values less than 5.0. Whereas the EC Silage had a pH value of 5.4 and 2.3 log cfu/g of the pathogen. Certain bacterial inoculants can hasten the inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 during ensiling, such as propionic acid, and they can also prevent its growth on Silage contaminated with the pathogen after ensiling.