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Bharat Bhushan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • frontiers in nanotribology magnetic storage bio nanotechnology cosmetics and bioinspiration
    Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2020
    Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan
    Abstract:

    Abstract The word “nanotribology” was introduced for the first time in the title of a paper and a book in 1995. This field encompasses fundamental studies of surface characterization, adhesion, friction, scratching, wear, and lubrication at the atomic scale. At most solid-solid interfaces of technological relevance, contact occurs at numerous asperities. It is of importance to investigate a single asperity contact in the fundamental tribological studies. A nanoprobe sliding on a surface in probe-based microscopies, including atomic force microscopy (AFM) at ultralow loads, simulates one such contact. AFMs and depth-sensing nanoindentation techniques are also used for nanomechanical characterization. The field is referred to as nanomechanics. AFMs can also be used for nanoelectrical characterization which includes electrical resistance, surface potential, and capacitance mapping. Research in the field of nanotribology and nanomechanics was initiated by or for the magnetic storage industry in the late 1980s. Later in the mid-1990s, nanotribology and nanomechanics research became important in bio/nanotechnology devices which involve relative motion, as well as ultrathin films. Adhesion, friction and wear issues in bio/nanotechnology devices led to the development of the field of bio/nanotribology. Research in ultrathin films used in the cosmetic industry, including hair, hair conditioner, Skin, and Skin Cream, led to development of the field of nanotribology in cosmetics. Biologically inspired design, adaptation, or derivation from nature, referred to as biomimetics or bioinspiration, can guide us to initiate and produce nanomaterials, nanodevices, and processes in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. So called, green nanotribology research is important in this field. This perspective article presents an overview of fundamental understanding of nanotribology and nanomechanics and their applications in various fields ranging from magnetic storage, bio/nanotechnology, hair and hair conditioner, Skin and Skin Cream, and bioinspiration (green nanotribology).

  • tactile perception of Skin and Skin Cream by friction induced vibrations
    Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2016
    Co-Authors: Shuyang Ding, Bharat Bhushan
    Abstract:

    Skin Cream smooths, softens, and moistens Skin by altering surface roughness and tribological properties of Skin. Sliding generates vibrations that activate mechanoreceptors located in Skin. The brain interprets tactile information to identify Skin feel. Understanding the tactile sensing mechanisms of Skin with and without Cream treatment is important to numerous applications including cosmetics, textiles, and robotics sensors. In this study, frequency spectra of friction force and friction induced vibration signals were carried out to investigate tactile perception by an artificial finger sliding on Skin. The influence of normal load, velocity, and Cream treatment time were studied. Coherence between friction force and vibration signals were found. The amplitude of vibration decreased after Cream treatment, leading to smoother perception. Increasing normal load or velocity between contacting surfaces generated a smoother perception with Cream treatment, but rougher perception without treatment. As Cream treatment time increases, Skin becomes smoother. The related mechanisms are discussed.

  • friction and durability of virgin and damaged Skin with and without Skin Cream treatment using atomic force microscopy
    Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Si Chen, Shirong Ge
    Abstract:

    Skin can be damaged by the environment easily. Skin Cream is an effective and rapid way to moisten the Skin by changing the Skin surface properties. Rat Skin and pig Skin are common animal models for studies and were used as Skin samples in this study. The nano- and macroscale friction and durability of damaged Skin were measured and compared with those of virgin (intact/undamaged) Skin. The effect of Skin Cream on friction and durability of damaged and virgin Skin samples is discussed. The effects of velocity, normal load, relative humidity and number of cycles were studied. The nanoscale studies were performed by using atomic force microscope (AFM), and macroscale studies were performed by using a pin-on-disk (POD) reciprocating tribometer. It was found that damaged Skin has different mechanical properties, surface roughness, contact angle, friction and durability compared to that of virgin Skin. But similar changes occur after Skin Cream treatment. Rat and pig Skin show similar trends in friction and durability.

  • friction adhesion and durability and influence of humidity on adhesion and surface charging of Skin and various Skin Creams using atomic force microscopy
    Journal of Microscopy, 2010
    Co-Authors: Wei Tang, Bharat Bhushan, Shirong Ge
    Abstract:

    Summary Skin Cream is commonly used to improve Skin health and create a smooth, soft and moist perception by altering the surface roughness, friction, adhesion, elasticity and surface charging of Skin surface. In this study, we present the first systematic study on friction, adhesion, durability and influence of humidity on adhesion and surface charging of Skin and various Skin Creams using atomic force microscopy. Skin is subjected to various daily activities with time, and the durability is closely tied to product compositions. Durability of various Skin Creams was studied by repeated cycling tests. In order to better understand the frictional behaviour, the dynamic viscosities of various Skin Creams were measured. Skin Cream thinly coats the Skin surface and can cause drastic changes in the mechanical properties. In addition to mechanical properties, adhesive force is one of the important factors in determining the tactile perception of Skin Cream and is directly affected by the film thickness. Because the environmental dependence of Skin and Skin Cream is of importance, the influence of humidity on adhesive force, film thickness and Young's modulus mapping were measured using force distance technique. The health and feel of Skin are significantly affected by its surface charging, the surface potential of Skin and various Cream-treated Skins was measured using the Kelvin probe method.

  • adhesion friction and wear characterization of Skin and Skin Cream using atomic force microscope
    Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2010
    Co-Authors: Wei Tang, Bharat Bhushan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Skin Cream is commonly used to improve Skin health and create a smooth, soft, and moist perception by altering the surface roughness, friction, and adhesion of Skin surface. In this study, a systematic characterization of the friction and adhesion properties of Skin and Skin Cream was carried out, which is essential to develop better Skin care products and advance biological, dermatology, and cosmetic science. Since Cream rheology is expected to be a function of its thickness as well as the velocity and normal load during its application, friction and adhesion experiments were performed at a range of Cream film thickness, velocity, and normal load in order to study their effect on virgin Skin and Cream treated Skin. Since environmental dependence of Skin and Skin Cream is of importance, the effect of relative humidity and temperature on the coefficient of friction and adhesive force was also studied. Durability of the virgin Skin and Cream treated Skin was studied by repeated cycling tests. These experiments were performed by using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a macroscale friction test apparatus in order to study the scale effects. Friction and wear mechanisms under various operating conditions are discussed.

Wei Tang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • friction adhesion and durability and influence of humidity on adhesion and surface charging of Skin and various Skin Creams using atomic force microscopy
    Journal of Microscopy, 2010
    Co-Authors: Wei Tang, Bharat Bhushan, Shirong Ge
    Abstract:

    Summary Skin Cream is commonly used to improve Skin health and create a smooth, soft and moist perception by altering the surface roughness, friction, adhesion, elasticity and surface charging of Skin surface. In this study, we present the first systematic study on friction, adhesion, durability and influence of humidity on adhesion and surface charging of Skin and various Skin Creams using atomic force microscopy. Skin is subjected to various daily activities with time, and the durability is closely tied to product compositions. Durability of various Skin Creams was studied by repeated cycling tests. In order to better understand the frictional behaviour, the dynamic viscosities of various Skin Creams were measured. Skin Cream thinly coats the Skin surface and can cause drastic changes in the mechanical properties. In addition to mechanical properties, adhesive force is one of the important factors in determining the tactile perception of Skin Cream and is directly affected by the film thickness. Because the environmental dependence of Skin and Skin Cream is of importance, the influence of humidity on adhesive force, film thickness and Young's modulus mapping were measured using force distance technique. The health and feel of Skin are significantly affected by its surface charging, the surface potential of Skin and various Cream-treated Skins was measured using the Kelvin probe method.

  • adhesion friction and wear characterization of Skin and Skin Cream using atomic force microscope
    Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2010
    Co-Authors: Wei Tang, Bharat Bhushan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Skin Cream is commonly used to improve Skin health and create a smooth, soft, and moist perception by altering the surface roughness, friction, and adhesion of Skin surface. In this study, a systematic characterization of the friction and adhesion properties of Skin and Skin Cream was carried out, which is essential to develop better Skin care products and advance biological, dermatology, and cosmetic science. Since Cream rheology is expected to be a function of its thickness as well as the velocity and normal load during its application, friction and adhesion experiments were performed at a range of Cream film thickness, velocity, and normal load in order to study their effect on virgin Skin and Cream treated Skin. Since environmental dependence of Skin and Skin Cream is of importance, the effect of relative humidity and temperature on the coefficient of friction and adhesive force was also studied. Durability of the virgin Skin and Cream treated Skin was studied by repeated cycling tests. These experiments were performed by using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a macroscale friction test apparatus in order to study the scale effects. Friction and wear mechanisms under various operating conditions are discussed.

Shirong Ge - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • friction and durability of virgin and damaged Skin with and without Skin Cream treatment using atomic force microscopy
    Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Bharat Bhushan, Si Chen, Shirong Ge
    Abstract:

    Skin can be damaged by the environment easily. Skin Cream is an effective and rapid way to moisten the Skin by changing the Skin surface properties. Rat Skin and pig Skin are common animal models for studies and were used as Skin samples in this study. The nano- and macroscale friction and durability of damaged Skin were measured and compared with those of virgin (intact/undamaged) Skin. The effect of Skin Cream on friction and durability of damaged and virgin Skin samples is discussed. The effects of velocity, normal load, relative humidity and number of cycles were studied. The nanoscale studies were performed by using atomic force microscope (AFM), and macroscale studies were performed by using a pin-on-disk (POD) reciprocating tribometer. It was found that damaged Skin has different mechanical properties, surface roughness, contact angle, friction and durability compared to that of virgin Skin. But similar changes occur after Skin Cream treatment. Rat and pig Skin show similar trends in friction and durability.

  • friction adhesion and durability and influence of humidity on adhesion and surface charging of Skin and various Skin Creams using atomic force microscopy
    Journal of Microscopy, 2010
    Co-Authors: Wei Tang, Bharat Bhushan, Shirong Ge
    Abstract:

    Summary Skin Cream is commonly used to improve Skin health and create a smooth, soft and moist perception by altering the surface roughness, friction, adhesion, elasticity and surface charging of Skin surface. In this study, we present the first systematic study on friction, adhesion, durability and influence of humidity on adhesion and surface charging of Skin and various Skin Creams using atomic force microscopy. Skin is subjected to various daily activities with time, and the durability is closely tied to product compositions. Durability of various Skin Creams was studied by repeated cycling tests. In order to better understand the frictional behaviour, the dynamic viscosities of various Skin Creams were measured. Skin Cream thinly coats the Skin surface and can cause drastic changes in the mechanical properties. In addition to mechanical properties, adhesive force is one of the important factors in determining the tactile perception of Skin Cream and is directly affected by the film thickness. Because the environmental dependence of Skin and Skin Cream is of importance, the influence of humidity on adhesive force, film thickness and Young's modulus mapping were measured using force distance technique. The health and feel of Skin are significantly affected by its surface charging, the surface potential of Skin and various Cream-treated Skins was measured using the Kelvin probe method.

Howard I Maibach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • response to letter to the editor re hines j wilkinson sm john sm et al the three moments of Skin Cream application an evidence based proposal for use of Skin Creams in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis in the workplace
    Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2017
    Co-Authors: J Hines, S M Wilkinson, S M John, Thomas L Diepgen, J S C English, Thomas Rustemeyer, S Wassilew, Sanja Kezic, Howard I Maibach
    Abstract:

    We respond to the letter [1] from Prof Elsner and colleagues to this journal in which comments are made regarding our recent review, “The Three Moments of Skin Cream Application: An evidence-based proposal for use of Skin Creams in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis in the workplace”[2]. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

  • the three moments of Skin Cream application an evidence based proposal for use of Skin Creams in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis in the workplace
    Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2017
    Co-Authors: J Hines, S M Wilkinson, S M John, Thomas L Diepgen, J S C English, Thomas Rustemeyer, S Wassilew, Sanja Kezic, Howard I Maibach
    Abstract:

    Contact dermatitis is one of the most common occupational diseases, with serious impact on quality of life, lost days at work and a condition that may be chronically relapsing. Regular prophylactic Skin Cream application is widely acknowledged to be an effective prevention strategy against occupational contact dermatitis; however, compliance rates remain low. To present a simple programme for Skin Cream application in the workplace with focus on implementation to drive down the rate of occupational irritant contact dermatitis, an expert panel of eight international dermatologists combined personal experience with extensive literature review. The recommendations are based on clinical experience as supported by evidence-based data from interventional studies. The authors identified three moments for Skin Cream application in the work place: (i) before starting a work period; (ii) after washing hands; and (iii) after work. Affecting behaviour change requires systematic communications, monitoring and reporting, which is proposed through Kotter's principles of organizational change management. Measurement tools are provided in the appendix. Interventional data based on application of this proposal is required to demonstrate its effectiveness.

J Hines - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • response to letter to the editor re hines j wilkinson sm john sm et al the three moments of Skin Cream application an evidence based proposal for use of Skin Creams in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis in the workplace
    Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2017
    Co-Authors: J Hines, S M Wilkinson, S M John, Thomas L Diepgen, J S C English, Thomas Rustemeyer, S Wassilew, Sanja Kezic, Howard I Maibach
    Abstract:

    We respond to the letter [1] from Prof Elsner and colleagues to this journal in which comments are made regarding our recent review, “The Three Moments of Skin Cream Application: An evidence-based proposal for use of Skin Creams in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis in the workplace”[2]. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

  • the three moments of Skin Cream application an evidence based proposal for use of Skin Creams in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitis in the workplace
    Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2017
    Co-Authors: J Hines, S M Wilkinson, S M John, Thomas L Diepgen, J S C English, Thomas Rustemeyer, S Wassilew, Sanja Kezic, Howard I Maibach
    Abstract:

    Contact dermatitis is one of the most common occupational diseases, with serious impact on quality of life, lost days at work and a condition that may be chronically relapsing. Regular prophylactic Skin Cream application is widely acknowledged to be an effective prevention strategy against occupational contact dermatitis; however, compliance rates remain low. To present a simple programme for Skin Cream application in the workplace with focus on implementation to drive down the rate of occupational irritant contact dermatitis, an expert panel of eight international dermatologists combined personal experience with extensive literature review. The recommendations are based on clinical experience as supported by evidence-based data from interventional studies. The authors identified three moments for Skin Cream application in the work place: (i) before starting a work period; (ii) after washing hands; and (iii) after work. Affecting behaviour change requires systematic communications, monitoring and reporting, which is proposed through Kotter's principles of organizational change management. Measurement tools are provided in the appendix. Interventional data based on application of this proposal is required to demonstrate its effectiveness.