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Jaka Razinger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of the field efficacy of heterorhabditis bacteriophora poinar rhabditida heterorhabditidae and synthetic insecticides for the control of western corn rootworm larvae
Insects, 2020Co-Authors: Spela Modic, Primož žigon, Ales Kolmanic, Stanislav Trdan, Jaka RazingerAbstract:The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), is an important insect Pest of maize in North America and Central and Eastern Europe. In Central Europe, the larvae emerge in May and its three instars feed intensively on maize roots in June, causing plant lodging that leads to a loss of economic yield. A three-year field experiment (2016-2018) was conducted to compare the effectiveness i) of Soil-applied granular insecticide based on the active ingredient tefluthrin, ii) of maize seeds dressed with thiacloprid, and iii) entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, product Dianem) against WCR larvae. An additional treatment with alcohol ethoxylate (i.e., Soil conditioner) mixed with entomopathogenic nematodes was performed in 2017 and 2018 to check for any increase of entomopathogenic nematodes' effectiveness. Field tests were carried out in two fields infested naturally with a WCR Pest population, one in Bucecovci (Eastern Slovenia) and the other in Smartno pri Cerkljah (northern Slovenia), exhibiting dissimilar pedo-climatic conditions and Soil Pest densities. The treatments were performed in five replicates per experiment in each year. The efficacy of the treatments was very similar at both locations, despite the approximately five-fold lower WCR Soil Pest densities in northern than in eastern Slovenia, as well as being constant over time. The largest number of WCR beetles was observed in the negative control, followed by that of beetles subjected to thiacloprid treatment (insignificant decrease taking into account the entire three-year dataset). Treatments with tefluthrin (44.1 ± 11.7%), H. bacteriophora (46.2 ± 7.4%), and H. bacteriophora + alcohol ethoxylate (49.2 ± 1.8%) significantly decreased the numbers of emerging beetles. Treatments of thiacloprid, H. bacteriophora, and H. bacteriophora + alcohol ethoxylate additionally led to significantly increased maize plant weights. Furthermore, entomopathogenic nematodes were able to persist in maize fields for almost five months at both experimental locations in silty and sandy loam Soils. It was concluded that the control of WCR larvae in maize using the entomopathogenic nematode H. bacteriophora is as effective as a tefluthrin treatment, and could thus offer a sustainable Diabrotica v. virgifera biological control management option in Europe.
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risk assessment of Soil Pest damage to grain maize in europe within the framework of integrated Pest management
Crop Protection, 2017Co-Authors: Lorenzo Furlan, Vasileios P Vasileiadis, F Chiarini, H F Huiting, Robert Leskovsek, Jaka Razinger, Imre J. Holb, Erica Sartori, Gregor UrekAbstract:Abstract The management of Soil-Pests relies largely on conventional insecticides. Within the framework of the EU's PURE project, data were collected to assess the risk of Soil-Pest damage to grain maize in Europe in order to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Soil-Pests in a more practical and sustainable manner, thus optimizing the use of Soil insecticides (in-furrow or as seed-dressing) at sowing. Plant density and Soil-Pest damage to maize seeds and/or plants during the growing season were determined in fields with no or some risk factors. Risk assessment on a sample of sixteen experimental sites (a total of 109.95 ha of maize) located in five European countries (Germany, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia and the Netherlands) from 2011 to 2014 showed a low risk of Soil-Pest damage to maize. In all fields, wireworms ( Agriotes spp. larvae) caused 99.5%–100% of the plant damage, meaning that damage by other Soil-Pests was negligible. The fields studied were divided into two groups: those with no risk and those with risk factors. According to previous research, the risk factors were Agriotes brevis Candeze and Agriotes sordidus Illiger as prevalent damaging species, Soil Organic Matter content over 5%, rotation including meadows and/or double crops, as well as surrounding landscape being mainly meadows, uncultivated grass and double crops, cover crops, and poor drainage. In the fields with no risk factors, wireworm plant damage (mainly holes in the collar causing central leaf wilting) never exceeded 15%, a threshold value for potential yield reduction. Furthermore, plant damage was much lower or even negligible in the vast majority of the fields (i.e. over 90% of fields had less than 5% wireworm damage to maize plants). Risk factors, such as rotation including meadows and/or double crops, led to the percentage of cultivated land with significant wireworm plant damage being even lower than predicted (8.7% instead of 14.7%) and almost 50% of that predicted for the whole sample (2.7% instead of 4.9%). In the few cases where plant damage was higher than 15%, yield was not affected when untreated strips were compared with strips treated with Soil insecticides. In all trials, the Soil insecticide Tefluthrin did not significantly increase the density of healthy maize plants or grain yield. In more than 99% of cases, no economic damage to maize by Soil-Pests was recorded. These results demonstrate that the occurrence of risk factors may increase the risk of wireworm damage to maize crops, while the probability of damage to a field with no risk factors is always very low (less than 1%). This highlights the importance of integrating risk assessment of Soil-Pest damage to maize into IPM strategies, which would include: i) an “area-wide” risk assessment evaluating the possible presence of risk factors, including click beetle population monitoring with pheromone traps, and ii) “complementary field monitoring” with bait traps where risk assessment has identified the presence of risk factors. In fields with no risk factors, treating maize with Soil insecticides was found to be pointless. Therefore, IPM strategies in maize that include risk assessment of Soil-Pest damage may lead to a significant reduction in Soil insecticides use and, consequently, to a reduction in environmental impact.
Anant V Patel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of a co2 releasing coformulation based on starch saccharomyces cerevisiae and beauveria bassiana attractive towards western corn rootworm larvae
Pest Management Science, 2016Co-Authors: Marina Vemmer, Mario Schumann, W Beitzenheineke, Bryan Wade French, Stefan Vidal, Anant V PatelAbstract:Background CO2 is known as an attractant for many Soil-dwelling Pests. To implement an attract-and-kill strategy for Soil Pest control, CO2 -emitting formulations need to be developed. The aim of the present work was to develop a slow-release bead system in order to bridge the gap between application and hatching of western corn rootworm larvae. Results We compared different Ca-alginate beads containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae for their potential to release CO2 over a period of several weeks. The addition of starch improved CO2 release, resulting in significantly higher CO2 concentrations in Soil for at least 4 weeks. The missing amylase activity was compensated for either by microorganisms present in the Soil or by coencapsulation of Beauveria bassiana. Formulations containing S. cerevisiae, starch and B. bassiana were attractive for western corn rootworm larvae within the first 4 h following exposure; however, when considering the whole testing period, the maize root systems remained more attractive for the larvae. Conclusion Coencapsulation of S. cerevisiae, starch and B. bassiana is a promising approach for the development of attractive formulations for Soil applications. For biological control strategies, the attractiveness needs to be increased by phagostimuli to extend contact between larvae and the entomopathogenic fungus growing out of these formulations. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Lorenzo Furlan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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meadow ploughing timing as an integrated Pest management tactic to prevent Soil Pest damage to maize
European Journal of Agronomy, 2020Co-Authors: Lorenzo Furlan, F Chiarini, Isadora Benvegnu, Donato Loddo, Francesco MorariAbstract:Abstract The management of Soil-Pests still largely relies on conventional chemical insecticides despite the provisions of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Long-term research was carried out in north-eastern Italy to assess the potential of meadow ploughing just before maize sowing to prevent wireworm damage. The research was based on the observation that no serious wireworm damage occurred in 20 years when meadows were ploughed just before maize sowing. The research hypothesis was that Soil-incorporated fresh meadow turf would be a more attractive wireworm food source than seeds, emerging seedlings and young plants. Meadow plots with a sufficiently homogeneous wireworm density were alternately ploughed the previous autumn and a few days before maize sowing. The same conditions were simulated in pots into which known numbers of cage-reared wireworms had been introduced. Results showed very consistently that plant damage in plots ploughed just before maize sowing was much lower than the damage in plots ploughed in autumn-winter, and always below the economic risk threshold (15% of damaged plants). In controlled conditions, plant damage in pots with Soil-incorporated fresh meadow turf was significantly lower than that observed in pots without. In both field and controlled conditions, this major effect on plant protection is likely to be caused by the incorporation of meadow turf living plant parts into the Soil. Therefore, the ploughing timing of meadows in rotation may be a viable alternative to chemical insecticides when rotation includes meadow.
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risk assessment of Soil Pest damage to grain maize in europe within the framework of integrated Pest management
Crop Protection, 2017Co-Authors: Lorenzo Furlan, Vasileios P Vasileiadis, F Chiarini, H F Huiting, Robert Leskovsek, Jaka Razinger, Imre J. Holb, Erica Sartori, Gregor UrekAbstract:Abstract The management of Soil-Pests relies largely on conventional insecticides. Within the framework of the EU's PURE project, data were collected to assess the risk of Soil-Pest damage to grain maize in Europe in order to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of Soil-Pests in a more practical and sustainable manner, thus optimizing the use of Soil insecticides (in-furrow or as seed-dressing) at sowing. Plant density and Soil-Pest damage to maize seeds and/or plants during the growing season were determined in fields with no or some risk factors. Risk assessment on a sample of sixteen experimental sites (a total of 109.95 ha of maize) located in five European countries (Germany, Hungary, Italy, Slovenia and the Netherlands) from 2011 to 2014 showed a low risk of Soil-Pest damage to maize. In all fields, wireworms ( Agriotes spp. larvae) caused 99.5%–100% of the plant damage, meaning that damage by other Soil-Pests was negligible. The fields studied were divided into two groups: those with no risk and those with risk factors. According to previous research, the risk factors were Agriotes brevis Candeze and Agriotes sordidus Illiger as prevalent damaging species, Soil Organic Matter content over 5%, rotation including meadows and/or double crops, as well as surrounding landscape being mainly meadows, uncultivated grass and double crops, cover crops, and poor drainage. In the fields with no risk factors, wireworm plant damage (mainly holes in the collar causing central leaf wilting) never exceeded 15%, a threshold value for potential yield reduction. Furthermore, plant damage was much lower or even negligible in the vast majority of the fields (i.e. over 90% of fields had less than 5% wireworm damage to maize plants). Risk factors, such as rotation including meadows and/or double crops, led to the percentage of cultivated land with significant wireworm plant damage being even lower than predicted (8.7% instead of 14.7%) and almost 50% of that predicted for the whole sample (2.7% instead of 4.9%). In the few cases where plant damage was higher than 15%, yield was not affected when untreated strips were compared with strips treated with Soil insecticides. In all trials, the Soil insecticide Tefluthrin did not significantly increase the density of healthy maize plants or grain yield. In more than 99% of cases, no economic damage to maize by Soil-Pests was recorded. These results demonstrate that the occurrence of risk factors may increase the risk of wireworm damage to maize crops, while the probability of damage to a field with no risk factors is always very low (less than 1%). This highlights the importance of integrating risk assessment of Soil-Pest damage to maize into IPM strategies, which would include: i) an “area-wide” risk assessment evaluating the possible presence of risk factors, including click beetle population monitoring with pheromone traps, and ii) “complementary field monitoring” with bait traps where risk assessment has identified the presence of risk factors. In fields with no risk factors, treating maize with Soil insecticides was found to be pointless. Therefore, IPM strategies in maize that include risk assessment of Soil-Pest damage may lead to a significant reduction in Soil insecticides use and, consequently, to a reduction in environmental impact.
Francesco Morari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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meadow ploughing timing as an integrated Pest management tactic to prevent Soil Pest damage to maize
European Journal of Agronomy, 2020Co-Authors: Lorenzo Furlan, F Chiarini, Isadora Benvegnu, Donato Loddo, Francesco MorariAbstract:Abstract The management of Soil-Pests still largely relies on conventional chemical insecticides despite the provisions of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Long-term research was carried out in north-eastern Italy to assess the potential of meadow ploughing just before maize sowing to prevent wireworm damage. The research was based on the observation that no serious wireworm damage occurred in 20 years when meadows were ploughed just before maize sowing. The research hypothesis was that Soil-incorporated fresh meadow turf would be a more attractive wireworm food source than seeds, emerging seedlings and young plants. Meadow plots with a sufficiently homogeneous wireworm density were alternately ploughed the previous autumn and a few days before maize sowing. The same conditions were simulated in pots into which known numbers of cage-reared wireworms had been introduced. Results showed very consistently that plant damage in plots ploughed just before maize sowing was much lower than the damage in plots ploughed in autumn-winter, and always below the economic risk threshold (15% of damaged plants). In controlled conditions, plant damage in pots with Soil-incorporated fresh meadow turf was significantly lower than that observed in pots without. In both field and controlled conditions, this major effect on plant protection is likely to be caused by the incorporation of meadow turf living plant parts into the Soil. Therefore, the ploughing timing of meadows in rotation may be a viable alternative to chemical insecticides when rotation includes meadow.
Marina Vemmer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of a co2 releasing coformulation based on starch saccharomyces cerevisiae and beauveria bassiana attractive towards western corn rootworm larvae
Pest Management Science, 2016Co-Authors: Marina Vemmer, Mario Schumann, W Beitzenheineke, Bryan Wade French, Stefan Vidal, Anant V PatelAbstract:Background CO2 is known as an attractant for many Soil-dwelling Pests. To implement an attract-and-kill strategy for Soil Pest control, CO2 -emitting formulations need to be developed. The aim of the present work was to develop a slow-release bead system in order to bridge the gap between application and hatching of western corn rootworm larvae. Results We compared different Ca-alginate beads containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae for their potential to release CO2 over a period of several weeks. The addition of starch improved CO2 release, resulting in significantly higher CO2 concentrations in Soil for at least 4 weeks. The missing amylase activity was compensated for either by microorganisms present in the Soil or by coencapsulation of Beauveria bassiana. Formulations containing S. cerevisiae, starch and B. bassiana were attractive for western corn rootworm larvae within the first 4 h following exposure; however, when considering the whole testing period, the maize root systems remained more attractive for the larvae. Conclusion Coencapsulation of S. cerevisiae, starch and B. bassiana is a promising approach for the development of attractive formulations for Soil applications. For biological control strategies, the attractiveness needs to be increased by phagostimuli to extend contact between larvae and the entomopathogenic fungus growing out of these formulations. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.