The Experts below are selected from a list of 243 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Barry Gordon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Disruption of spelling-to-Sound Correspondence mapping during single-word reading in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Brain and language, 2011Co-Authors: Kerry Ledoux, Barry GordonAbstract:Processing and/or hemispheric differences in the neural bases of word recognition were examined in patients with long-standing, medically-intractable epilepsy localized to the left (N=18) or right (N=7) temporal lobe. Participants were asked to read words that varied in the frequency of their spelling-to-Sound Correspondences. For the right temporal lobe group, reaction times (RTs) showed the same pattern across spelling-to-Sound Correspondence conditions as previously reported for normal participants. For the left temporal lobe group, however, the pattern of RTs suggested a greater relative influence of orthographic frequency than rime frequency, such that performance was worse on words whose orthographic body was less frequent in the language. We discuss these results in terms of differences in processing between the two cerebral hemispheres: the results for the right-temporal lobe patients are taken to support connectionist models of reading as described for the dominant (left) hemisphere, while results for the left-temporal lobe patients support a view of the right hemisphere as relatively less sensitive to phonology and relatively more sensitive to orthography.
Frances L. Watson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Spelling-to-Sound effects in single-word reading
British Journal of Psychology, 1994Co-Authors: Gordon D. A. Brown, Frances L. WatsonAbstract:Computational modelling of word-naming processes has suggested that the frequency of spelling-to-Sound Correspondence facilitates print-to-Sound translation time and has given rise to predictions that are supported by empirical data (Brown, 1987 a). This contrasts with earlier claims that regularity is the only spelling-to-Sound Correspondence attribute that determines word-naming time. Here we report further evidence for the effects of the frequency of spelling-to-Sound Correspondences on word-naming latency. Experiment 1 excludes alternative, orthographic neighbourhood interpretations of the putative spelling-to-Sound effects. Experiment 2 shows that a word's number of rhymes does not affect naming latency for that word, thus excluding explanations in terms of output phonology. Experiment 3 replicates earlier findings that a word's spelling-to-Sound enemies, as well as friends, determine naming latency. Thus both the regularity and the frequency of spelling-to-Sound Correspondences influence word-naming time. The implications for models of oral reading processes are explored.
Søren Wichmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sound Correspondences in the World's Languages
Language, 2013Co-Authors: Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Søren WichmannAbstract:An automated Sound Correspondence-recognition program developed by the authors is applied to a data set consisting of standardized word lists for over half of the world's languages. Online appendices present the results in a compendium of 692 recurrent Sound Correspondences that contains information about the frequency of occurrence of each Correspondence. Applications of the compendium to historical linguistics are proposed. For example, the catalog of Correspondences and frequencies facilitates objective assessment of the commonness or rarity of shared phonological innovations cited as evidence for language-family subgrouping. In another analysis, Correspondence frequency is used to measure the degree of similarity between different Sounds, yielding models for classifying consonants and vowels that substantially agree with articulatory properties. Correspondence-based similarities are also compared with measurements of Sound similarity involving factors such as perceptual confusions, speech errors, and cooccurrence patterns in synchronic phonological rules. Sound similarity discerned from both the perception and production of speech is found to correlate to about the same extent with Correspondence-based similarities.
Binder Jeffrey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does semantic impairment explain surface dyslexia? VLSM evidence for a double dissociation between regularization errors in reading and semantic errors in picture naming
Frontiers in Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Pillay Sara, Humphries Colin, Stengel Benjamin, Book Diane, Rozman Megan, Binder JeffreyAbstract:The correlation between semantic deficits and exception word regularization errors ("surface dyslexia") in semantic dementia has been taken as strong evidence for involvement of semantic codes in exception word pronunciation. Rare cases with semantic deficits but no exception word reading deficit have been explained as due to individual differences in reading strategy, but this account is hotly debated. Semantic dementia is a diffuse process that always includes semantic impairment, making lesion localization difficult and independent assessment of semantic deficits and reading errors impossible. We addressed this problem using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping in 38 patients with left hemisphere stroke. Patients were all right-handed, native English speakers and at least 6 months from stroke onset. Patients performed an oral reading task that included 80 exception words (words with inconsistent orthographic-phonologic Correspondence, e.g., pint, plaid, glove). Regularization errors were defined as plausible but incorrect pronunciations based on application of spelling-Sound Correspondence rules (e.g., 'plaid' pronounced as "played"). Two additional tests examined explicit semantic knowledge and retrieval. The first measured semantic substitution errors during naming of 80 standard line drawings of objects. This error type is generally presumed to arise at the level of concept selection. The second test (semantic matching) required patients to match a printed sample word (e.g., bus) with one of two alternative choice words (e.g., car, taxi) on the basis of greater similarity of meaning. Lesions were labeled on high-resolution T1 MRI volumes using a semi-automated segmentation method, followed by diffeomorphic registration to a template. VLSM used an ANCOVA approach to remove variance due to age, education, and total lesion volume. Regularization errors during reading were correlated with damage in the posterior half of the middle temporal gyrus and adjacent posterior inferior temporal gyrus (blue in figure 1). In contrast, semantic errors during picture naming (red and pink in figure 1) and impaired performance on the semantic matching task (yellow and pink in figure 1) were correlated with more anterior temporal lobe damage and with inferior frontal gyrus involvement. There was substantial overlap between lesion correlates for the two explicit semantic tasks (pink in figure 1), but none between these areas and those correlated with regularization errors. This double dissociation is difficult to accommodate in terms of a common impairment underlying semantic deficits and regularization errors. Lesions in relatively anterior temporal regions appear to produce semantic deficits but not regularization errors, whereas more posterior temporal lesions produce regularization errors but not explicit semantic errors. One possibility is that this posterior temporal region stores whole word representations that do not include semantic information. Alternatively, these representations may include highly abstract and word-specific semantic information useful for computing phonology but not for more complex semantic tasks
Karalyn Patterson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Surface dyslexia in a Japanese patient with semantic dementia: evidence for similarity-based orthography-to-phonology translation
Neuropsychologia, 2003Co-Authors: Takao Fushimi, Karalyn Patterson, Kenjiro Komori, Manabu Ikeda, Mutsuo Ijuin, Hirotaka TanabeAbstract:We studied the reading performance of a Japanese-speaking patient, TI, with bilateral but asymmetrical (left more than right) temporal-lobe atrophy, severe anomia, and poor word comprehension. Most Japanese kanji characters correspond to several different legitimate pronunciations in different contexts, with varying degrees of Correspondence consistency. TI made many errors in reading aloud words that violate statistically typical character-Sound Correspondences, especially for less common words, but had relatively preserved ability to read aloud strings in which the assignment of the typical pronunciation for each component character yields the correct pronunciation for the whole word. The degree of consistency of character-Sound Correspondences affected his performance on both words and nonwords in a graded manner. One interpretation is that TI's surface dyslexic reading reflects intact direct computation of phonology from orthography, but without the additional constraint from word meaning that is, in this framework, considered critical for correct pronunciation of lower-frequency words with atypical character-Sound Correspondences. Another interpretation is that TI's performance reflects partially damaged lexical knowledge of whole-word orthography and phonology, coupled with spared sublexcal knowledge of character-Sound Correspondence rules. Whichever of these interpretations is preferred, this study offers the most detailed information yet available on the characteristics of surface dyslexia in Japanese.
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Deterioration of word meaning: implications for reading.
Neuropsychologia, 1992Co-Authors: Karalyn Patterson, John R. HodgesAbstract:Abstract We investigated six patients with progressive focal dementia or progressive aphasia, who showed impairments in knowledge of word meaning ranging from moderate to very severe. In all cases, a test of oral word reading demonstrated preserved reading of words with regular spelling-to-Sound Correspondences (e.g. MINT), but impaired reading of words with atypical Correspondences (e.g. PINT). The level of success on these “exception” words was significantly related to word frequency, and the most common error was the assignment of a more typical spelling-Sound Correspondence. Various explanations are considered for this common association between loss of word meaning and a surface alexic pattern of reading performance.