The Experts below are selected from a list of 324 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Guanghui Li - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environment from artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous methods in hezhang county guizhou china part 2 mercury contaminations to soil and crop
Science of The Total Environment, 2006Co-Authors: Xinbin Feng, Guanghui LiAbstract:Artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous method in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China has posed seriously environmental pollution to the local environment. Within less than 150 km 2 area in Hezhang, a few metric tons of mercury were released into the atmosphere each year since 1989 due to artisanal zinc Smelting, and the surface waters were seriously contaminated with mercury. For the first time, we investigated the mercury contamination to the local soil and crop compartments due to mercury emissions from artisanal zinc Smelting activities in this area. Mercury distribution patterns in 5 soil profiles collected in artisanal zinc Smelting area showed that the top soils were seriously contaminated with mercury. The soils from agriculture land close to the zinc Smelting areas were also contaminated with mercury due to the deposition of mercury species that emitted from artisanal zinc Smelting processes. Total mercury concentrations in top soils decrease exponentially with distance from the zinc Smelting area. Corn plants that were cultivated in agriculture land close to the zinc Smelting area were also contaminated with mercury. Mercury concentration in corn plant tissue increased in the order of grains
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A preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environment from artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous methods in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China: Part 2. Mercury contaminations to soil and crop
Science of The Total Environment, 2005Co-Authors: Xinbin Feng, Guanghui LiAbstract:Artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous method in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China has posed seriously environmental pollution to the local environment. Within less than 150 km 2 area in Hezhang, a few metric tons of mercury were released into the atmosphere each year since 1989 due to artisanal zinc Smelting, and the surface waters were seriously contaminated with mercury. For the first time, we investigated the mercury contamination to the local soil and crop compartments due to mercury emissions from artisanal zinc Smelting activities in this area. Mercury distribution patterns in 5 soil profiles collected in artisanal zinc Smelting area showed that the top soils were seriously contaminated with mercury. The soils from agriculture land close to the zinc Smelting areas were also contaminated with mercury due to the deposition of mercury species that emitted from artisanal zinc Smelting processes. Total mercury concentrations in top soils decrease exponentially with distance from the zinc Smelting area. Corn plants that were cultivated in agriculture land close to the zinc Smelting area were also contaminated with mercury. Mercury concentration in corn plant tissue increased in the order of grains
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a preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environment from artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous methods in hezhang county guizhou china part 1 mercury emission from zinc Smelting and its influences on the surface waters
Atmospheric Environment, 2004Co-Authors: Xinbin Feng, Guanghui LiAbstract:Abstract Zinc Smelting is one of the important anthropogenic atmospheric mercury emission sources, but research on mercury emission from this source category is limited. Using a mass balance method, we estimated the average mercury emission factors from artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous method in Hezhang, Guizhou, China to be 155 and 79 g Hg t−1 of Zn produced from sulfide ore and oxide ore, respectively. These emission factors are much higher than the literature value used to estimate mercury emission from zinc Smelting in developing countries, which is 25 g Hg t−1 of Zn produced. Annual mercury emission rates from artisanal zinc Smelting in this area were calculated from 1989 to 2001. Up to 2003, a few metric tons of mercury was annually emitted to the ambient air from zinc Smelting in such a small area (
Xinbin Feng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Heavy Metals in the Ground Surface Dust and Agricultural Soil in Artisanal and Medium-scale Zinc Smelting Area in Northwest Guizhou Province, China
E3S Web of Conferences, 2013Co-Authors: Zhigang Li, X. Y. Bi, Lihai Shang, Xinbin Feng, Bo MengAbstract:Twenty heavy metals in the ground surface dust and agricultural soil in three different areas, i.e., a former artisanal zinc Smelting area, a medium-scale zinc Smelting area, and a control area, in Guizhou province southwest China, were investigated to reveal the pollution status of these heavy metals. The results showed that the pollution was most serious in the artisanal zinc Smelting area, followed by the medium-scale zinc Smelting area, while the control area was relatively clean. Zinc Smelting activities had caused environmental contamination for elements such as Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn. Whereas, Co, Cr, Ga, Mo, Ni, Sc, Th, Tl, V were in the natural levels, hinting they were irrelevant to the zinc Smelting activities. Concentrations of most heavy metals that come from the zinc Smelting were obviously higher in the ground surface dust than that in the agricultural soil. And Cd, Pb, Zn, Ag were the four elements that affected by the zinc Smelting activities most.
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a preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environment from artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous methods in hezhang county guizhou china part 2 mercury contaminations to soil and crop
Science of The Total Environment, 2006Co-Authors: Xinbin Feng, Guanghui LiAbstract:Artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous method in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China has posed seriously environmental pollution to the local environment. Within less than 150 km 2 area in Hezhang, a few metric tons of mercury were released into the atmosphere each year since 1989 due to artisanal zinc Smelting, and the surface waters were seriously contaminated with mercury. For the first time, we investigated the mercury contamination to the local soil and crop compartments due to mercury emissions from artisanal zinc Smelting activities in this area. Mercury distribution patterns in 5 soil profiles collected in artisanal zinc Smelting area showed that the top soils were seriously contaminated with mercury. The soils from agriculture land close to the zinc Smelting areas were also contaminated with mercury due to the deposition of mercury species that emitted from artisanal zinc Smelting processes. Total mercury concentrations in top soils decrease exponentially with distance from the zinc Smelting area. Corn plants that were cultivated in agriculture land close to the zinc Smelting area were also contaminated with mercury. Mercury concentration in corn plant tissue increased in the order of grains
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A preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environment from artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous methods in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China: Part 2. Mercury contaminations to soil and crop
Science of The Total Environment, 2005Co-Authors: Xinbin Feng, Guanghui LiAbstract:Artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous method in Hezhang County, Guizhou, China has posed seriously environmental pollution to the local environment. Within less than 150 km 2 area in Hezhang, a few metric tons of mercury were released into the atmosphere each year since 1989 due to artisanal zinc Smelting, and the surface waters were seriously contaminated with mercury. For the first time, we investigated the mercury contamination to the local soil and crop compartments due to mercury emissions from artisanal zinc Smelting activities in this area. Mercury distribution patterns in 5 soil profiles collected in artisanal zinc Smelting area showed that the top soils were seriously contaminated with mercury. The soils from agriculture land close to the zinc Smelting areas were also contaminated with mercury due to the deposition of mercury species that emitted from artisanal zinc Smelting processes. Total mercury concentrations in top soils decrease exponentially with distance from the zinc Smelting area. Corn plants that were cultivated in agriculture land close to the zinc Smelting area were also contaminated with mercury. Mercury concentration in corn plant tissue increased in the order of grains
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a preliminary study on mercury contamination to the environment from artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous methods in hezhang county guizhou china part 1 mercury emission from zinc Smelting and its influences on the surface waters
Atmospheric Environment, 2004Co-Authors: Xinbin Feng, Guanghui LiAbstract:Abstract Zinc Smelting is one of the important anthropogenic atmospheric mercury emission sources, but research on mercury emission from this source category is limited. Using a mass balance method, we estimated the average mercury emission factors from artisanal zinc Smelting using indigenous method in Hezhang, Guizhou, China to be 155 and 79 g Hg t−1 of Zn produced from sulfide ore and oxide ore, respectively. These emission factors are much higher than the literature value used to estimate mercury emission from zinc Smelting in developing countries, which is 25 g Hg t−1 of Zn produced. Annual mercury emission rates from artisanal zinc Smelting in this area were calculated from 1989 to 2001. Up to 2003, a few metric tons of mercury was annually emitted to the ambient air from zinc Smelting in such a small area (
William G. Davenport - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Smelting of Nickel Sulfide Concentrates by Roasting and Electric Furnace Smelting
Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel Cobalt and Platinum Group Metals, 2020Co-Authors: Frank K. Crundwell, Michael S. Moats, Venkoba Ramachandran, Timothy G. Robinson, William G. DavenportAbstract:Roasting and electric furnace Smelting accounts for about a quarter of nickel sulfide Smelting. The other three quarters are done by flash Smelting. The main advantage of roasting and Smelting is the high recovery of nickel, copper, cobalt, and by-product precious metals. Its main disadvantage is its large consumption of electricity. Other advantages of electric Smelting are (i) its ability to attain and control high slag temperatures, which is critical when the calcine feed contains considerable MgO, which has a high melting point, and (ii) its ability to efficiently smelt metal-rich scrap and other recycle materials.
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Noranda and Teniente Smelting
Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, 2020Co-Authors: William G. Davenport, Matthew J. King, Michael E. Schlesinger, Asit K. BiswasAbstract:This chapter discusses the Noranda and Teniente Smelting processes. Noranda Smelting is started by heating the furnace with hydrocarbon burners. Teniente Smelting shares many features with Noranda Smelting. Both of them are submerged-tuyere Smelting processes and use horizontal refractory-lined cylindrical furnaces. They oxidize iron and sulfur by blowing oxygen-enriched air through tuyeres into a matte slag bath. The principal product is super-high grade matte, 72 to 75% copper. The furnaces are rotatable so that their tuyeres can be rolled out of the liquids when the blowing is interrupted. Concentrate feed is dried and blown into the matte or slag bath through dedicated tuyeres or charged moist onto the bath surface. Tuyere injection is increasing because of its even concentrate and heat distributions, high thermal efficiency, and tiny dust evolution. Submerged blowing of blast causes violent stirring of the matte or slag bath. It results in rapid melting and oxidation of the furnace charge. The excessive deposition of solid magnetite in the furnace is prevented even under highly oxidizing conditions. The Noranda and Teniente Smelting methods are the dominant Smelting methods in Chile and account for 15 to 20% of world copper Smelting.
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Flash Smelting—Outokumpu Process
Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, 2020Co-Authors: William G. Davenport, Matthew J. King, Michael E. Schlesinger, Asit K. BiswasAbstract:This chapter discusses the Outokumpu flash Smelting process for copper. It is used for more than half of copper matte Smelting. It is used in two locations for direct-to-copper Smelting and in one location for continuous converting. It blows oxygen, air, dried concentrate, flux, and particulate recycle material as a well-dispersed mixture into a hot reaction shaft. It results in controlled oxidation of the concentrate's iron and sulfur, large evolution of heat, and melting of the solids. Smelting reactions are extremely fast under these conditions. Outokumpu flash furnaces smelt up to 3000 tons of new concentrate per day. Outokumpu flash furnaces vary considerably in size and shape and have five main features. A list of required equipment, dimensions, and production details is provided. Modern Outokumpu flash furnaces operate with high oxygen blast and very little hydrocarbon fuel. They are operated under automatic control to give constant temperature and constant composition products at a rapid rate with minimum energy consumption. Outokumpu flash Smelting has been widely adopted due to its efficient capture of sulfur dioxide, rapid production rate, and small energy requirement. The inability to smelt scrap is the only limitation of this process. The chapter summarizes the products and goals of flash Smelting.
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Matte Smelting Fundamentals
Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, 2020Co-Authors: William G. Davenport, Matthew J. King, Michael E. Schlesinger, Asit K. BiswasAbstract:This chapter introduces the fundamentals of matte Smelting and the influence of process variables. Matte Smelting is the most common way of Smelting copper–iron sulfur concentrates. The primary purpose of matte Smelting is to turn the sulfide minerals in solid copper concentrate into three products: molten matte, molten slag, and offgas. This is done by reacting them with oxygen. Smelting strategy involves a series of trade-offs and the most significant is that between matte grade and recovery. The industrial matte Smelting equipment and procedures vary, but all Smelting processes have a common sequence of events. It entails heating, oxidizing, and fluxing the concentrate at high temperatures, approximately at 1250℃. Matte Smelting oxidizes most of the iron and sulfur in its input concentrates. Total oxidation of iron and sulfur would not only produce molten copper, but also result in large copper oxide losses in slag. The chapter also provides compositions of industrial concentrates, fluxes, mattes, slags, and dusts for various matte Smelting processes.
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Inco Flash Smelting
Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, 2020Co-Authors: William G. Davenport, Matthew J. King, Michael E. Schlesinger, Asit K. BiswasAbstract:This chapter discusses the Inco flash Smelting process. It uses industrial oxygen blast to smelt copper–iron–sulfur concentrates. It introduces dry feed and industrial oxygen through four horizontal burners and removes sulfur dioxide offgas through a central gas uptake. The offgas is water-quenched and sent to a sulfuric acid plant to capture its sulfur dioxide. As very little nitrogen enters the Inco furnace, its blast and offgas handling systems are small. The offgas is 60 to 75% of the volume in sulfur dioxide. Because the process slag contains less than 1% copper, it can be discarded without copper-recovery treatment. A detailed structure of the Inco flash Smelting process is discussed in the chapter. Inco flash gives a cost advantage over most of the other modern Smelting techniques. The converter slag can also be recycled through the furnace for copper recovery. But still, there are many more Outokumpu flash furnaces than Inco flash furnaces for several reasons such as Outokumpu's engineering and operational support.
Qingxi Tong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The application of field imaging spectrometer system(FISS) in archeology of ancient copper Smelting site
2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2012Co-Authors: Qingting Li, Linlin Lu, Xue Liu, Qingxi TongAbstract:During the archaeological study of culture layers, much attention is paid to the filler of the materials. The fired soil (iron oxide) and carbonized substance are the primary targets of interest which are related to the culture layers. FISS is the first field imaging spectrometer based on a cooling area CCD developed in China. The number of bands of this instrument is 344, spectral range 379-870nm, and spectral resolution 4-7nm. The aim of this paper is to test how to use the imaging spectrometer data to help the discrimination of culture layers in ancient copper melting site since hyperspectral remote sensing provides new perspectives for the study of soils. In the application of FISS in the archeology of ancient copper Smelting site, both supervised and unsupervised unmixing and classification techniques can be useful for detecting soil component.
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IGARSS - The application of field imaging spectrometer system(FISS) in archeology of ancient copper Smelting site
2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2012Co-Authors: Qingting Li, Linlin Lu, Xue Liu, Qingxi TongAbstract:During the archaeological study of culture layers, much attention is paid to the filler of the materials. The fired soil (iron oxide) and carbonized substance are the primary targets of interest which are related to the culture layers. FISS is the first field imaging spectrometer based on a cooling area CCD developed in China. The number of bands of this instrument is 344, spectral range 379–870nm, and spectral resolution 4–7nm. The aim of this paper is to test how to use the imaging spectrometer data to help the discrimination of culture layers in ancient copper melting site since hyperspectral remote sensing provides new perspectives for the study of soils. In the application of FISS in the archeology of ancient copper Smelting site, both supervised and unsupervised unmixing and classification techniques can be useful for detecting soil component.
A K Biswas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting/Converting
Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, 2007Co-Authors: W.g. Davenport, Matthew Schlesinger, M. King, A K BiswasAbstract:This chapter discusses the physical and operating details of the Mitsubishi continuous Smelting or converting process. The Mitsubishi continuous copper making system consists of Smelting and converting furnaces with an electric slag cleaning furnace in between. It produces two continuous, high sulfur dioxide strength offgas streams for efficient sulfuric acid and liquid sulfur dioxide manufacture. Its advantage over single furnace copper making is that its copper-from-slag recovery system is simple and efficient, which makes it suitable for all concentrates. Its main disadvantage over single furnace coper making is that it has two offgas streams rather than one. The productivity of the Mitsubishi process doubled due to increased oxygen-enrichment of Smelting and converting furnace blasts, increased hearth life due to better refractories, increased water cooling, improved lance tip positioning, improved process control through the use of continuous melt temperature measurements, and an expert control system. The doubled productivity and excellent sulfur dioxide capture performance makes the Mitsubishi process worth examining for new Smelting projects. The chapter also provides quantitative and qualitative process parameters in Mitsubishi Smelting or converting.
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Overview
Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, 2002Co-Authors: William G. Davenport, Matthew Schlesinger, M. King, A K BiswasAbstract:This chapter introduces the principal processes by which copper is extracted from ore and scrap. It also indicates the relative industrial importance of each of them. Copper is commonly present in the Earth's crust as copper–iron-sulfide and copper sulfide minerals. Pure copper metal is produced from ores by concentration, Smelting, and refining. Copper metal is usually produced from minerals by hydrometallurgical methods. Another source of copper is recycled copper and copper alloys that accounts for 40–50% of pre-manufacture copper production. This copper is recovered by simple melting of high purity scrap and Smelting or refining of impure scrap. About 80% of the world's copper from ore is produced by concentration, Smelting, or refining of sulfide ores. The other 20% is produced by heap leaching, solvent extraction, or electrowinning of oxide and chalcocite ores. Electrochemical processing is used for producing copper of high purity: electrorefining in pyrometallurgical extraction and electrowinning in hydrometallurgical extraction. Environment-friendly and less energy consuming processes are being used for copper extraction now. This leads to energy-and-pollution-efficient and oxygen-enriched air Smelting, to solvent extraction or electrowinning of copper from leach solutions, to increased recycling of copper scrap.
