The Experts below are selected from a list of 132969 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Manfred Schmitt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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proposal of a nonlinear Interaction of person and Situation nips model
Frontiers in Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Manfred Schmitt, Mario Gollwitzer, Anna Baumert, Gabriela Blum, Tobias Gschwendner, Wilhelm Hofmann, Tobias RothmundAbstract:Marshall and Brown (2006) proposed a Traits as Situational Sensitivities (TASS) Model, which implies a systematic person × Situation Interaction. We review this model and show that it suffers from several limitations. We extend and modify the model in order to obtain a symmetric pattern of levels and effects for both person and Situation factors. Our suggestions result in a general Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (NIPS) Model. The NIPS model bears striking similarities to the Rasch model. Based on the symmetric nature of the NIPS model, we generalize the concept of weak and strong Situations to individuals and propose the concepts of weak and strong persons. Finally, we discuss psychological mechanisms that might explain the NIPS pattern and offer ideas for future research.
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synergistic person Situation Interaction in distributive justice judgment and allocation behaviour
Personality and Individual Differences, 2004Co-Authors: Manfred Schmitt, Clara SabbaghAbstract:Abstract Traditional models of distributive justice behaviour have focused predominantly on either person-specific or context-specific explanations. We suggest supplementing these models by including Interaction effects between functionally equivalent Situation and person factors. Two experiments were conducted to replicate results from a previous vignette experiment in which the effect of Situational information that would justify an unequal distribution of burdens was lower for individuals with a positive attitude toward the equality principle than for individuals with a negative attitude toward this principle. The results of the present experiments are consistent with this finding. Again, Situational information that would justify an unequal distribution of outcomes had a weaker effect for participants with a favourable attitude toward equality than for participants with an unfavourable attitude. Based on these results and results from other research domains, we concluded that the synergistic person × Situation Interaction is a general phenomenon that deserves more attention in theory and research. Several cognitive mechanisms, such as motivated perception, selective attention, and the availability of attitude-congruent Situation schemas that may account for synergistic Interactions in justice behaviour are discussed.
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synergistic person Situation Interaction in distributive justice behavior
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2003Co-Authors: Manfred Schmitt, Michael Eid, Jurgen MaesAbstract:A person × Situation Interaction is synergistic when a personality trait amplifies the effect of a Situational factor. The present study tested how individuals’ justice attitudes and Situational factors jointly affect the allocation of financial burdens. Six insurance cases were described to 80 participants. Economic status of client (high, low) and responsibility of client for damage of the insured (high, low) were manipulated between subjects. Participants suggested a percentage of the total costs that they considered a fair contribution by the client. In accordance with the synergistic model, justice attitude (person factor) and responsibility for damage (Situation factor) interacted and explained 5% of the variance of the dependent variable. With increasing negativity of attitude toward equality, the effect of responsibility was larger. Several cognitive mechanisms, such as motivated perception, selective attention, and the availability of attitude congruent Situation schemas, that may account for syn...
Andreas Glockner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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spontaneous cooperation for prosocials but not for proselfs social value orientation moderates spontaneous cooperation behavior
Scientific Reports, 2016Co-Authors: Dorothee Mischkowski, Andreas GlocknerAbstract:Cooperation is essential for the success of societies and there is an ongoing debate whether individuals have therefore developed a general spontaneous tendency to cooperate or not. Findings that cooperative behavior is related to shorter decision times provide support for the spontaneous cooperation effect, although contrary results have also been reported. We show that cooperative behavior is better described as person × Situation Interaction, in that there is a spontaneous cooperation effect for prosocial but not for proself persons. In three studies, one involving population representative samples from the US and Germany, we found that cooperation in a public good game is dependent on an Interaction between individuals’ social value orientation and decision time. Increasing deliberation about the dilemma Situation does not affect persons that are selfish to begin with, but it is related to decreasing cooperation for prosocial persons that gain positive utility from outcomes of others and score high on the related general personality trait honesty/humility. Our results demonstrate that the spontaneous cooperation hypothesis has to be qualified in that it is limited to persons with a specific personality and social values. Furthermore, they allow reconciling conflicting previous findings by identifying an important moderator for the effect.
Jurgen Maes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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synergistic person Situation Interaction in distributive justice behavior
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2003Co-Authors: Manfred Schmitt, Michael Eid, Jurgen MaesAbstract:A person × Situation Interaction is synergistic when a personality trait amplifies the effect of a Situational factor. The present study tested how individuals’ justice attitudes and Situational factors jointly affect the allocation of financial burdens. Six insurance cases were described to 80 participants. Economic status of client (high, low) and responsibility of client for damage of the insured (high, low) were manipulated between subjects. Participants suggested a percentage of the total costs that they considered a fair contribution by the client. In accordance with the synergistic model, justice attitude (person factor) and responsibility for damage (Situation factor) interacted and explained 5% of the variance of the dependent variable. With increasing negativity of attitude toward equality, the effect of responsibility was larger. Several cognitive mechanisms, such as motivated perception, selective attention, and the availability of attitude congruent Situation schemas, that may account for syn...
Dorothee Mischkowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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spontaneous cooperation for prosocials but not for proselfs social value orientation moderates spontaneous cooperation behavior
Scientific Reports, 2016Co-Authors: Dorothee Mischkowski, Andreas GlocknerAbstract:Cooperation is essential for the success of societies and there is an ongoing debate whether individuals have therefore developed a general spontaneous tendency to cooperate or not. Findings that cooperative behavior is related to shorter decision times provide support for the spontaneous cooperation effect, although contrary results have also been reported. We show that cooperative behavior is better described as person × Situation Interaction, in that there is a spontaneous cooperation effect for prosocial but not for proself persons. In three studies, one involving population representative samples from the US and Germany, we found that cooperation in a public good game is dependent on an Interaction between individuals’ social value orientation and decision time. Increasing deliberation about the dilemma Situation does not affect persons that are selfish to begin with, but it is related to decreasing cooperation for prosocial persons that gain positive utility from outcomes of others and score high on the related general personality trait honesty/humility. Our results demonstrate that the spontaneous cooperation hypothesis has to be qualified in that it is limited to persons with a specific personality and social values. Furthermore, they allow reconciling conflicting previous findings by identifying an important moderator for the effect.
Saul Shiffman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a latent state trait model for analyzing states traits Situations method effects and their Interactions
Journal of Personality, 2019Co-Authors: Fred Hintz, Christian Geiser, Saul ShiffmanAbstract:OBJECTIVE Studies on Situation and Person × Situation Interaction effects often use only one method of measurement, so that the extent to which the effects may be method-specific cannot be determined. We introduce a new multimethod latent state-trait model for random and fixed Situations (MM-LST-RF), which allows examining person, Situation, and Person × Situation Interaction effects in the context of multimethod measurement designs (e.g., studies with multiple reporters), and discuss potential areas of application for the new model in personality research. METHOD The new model allows analyzing novel features of multimethod, multi-Situation data, including (a) the convergent validity and method specificity of trait (person) effects, Situation effects, and Person × Situation Interaction effects; (b) the degree of Situation specificity of method effects; and (c) potential Method × Situation Interactions. An application to smoker's affect (N = 235; 57% female; 93% Caucasian) before and after quitting smoking is presented with positively and negatively worded items as methods. RESULTS The MM-LST-RF model fit the smoking data well. Method specificity of many effects was high. CONCLUSIONS The MM-LST-RF model provides researchers with a new framework for testing method specificity of person, Situation, and Interaction effects.
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analyzing person Situation and person Situation Interaction effects latent state trait models for the combination of random and fixed Situations
Psychological Methods, 2015Co-Authors: Christian Geiser, Kaylee Litson, Jacob Bishop, Brian T Keller, Leonard G Burns, Mateu Servera, Saul ShiffmanAbstract:Latent state-trait (LST) models (Steyer, Ferring, & Schmitt, 1992) allow separating person-specific (trait) effects from (1) effects of the Situation and person × Situation Interactions, and (2) random measurement error in purely observational studies. Typical LST applications use measurement designs in which all Situations are sampled randomly and do not have to be known for any individual. Limitations of conventional LST models for only random Situations are that traits are implicitly assumed to generalize perfectly across Situations, and that main effects of Situations are inseparable from person × Situation Interaction effects because both are measured by the same latent variable. In this article, we show how these limitations can be overcome by using measurement designs in which two or more random Situations are nested within two or more fixed Situations that are known for each individual. We present extended LST models for the combination of random and fixed Situations (LST-RF approach) and show that the extensions allow (1) examining the extent to which traits are Situation-specific and (2) isolating person × Situation Interactions from Situation main effects. We demonstrate that the LST-RF approach can be applied with both homogenous and heterogeneous indicators in either the single- or multilevel structural equation modeling frameworks. Advantages and limitations of the new models as well as their relation to other approaches for studying person × Situation Interactions are discussed.
