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M Luque D De Castro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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2 05 Soxhlet Extraction versus accelerated solvent Extraction
Reference Module in Chemistry Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering#R##N#Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation#R##N#Analytical Technique, 2012Co-Authors: M Luque D De Castro, Feliciano PriegocapoteAbstract:The evolution of the conventional Soxhlet extractor to overcome its limitations and maintain its favorable characteristics has led to the use of microwave heating as a substitute for electrical heating, as well as the creation of other designs and prototypes based on the principles of conventional Soxhlet Extraction. Its performance has been improved by application of microwaves focused on the sample cartridge, ultrasound, or high pressure. In this way, the limitations of conventional Soxhlet have been surpassed to different degrees. The more recent accelerated solvent Extraction method has been widely accepted and its commercial designs widely used. The two Extraction modes have common and uncommon features, which make the use of one or the other more suitable for a given type of sample Extraction. Comparison of both Extraction modes through applications developed to date allows criteria to be established for the proper selection in each circumstance.
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Soxhlet Extraction past and present panacea
Journal of Chromatography A, 2010Co-Authors: M Luque D De Castro, Feliciano PriegocapoteAbstract:An overview of Soxhlet Extraction, the advantages and shortcomings of this centenary technique as well as the attempts to improve its performance and achievements reached is here presented. Assistance of high pressure, ultrasound or microwaves has decreased or minimized the negative characteristics of the conventional extractor. Automation of Soxhlet performance opened the door to commercialization of a number of different approaches. The evolution of Soxhlet extractor is here critically discussed, and the conclusion from this overview is that the adoption of new technologies to improve its performance converts Soxhlet Extraction in almost a "panacea" in this field.
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focused microwave assisted Soxhlet Extraction devices and applications
Talanta, 2004Co-Authors: J L Luquegarcia, M Luque D De CastroAbstract:An overview of a new Extraction technique called focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet Extraction (FMASE) is here presented. This technique is based on the same principles as conventional Soxhlet Extraction but using microwaves as auxiliary energy to accelerate the process. The different devices designed and constructed so far, their advantages and limitations as well as their main applications on environmental and food analysis are discussed in this article.
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ultrasound assisted Soxhlet Extraction an expeditive approach for solid sample treatment application to the Extraction of total fat from oleaginous seeds
Journal of Chromatography A, 2004Co-Authors: J L Luquegarcia, M Luque D De CastroAbstract:Conventional Soxhlet Extraction assisted in the cartridge by ultrasound has been developed and used to extract the total fat content from oleaginous seeds such as sunflower, rape and soybean seeds. The application of ultrasound to the sample cartridge enormously decreases the number of Soxhlet Extraction cycles needed for quantitative Extraction of the fat, thus reducing the Extraction time at least to half the time needed by the conventional procedures. The results agree well with those obtained by conventional Soxhlet Extraction and the ISO reference method, both in terms of efficiency and precision. The repeatability of the proposed approach, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 0.9%; the within-laboratory reproducibility was 1.3%. Qualitative analysis of the extracted fat showed that the application of ultrasound does not change the composition of the oil.
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screening method for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sediments based on water Soxhlet Extraction assisted by focused microwaves with on line preconcentration derivatization detection
Journal of Chromatography A, 2004Co-Authors: S Moralesmunoz, J L Luquegarcia, M Luque D De CastroAbstract:A screening method for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in sediments has been developed. Soxhlet Extraction with water assisted by focused microwaves provides recoveries better (>90%) than obtained by conventional Soxhlet Extraction (70-80%). Coupling of the extractor with an on-line preconcentration/derivatization/detection manifold through a flow injection (FI) interface allows a fully automated screening approach. A yes/no answer can be obtained in less than 2 h (for the whole analytical process), a short time compared with the at least 24 h of Soxhlet Extraction (without final detection). Due to the use of water as leaching agent, the proposed method is environmentally friendly.
Hilal Kaymaz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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superheated water Extraction steam distillation and Soxhlet Extraction of essential oils of origanum onites
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Mustafa Z Ozel, Hilal KaymazAbstract:Superheated water Extraction (SWE) at various temperatures (100, 125, 150 and 175� C), steam distilla- tion, and Soxhlet Extraction were compared in the Extraction of essential oils from two samples of the plant Origanum onites, one cultivated, the other wild. C18 solid-phase Extraction was used to elute the essential oils from the SWE aqueous extract. The compositions of the extracted essential oils obtained from all three methods were then characterized by comprehensive GC·GC/ time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS). The high- est essential oil yields were obtained by using SWE at 150� C with a flow rate of 2 mL min 1 and a pressure of 60 bar for 30 min: these were 3.76 and 4.11% for wild and cultivated O. onites samples, respectively, expressed as a percentage of 100 g of dry (leaf) matter. The yields obtained using SWE at 150� C were slightly higher than those from conventional methods. Steam distillation was performed for 3 h, and Soxhlet Extraction was com- pleted in 12 h. The major compounds found were bor- neol, terpinen-4-ol and carvacrol.
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Superheated water Extraction, steam distillation and Soxhlet Extraction of essential oils of Origanum onites.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Mustafa Z Ozel, Hilal KaymazAbstract:Superheated water Extraction (SWE) at various temperatures (100, 125, 150 and 175 degrees C), steam distillation, and Soxhlet Extraction were compared in the Extraction of essential oils from two samples of the plant Origanum onites, one cultivated, the other wild. C18 solid-phase Extraction was used to elute the essential oils from the SWE aqueous extract. The compositions of the extracted essential oils obtained from all three methods were then characterized by comprehensive GCxGC/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS). The highest essential oil yields were obtained by using SWE at 150 degrees C with a flow rate of 2 mL min(-1) and a pressure of 60 bar for 30 min: these were 3.76 and 4.11% for wild and cultivated O. onites samples, respectively, expressed as a percentage of 100 g of dry (leaf) matter. The yields obtained using SWE at 150 degrees C were slightly higher than those from conventional methods. Steam distillation was performed for 3 h, and Soxhlet Extraction was completed in 12 h. The major compounds found were borneol, terpinen-4-ol and carvacrol.
L E Garciaayuso - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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employing focused microwaves to counteract conventional Soxhlet Extraction drawbacks
Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2001Co-Authors: L E Garciaayuso, M Luque D De CastroAbstract:New leaching approaches, with similar performance to conventional Soxhlet Extraction but modified to allow assistance by focused microwaves (FM) irradiation, are reviewed. The most relevant advantages of the FM-assisted Soxhlet Extraction (FMASE) technique are a large reduction in the time required for quantitative Extraction and substantial saving of extractant. The results obtained, in terms of extracted mass and repeatability, are similar to those provided by the official method based on conventional Soxhlet Extraction, but with the above mentioned advantages. FMASE has also been tested in the analysis of environmental pollutants (namely, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, pesticides and metal traces from solid matrices) and is a promising alternative as a leaching technique prior to individual separation-determination of these pollutants by high performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography coupled to absorption spectroscopy, fluorometry, flame ionisation, electron capture or mass spectrometry detectors.
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approach for independent matrix removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from solid samples based on microwave assisted Soxhlet Extraction with on line fluorescence monitoring
Analytical Chemistry, 2000Co-Authors: L E Garciaayuso, J L Luquegarcia, M Luque D De CastroAbstract:A flow injection interface for fluorometric monitoring of focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet Extraction (FMASE) is presented. This assembly allows real-time on-line monitoring of the PAHs extracted...
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determination of the oil content of seeds by focused microwave assisted Soxhlet Extraction
Chromatographia, 2000Co-Authors: L E Garciaayuso, Joaquin Velasco, M C Dobarganes, M Luque D De CastroAbstract:Soybean, rape and sunflower lipids have been extracted with a focused microwave-assisted Saxhlet extractor. The main factors affecting Extraction efficiency, namely microwave irradiation power, number of cycles and microwave irradiation time were optimised by means of a power, number of cycles and microwave irradiation time were optimised by means of a central composite design based on a two-level-three-factor factorial design. A study of the influence of particle size on the Extraction procedure was also performed. The results obtained were compared with those obtained by use of an ISO method using a conventional Soxhlet extractor. Quantitative results for lipid content based on gravimetric determinations and qualitative results based on analysis of fatty acid methyl esters and polymeric compounds were similar to those obtained by Soxhlet Extraction with hexane. Substantial reduction of sample manipulation. analysis time and solvent wastage is achieved by use of the proposed method.
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Soxhlet Extraction of solid materials an outdated technique with a promising innovative future
Analytica Chimica Acta, 1998Co-Authors: M Luque D De Castro, L E GarciaayusoAbstract:Abstract An overview of the evolution of Soxhlet Extraction of solid materials and its comparison with the performance of other conventional and new Extraction techniques is presented. First, a discussion on both conventional Soxhlet as compared with other conventional Extraction techniques and some minor improvements of the former for specific applications is done. Secondly, a critical comparison of conventional Soxhlet with the new Extraction techniques such as supercritical fluid Extraction, microwave-assisted processes and microwave-assisted solvent Extraction shows the reasons why major, recent improvements of this technique (namely Soxtec® System HT, Soxwave-100 and focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet Extraction) have been proposed, aimed at overcoming most of the shortcomings of conventional Soxhlet and converting it into an updated tool for leaching which competes advantageously with the most recent alternatives in the Extraction field.
J L Luquegarcia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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focused microwave assisted Soxhlet Extraction devices and applications
Talanta, 2004Co-Authors: J L Luquegarcia, M Luque D De CastroAbstract:An overview of a new Extraction technique called focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet Extraction (FMASE) is here presented. This technique is based on the same principles as conventional Soxhlet Extraction but using microwaves as auxiliary energy to accelerate the process. The different devices designed and constructed so far, their advantages and limitations as well as their main applications on environmental and food analysis are discussed in this article.
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ultrasound assisted Soxhlet Extraction an expeditive approach for solid sample treatment application to the Extraction of total fat from oleaginous seeds
Journal of Chromatography A, 2004Co-Authors: J L Luquegarcia, M Luque D De CastroAbstract:Conventional Soxhlet Extraction assisted in the cartridge by ultrasound has been developed and used to extract the total fat content from oleaginous seeds such as sunflower, rape and soybean seeds. The application of ultrasound to the sample cartridge enormously decreases the number of Soxhlet Extraction cycles needed for quantitative Extraction of the fat, thus reducing the Extraction time at least to half the time needed by the conventional procedures. The results agree well with those obtained by conventional Soxhlet Extraction and the ISO reference method, both in terms of efficiency and precision. The repeatability of the proposed approach, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 0.9%; the within-laboratory reproducibility was 1.3%. Qualitative analysis of the extracted fat showed that the application of ultrasound does not change the composition of the oil.
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screening method for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sediments based on water Soxhlet Extraction assisted by focused microwaves with on line preconcentration derivatization detection
Journal of Chromatography A, 2004Co-Authors: S Moralesmunoz, J L Luquegarcia, M Luque D De CastroAbstract:A screening method for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in sediments has been developed. Soxhlet Extraction with water assisted by focused microwaves provides recoveries better (>90%) than obtained by conventional Soxhlet Extraction (70-80%). Coupling of the extractor with an on-line preconcentration/derivatization/detection manifold through a flow injection (FI) interface allows a fully automated screening approach. A yes/no answer can be obtained in less than 2 h (for the whole analytical process), a short time compared with the at least 24 h of Soxhlet Extraction (without final detection). Due to the use of water as leaching agent, the proposed method is environmentally friendly.
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approach for independent matrix removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from solid samples based on microwave assisted Soxhlet Extraction with on line fluorescence monitoring
Analytical Chemistry, 2000Co-Authors: L E Garciaayuso, J L Luquegarcia, M Luque D De CastroAbstract:A flow injection interface for fluorometric monitoring of focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet Extraction (FMASE) is presented. This assembly allows real-time on-line monitoring of the PAHs extracted...
Mustafa Z Ozel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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superheated water Extraction steam distillation and Soxhlet Extraction of essential oils of origanum onites
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Mustafa Z Ozel, Hilal KaymazAbstract:Superheated water Extraction (SWE) at various temperatures (100, 125, 150 and 175� C), steam distilla- tion, and Soxhlet Extraction were compared in the Extraction of essential oils from two samples of the plant Origanum onites, one cultivated, the other wild. C18 solid-phase Extraction was used to elute the essential oils from the SWE aqueous extract. The compositions of the extracted essential oils obtained from all three methods were then characterized by comprehensive GC·GC/ time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS). The high- est essential oil yields were obtained by using SWE at 150� C with a flow rate of 2 mL min 1 and a pressure of 60 bar for 30 min: these were 3.76 and 4.11% for wild and cultivated O. onites samples, respectively, expressed as a percentage of 100 g of dry (leaf) matter. The yields obtained using SWE at 150� C were slightly higher than those from conventional methods. Steam distillation was performed for 3 h, and Soxhlet Extraction was com- pleted in 12 h. The major compounds found were bor- neol, terpinen-4-ol and carvacrol.
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Superheated water Extraction, steam distillation and Soxhlet Extraction of essential oils of Origanum onites.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2004Co-Authors: Mustafa Z Ozel, Hilal KaymazAbstract:Superheated water Extraction (SWE) at various temperatures (100, 125, 150 and 175 degrees C), steam distillation, and Soxhlet Extraction were compared in the Extraction of essential oils from two samples of the plant Origanum onites, one cultivated, the other wild. C18 solid-phase Extraction was used to elute the essential oils from the SWE aqueous extract. The compositions of the extracted essential oils obtained from all three methods were then characterized by comprehensive GCxGC/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS). The highest essential oil yields were obtained by using SWE at 150 degrees C with a flow rate of 2 mL min(-1) and a pressure of 60 bar for 30 min: these were 3.76 and 4.11% for wild and cultivated O. onites samples, respectively, expressed as a percentage of 100 g of dry (leaf) matter. The yields obtained using SWE at 150 degrees C were slightly higher than those from conventional methods. Steam distillation was performed for 3 h, and Soxhlet Extraction was completed in 12 h. The major compounds found were borneol, terpinen-4-ol and carvacrol.
