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Thomas Dorfler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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constitutive mechanisms of un security council practices precedent pressure ratchet effect and council action regarding intrastate conflicts
Review of International Studies, 2019Co-Authors: Thomas Gehring, Thomas DorflerAbstract:Based upon the current debate on international practices with its focus on taken-for-granted everyday practices, we examine how Security Council practices may affect member state action and collective decisions on intrastate conflicts. We outline a concept that integrates the structuring effect of practices and their emergence from interaction among reflective actors. It promises to overcome the unresolved tension between understanding practices as a Social Regularity and as a fluid entity. We analyse the constitutive mechanisms of two Council practices that affect collective decisions on intrastate conflicts and elucidate how even reflective Council members become enmeshed with the constraining implications of evolving practices and their normative implications. (1) Previous Council decisions create precedent pressure and give rise to a virtually uncontested permissive Council practice that defines the purview for intervention into such conflicts. (2) A ratcheting practice forces opponents to choose between accepting steadily reinforced Council action, as occurred regarding Sudan/Darfur, and outright blockade, as in the case of Syria. We conclude that practices constitute a source of influence that is not captured by the traditional perspectives on Council activities as the consequence of geopolitical interests or of externally evolving international norms like the ‘responsibility to protect’ (R2P).
Thomas Gehring - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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constitutive mechanisms of un security council practices precedent pressure ratchet effect and council action regarding intrastate conflicts
Review of International Studies, 2019Co-Authors: Thomas Gehring, Thomas DorflerAbstract:Based upon the current debate on international practices with its focus on taken-for-granted everyday practices, we examine how Security Council practices may affect member state action and collective decisions on intrastate conflicts. We outline a concept that integrates the structuring effect of practices and their emergence from interaction among reflective actors. It promises to overcome the unresolved tension between understanding practices as a Social Regularity and as a fluid entity. We analyse the constitutive mechanisms of two Council practices that affect collective decisions on intrastate conflicts and elucidate how even reflective Council members become enmeshed with the constraining implications of evolving practices and their normative implications. (1) Previous Council decisions create precedent pressure and give rise to a virtually uncontested permissive Council practice that defines the purview for intervention into such conflicts. (2) A ratcheting practice forces opponents to choose between accepting steadily reinforced Council action, as occurred regarding Sudan/Darfur, and outright blockade, as in the case of Syria. We conclude that practices constitute a source of influence that is not captured by the traditional perspectives on Council activities as the consequence of geopolitical interests or of externally evolving international norms like the ‘responsibility to protect’ (R2P).
Clifford Malcolm - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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professionalisation as a Social Regularity the policy process in south africa s natural science curriculum
South African Journal of Education, 2006Co-Authors: Anitha Ramsuran, Clifford MalcolmAbstract:Curriculum 2005 (C2005) in 1997 and the Revised National Curriculum Statements (RNCS)in 2002 have bee n two major curriculum policy developments in South Africa. In this study, our aim was to unravel the processes by which they developed as they did, and determine how these policy processes are best researched and understood. In this article we use the concept of professionalisation to analyse the policy process for the two reform periods. In addition we attempt to show how professionalisation acts as a Social Regularity: professionals brought in to write the policy documents for the two reform periods, through their Socialization into the profession, have in many ways worked towards the maintenance of a particular Social order, rather than changing the Social order. This is evident especially in the concept of 'scientific literacy' that emerged, which is strongly consistent with similar policies in developed countries, even though conditions in South Africa are unique. South African Journal of Education Vol. 26 (4) 2006: pp. 515-528
Anitha Ramsuran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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professionalisation as a Social Regularity the policy process in south africa s natural science curriculum
South African Journal of Education, 2006Co-Authors: Anitha Ramsuran, Clifford MalcolmAbstract:Curriculum 2005 (C2005) in 1997 and the Revised National Curriculum Statements (RNCS)in 2002 have bee n two major curriculum policy developments in South Africa. In this study, our aim was to unravel the processes by which they developed as they did, and determine how these policy processes are best researched and understood. In this article we use the concept of professionalisation to analyse the policy process for the two reform periods. In addition we attempt to show how professionalisation acts as a Social Regularity: professionals brought in to write the policy documents for the two reform periods, through their Socialization into the profession, have in many ways worked towards the maintenance of a particular Social order, rather than changing the Social order. This is evident especially in the concept of 'scientific literacy' that emerged, which is strongly consistent with similar policies in developed countries, even though conditions in South Africa are unique. South African Journal of Education Vol. 26 (4) 2006: pp. 515-528
Catarina Cardoso Monteiro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Crise de Autoridade? Estudo das ocorrências de resistência e coação sobre funcionário
2020Co-Authors: Catarina Cardoso MonteiroAbstract:Nas sociedades democráticas contemporâneas, a Polícia, enquanto representante do Estado, esforça-se por revestir o poder (que lhe é atribuído) de autoridade, assente nos princípios de legitimidade e legalidade. Porém, como resultado das transformações sociais ocorridas ao longo dos anos, é visível a desinstitucionalização galopante e a desregulação crescente da vida Social, o que acarreta uma (aparente) crise de autoridade, que afeta não só a Polícia, como as restantes instituições de controlo Social formal e informal. Propusemo-nos estudar o crime de resistência e coação sobre funcionário (RCSF), encarado como um indicador, ainda que indireto, do esbatimento das regulações sociais e, particularmente, dos sistemas de controlo Social formal. Neste contexto, o ilícito criminal é entendido enquanto conduta suscetível de evidenciar manifestações de desregulação Social nas sociedades contemporâneas, pelo que procuramos perceber se é possível estabelecer um padrão nas ocorrências de RCSF que permita prevenir e atuar sobre este problema Social, recorrendo a uma análise tripartida (macro, meso e microssistémica). Com a pretensão de estudar o crime de RCSF, segundo estes três níveis de análise, para averiguar a existência ou não de regularidades sociais, optamos por uma abordagem mista, onde concorrem, simultaneamente, duas dimensões: uma quantitativa (que se evidencia) e uma qualitativa. Deste modo, do ponto de vista metodológico, recorremos a um método misto através da combinação de tendências estatísticas com análise documental, proporcionando, assim, um melhor entendimento do problema de investigação. Os resultados alcançados permitem observar a existência de diversidades, nomeadamente nos âmbitos geográfico, comportamental e situacional. Contudo, essa diversidade revelou um conjunto de padrões transgressores associados a perfis sociais, contribuindo, efetivamente, para clarificar a ilicitude como expressão de uma regularidade Social, i.e., como uma soma de acontecimentos. De destacar que, com os dados obtidos no decorrer da presente investigação, refutamos a ideia de que a ocorrência do crime de RCSF (e dos crimes contra a autoridades pública) está indelével e quase exclusivamente associada às grandes cidades e aos espaços urbanos.In contemporary democratic societies, the Police, as a representative of the State, endeavors to put the power (assigned to it) of authority, based on the principles of legitimacy and legality. However, as a result of the Social transformations that have occurred over the years, is visible the rampant deinstitutionalization and the growing deregulation of Social life, which leads to an (apparent) crisis of authority, which affects not only the Police, but the other formal and informal Social control institutions. We proposed to study the crime of resistance and coercion against employees (RCSF), seen as an indicator, even if an indirect one, of the fading of Social regulations and, particularly, of formal Social control systems. In this context, the criminal offense is understood as a conduct capable of showing manifestations of Social deregulation in contemporary societies, so we tried to understand if it is possible to establish a pattern in the occurrences of RCSF that allows to prevent and act on this Social problem, using a tripartite analysis (macro, meso and microsystemic). With the intention of studying the crime of RCSF, according to these three levels of analysis, to ascertain whether or not Social regularities exist, we opted for a mixed approach, where two dimensions simultaneously exist: a quantitative one (which is evident) and a qualitative. Thus, from a methodological point of view, we used a mixed method by combining statistical trends with documentary analysis, thus providing a better understanding of the research problem. The results achieved allow us to observe the existence of diversities, namely in the geographical, behavioral and situational spheres. However, this diversity revealed a set of transgressive patterns associated with Social profiles, effectively contributing to clarify illegality as an expression of Social Regularity, i.e., as a sum of events. It should be noted that, with the data obtained in the course of this investigation, we refute the idea that the occurrence of the crime of RCSF (and crimes against public authorities) is indelible and almost exclusively associated with large cities and urban spaces