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Shrikanth G. Kanekal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration transport and loss large Solar Storm events of march and june 2015
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2016Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, J. B. Blake, A N Jaynes, J C Foster, Philip J Erickson, J F Fennell, H Zhao, M G HendersonAbstract:Two of the largest geomagnetic Storms of the last decade were witnessed in 2015. On 17 March 2015, a coronal mass ejection-driven event occurred with a Dst (Storm time ring current index) value reaching -223 nT. On 22 June 2015 another strong Storm (Dst reaching -204 nT) was recorded. These two Storms each produced almost total loss of radiation belt high-energy (E ≳ 1 MeV) electron fluxes. Following the dropouts of radiation belt fluxes there were complex and rather remarkable recoveries of the electrons extending up to nearly 10 MeV in kinetic energy. The energized outer zone electrons showed a rich variety of pitch angle features including strong "butterfly" distributions with deep minima in flux at α = 90°. However, despite strong driving of outer zone earthward radial diffusion in these Storms, the previously reported "impenetrable barrier" at L ≈ 2.8 was pushed inward, but not significantly breached, and no E ≳ 2.0 MeV electrons were seen to pass through the radiation belt slot region to reach the inner Van Allen zone. Overall, these intense Storms show a wealth of novel features of acceleration, transport, and loss that are demonstrated in the present detailed analysis.
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highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration transport and loss large Solar Storm events of march and june 2015
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2016Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, J. B. Blake, A N Jaynes, J C Foster, Philip J Erickson, J F Fennell, H Zhao, S R Elkington, M G HendersonAbstract:Two of the largest geomagnetic Storms of the last decade were witnessed in 2015. On 17 March 2015, a coronal mass ejection-driven event occurred with a Dst (Disturbance Storm Time Ring Current Index) value reaching 223 nanoteslas. On 22 June 2015 another strong Storm (Dst reaching 204 nanoteslas) was recorded. These two Storms each produced almost total loss of radiation belt high-energy (E (Energy) greater than or approximately equal to 1 millielectronvolt) electron fluxes. Following the dropouts of radiation belt fluxes there were complex and rather remarkable recoveries of the electrons extending up to nearly 10 millielectronvolts in kinetic energy. The energized outer zone electrons showed a rich variety of pitch angle features including strong butterfly distributions with deep minima in flux at alpha equals 90 degrees. However, despite strong driving of outer zone earthward radial diffusion in these Storms, the previously reported impenetrable barrier at L (L-shell magnetic field line value) approximately equal to 2.8 was pushed inward, but not significantly breached, and no E (Energy) greater than or approximately equal to 2.0 millielectronvolts electrons were seen to pass through the radiation belt slot region to reach the inner Van Allen zone. Overall, these intense Storms show a wealth of novel features of acceleration, transport, and loss that are demonstrated in the present detailed analysis.
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Acceleration mechanism responsible for the formation of the new radiation belt during the 2003 Halloween Solar Storm
Geophysical Research Letters, 2006Co-Authors: Richard M. Thorne, Daniel N. Baker, Richard B. Horne, Sarah A. Glauert, M. Cartwright, Christopher T. Russell, Shrikanth G. KanekalAbstract:Observations of the relativistic electron flux increases during the first days of November, 2003 are compared to model simulations of two leading mechanisms for electron acceleration. It is demonstrated that radial diffusion driven by ULF waves cannot explain the formation of the new radiation belt in the slot region and instead predicts a decay of fluxes during the recovery phase of the October 31st Storm. Compression of the plasmasphere during the main phases of the Storm created preferential conditions for local acceleration during interactions with VLF chorus. Local acceleration of electrons at L = 3 is modelled with a 2-D pitch-angle, energy diffusion code. We show that the energy diffusion driven by whistler mode waves can explain the gradual build up of fluxes to energies exceeding 3 MeV in a new radiation belt which is formed in the slot region normally devoid of high energy electrons.
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an extreme distortion of the van allen belt arising from the hallowe en Solar Storm in 2003
Nature, 2004Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, X Li, S Monk, J Goldstein, J L BurchAbstract:The Earth's radiation belts—also known as the Van Allen belts1—contain high-energy electrons trapped on magnetic field lines2,3. The centre of the outer belt is usually 20,000–25,000 km from Earth. The region between the belts is normally devoid of particles2,3,4, and is accordingly favoured as a location for spacecraft operation because of the benign environment5. Here we report that the outer Van Allen belt was compressed dramatically by a Solar Storm known as the ‘Hallowe'en Storm’ of 2003. From 1 to 10 November, the outer belt had its centre only ∼10,000 km from Earth's equatorial surface, and the plasmasphere was similarly displaced inwards. The region between the belts became the location of high particle radiation intensity. This remarkable deformation of the entire magnetosphere implies surprisingly powerful acceleration and loss processes deep within the magnetosphere.
M G Henderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration transport and loss large Solar Storm events of march and june 2015
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2016Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, J. B. Blake, A N Jaynes, J C Foster, Philip J Erickson, J F Fennell, H Zhao, M G HendersonAbstract:Two of the largest geomagnetic Storms of the last decade were witnessed in 2015. On 17 March 2015, a coronal mass ejection-driven event occurred with a Dst (Storm time ring current index) value reaching -223 nT. On 22 June 2015 another strong Storm (Dst reaching -204 nT) was recorded. These two Storms each produced almost total loss of radiation belt high-energy (E ≳ 1 MeV) electron fluxes. Following the dropouts of radiation belt fluxes there were complex and rather remarkable recoveries of the electrons extending up to nearly 10 MeV in kinetic energy. The energized outer zone electrons showed a rich variety of pitch angle features including strong "butterfly" distributions with deep minima in flux at α = 90°. However, despite strong driving of outer zone earthward radial diffusion in these Storms, the previously reported "impenetrable barrier" at L ≈ 2.8 was pushed inward, but not significantly breached, and no E ≳ 2.0 MeV electrons were seen to pass through the radiation belt slot region to reach the inner Van Allen zone. Overall, these intense Storms show a wealth of novel features of acceleration, transport, and loss that are demonstrated in the present detailed analysis.
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highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration transport and loss large Solar Storm events of march and june 2015
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2016Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, J. B. Blake, A N Jaynes, J C Foster, Philip J Erickson, J F Fennell, H Zhao, S R Elkington, M G HendersonAbstract:Two of the largest geomagnetic Storms of the last decade were witnessed in 2015. On 17 March 2015, a coronal mass ejection-driven event occurred with a Dst (Disturbance Storm Time Ring Current Index) value reaching 223 nanoteslas. On 22 June 2015 another strong Storm (Dst reaching 204 nanoteslas) was recorded. These two Storms each produced almost total loss of radiation belt high-energy (E (Energy) greater than or approximately equal to 1 millielectronvolt) electron fluxes. Following the dropouts of radiation belt fluxes there were complex and rather remarkable recoveries of the electrons extending up to nearly 10 millielectronvolts in kinetic energy. The energized outer zone electrons showed a rich variety of pitch angle features including strong butterfly distributions with deep minima in flux at alpha equals 90 degrees. However, despite strong driving of outer zone earthward radial diffusion in these Storms, the previously reported impenetrable barrier at L (L-shell magnetic field line value) approximately equal to 2.8 was pushed inward, but not significantly breached, and no E (Energy) greater than or approximately equal to 2.0 millielectronvolts electrons were seen to pass through the radiation belt slot region to reach the inner Van Allen zone. Overall, these intense Storms show a wealth of novel features of acceleration, transport, and loss that are demonstrated in the present detailed analysis.
D N Baker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration transport and loss large Solar Storm events of march and june 2015
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2016Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, J. B. Blake, A N Jaynes, J C Foster, Philip J Erickson, J F Fennell, H Zhao, M G HendersonAbstract:Two of the largest geomagnetic Storms of the last decade were witnessed in 2015. On 17 March 2015, a coronal mass ejection-driven event occurred with a Dst (Storm time ring current index) value reaching -223 nT. On 22 June 2015 another strong Storm (Dst reaching -204 nT) was recorded. These two Storms each produced almost total loss of radiation belt high-energy (E ≳ 1 MeV) electron fluxes. Following the dropouts of radiation belt fluxes there were complex and rather remarkable recoveries of the electrons extending up to nearly 10 MeV in kinetic energy. The energized outer zone electrons showed a rich variety of pitch angle features including strong "butterfly" distributions with deep minima in flux at α = 90°. However, despite strong driving of outer zone earthward radial diffusion in these Storms, the previously reported "impenetrable barrier" at L ≈ 2.8 was pushed inward, but not significantly breached, and no E ≳ 2.0 MeV electrons were seen to pass through the radiation belt slot region to reach the inner Van Allen zone. Overall, these intense Storms show a wealth of novel features of acceleration, transport, and loss that are demonstrated in the present detailed analysis.
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highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration transport and loss large Solar Storm events of march and june 2015
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2016Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, J. B. Blake, A N Jaynes, J C Foster, Philip J Erickson, J F Fennell, H Zhao, S R Elkington, M G HendersonAbstract:Two of the largest geomagnetic Storms of the last decade were witnessed in 2015. On 17 March 2015, a coronal mass ejection-driven event occurred with a Dst (Disturbance Storm Time Ring Current Index) value reaching 223 nanoteslas. On 22 June 2015 another strong Storm (Dst reaching 204 nanoteslas) was recorded. These two Storms each produced almost total loss of radiation belt high-energy (E (Energy) greater than or approximately equal to 1 millielectronvolt) electron fluxes. Following the dropouts of radiation belt fluxes there were complex and rather remarkable recoveries of the electrons extending up to nearly 10 millielectronvolts in kinetic energy. The energized outer zone electrons showed a rich variety of pitch angle features including strong butterfly distributions with deep minima in flux at alpha equals 90 degrees. However, despite strong driving of outer zone earthward radial diffusion in these Storms, the previously reported impenetrable barrier at L (L-shell magnetic field line value) approximately equal to 2.8 was pushed inward, but not significantly breached, and no E (Energy) greater than or approximately equal to 2.0 millielectronvolts electrons were seen to pass through the radiation belt slot region to reach the inner Van Allen zone. Overall, these intense Storms show a wealth of novel features of acceleration, transport, and loss that are demonstrated in the present detailed analysis.
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an extreme distortion of the van allen belt arising from the hallowe en Solar Storm in 2003
Nature, 2004Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, X Li, S Monk, J Goldstein, J L BurchAbstract:The Earth's radiation belts—also known as the Van Allen belts1—contain high-energy electrons trapped on magnetic field lines2,3. The centre of the outer belt is usually 20,000–25,000 km from Earth. The region between the belts is normally devoid of particles2,3,4, and is accordingly favoured as a location for spacecraft operation because of the benign environment5. Here we report that the outer Van Allen belt was compressed dramatically by a Solar Storm known as the ‘Hallowe'en Storm’ of 2003. From 1 to 10 November, the outer belt had its centre only ∼10,000 km from Earth's equatorial surface, and the plasmasphere was similarly displaced inwards. The region between the belts became the location of high particle radiation intensity. This remarkable deformation of the entire magnetosphere implies surprisingly powerful acceleration and loss processes deep within the magnetosphere.
J. B. Blake - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration transport and loss large Solar Storm events of march and june 2015
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2016Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, J. B. Blake, A N Jaynes, J C Foster, Philip J Erickson, J F Fennell, H Zhao, M G HendersonAbstract:Two of the largest geomagnetic Storms of the last decade were witnessed in 2015. On 17 March 2015, a coronal mass ejection-driven event occurred with a Dst (Storm time ring current index) value reaching -223 nT. On 22 June 2015 another strong Storm (Dst reaching -204 nT) was recorded. These two Storms each produced almost total loss of radiation belt high-energy (E ≳ 1 MeV) electron fluxes. Following the dropouts of radiation belt fluxes there were complex and rather remarkable recoveries of the electrons extending up to nearly 10 MeV in kinetic energy. The energized outer zone electrons showed a rich variety of pitch angle features including strong "butterfly" distributions with deep minima in flux at α = 90°. However, despite strong driving of outer zone earthward radial diffusion in these Storms, the previously reported "impenetrable barrier" at L ≈ 2.8 was pushed inward, but not significantly breached, and no E ≳ 2.0 MeV electrons were seen to pass through the radiation belt slot region to reach the inner Van Allen zone. Overall, these intense Storms show a wealth of novel features of acceleration, transport, and loss that are demonstrated in the present detailed analysis.
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highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration transport and loss large Solar Storm events of march and june 2015
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2016Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, J. B. Blake, A N Jaynes, J C Foster, Philip J Erickson, J F Fennell, H Zhao, S R Elkington, M G HendersonAbstract:Two of the largest geomagnetic Storms of the last decade were witnessed in 2015. On 17 March 2015, a coronal mass ejection-driven event occurred with a Dst (Disturbance Storm Time Ring Current Index) value reaching 223 nanoteslas. On 22 June 2015 another strong Storm (Dst reaching 204 nanoteslas) was recorded. These two Storms each produced almost total loss of radiation belt high-energy (E (Energy) greater than or approximately equal to 1 millielectronvolt) electron fluxes. Following the dropouts of radiation belt fluxes there were complex and rather remarkable recoveries of the electrons extending up to nearly 10 millielectronvolts in kinetic energy. The energized outer zone electrons showed a rich variety of pitch angle features including strong butterfly distributions with deep minima in flux at alpha equals 90 degrees. However, despite strong driving of outer zone earthward radial diffusion in these Storms, the previously reported impenetrable barrier at L (L-shell magnetic field line value) approximately equal to 2.8 was pushed inward, but not significantly breached, and no E (Energy) greater than or approximately equal to 2.0 millielectronvolts electrons were seen to pass through the radiation belt slot region to reach the inner Van Allen zone. Overall, these intense Storms show a wealth of novel features of acceleration, transport, and loss that are demonstrated in the present detailed analysis.
H Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration transport and loss large Solar Storm events of march and june 2015
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2016Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, J. B. Blake, A N Jaynes, J C Foster, Philip J Erickson, J F Fennell, H Zhao, M G HendersonAbstract:Two of the largest geomagnetic Storms of the last decade were witnessed in 2015. On 17 March 2015, a coronal mass ejection-driven event occurred with a Dst (Storm time ring current index) value reaching -223 nT. On 22 June 2015 another strong Storm (Dst reaching -204 nT) was recorded. These two Storms each produced almost total loss of radiation belt high-energy (E ≳ 1 MeV) electron fluxes. Following the dropouts of radiation belt fluxes there were complex and rather remarkable recoveries of the electrons extending up to nearly 10 MeV in kinetic energy. The energized outer zone electrons showed a rich variety of pitch angle features including strong "butterfly" distributions with deep minima in flux at α = 90°. However, despite strong driving of outer zone earthward radial diffusion in these Storms, the previously reported "impenetrable barrier" at L ≈ 2.8 was pushed inward, but not significantly breached, and no E ≳ 2.0 MeV electrons were seen to pass through the radiation belt slot region to reach the inner Van Allen zone. Overall, these intense Storms show a wealth of novel features of acceleration, transport, and loss that are demonstrated in the present detailed analysis.
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highly relativistic radiation belt electron acceleration transport and loss large Solar Storm events of march and june 2015
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2016Co-Authors: D N Baker, Shrikanth G. Kanekal, J. B. Blake, A N Jaynes, J C Foster, Philip J Erickson, J F Fennell, H Zhao, S R Elkington, M G HendersonAbstract:Two of the largest geomagnetic Storms of the last decade were witnessed in 2015. On 17 March 2015, a coronal mass ejection-driven event occurred with a Dst (Disturbance Storm Time Ring Current Index) value reaching 223 nanoteslas. On 22 June 2015 another strong Storm (Dst reaching 204 nanoteslas) was recorded. These two Storms each produced almost total loss of radiation belt high-energy (E (Energy) greater than or approximately equal to 1 millielectronvolt) electron fluxes. Following the dropouts of radiation belt fluxes there were complex and rather remarkable recoveries of the electrons extending up to nearly 10 millielectronvolts in kinetic energy. The energized outer zone electrons showed a rich variety of pitch angle features including strong butterfly distributions with deep minima in flux at alpha equals 90 degrees. However, despite strong driving of outer zone earthward radial diffusion in these Storms, the previously reported impenetrable barrier at L (L-shell magnetic field line value) approximately equal to 2.8 was pushed inward, but not significantly breached, and no E (Energy) greater than or approximately equal to 2.0 millielectronvolts electrons were seen to pass through the radiation belt slot region to reach the inner Van Allen zone. Overall, these intense Storms show a wealth of novel features of acceleration, transport, and loss that are demonstrated in the present detailed analysis.