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Michael W. Pariza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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conjugated linoleic acid cla content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid
Journal of Dairy Science, 2000Co-Authors: T R Dhiman, Michael W. Pariza, L D Satter, M P Galli, Karen J Albright, M X TolosaAbstract:Two experiments were conducted to determine the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. In experiment 1, 36 cows were assigned to a control and five treatment groups. Cows in the control group received a diet containing 51% forage and 49% grain on a dry matter basis. In the treatment group, grain was partly replaced by either 18% raw cracked Soybeans, 18% roasted cracked Soybeans, 3.6% Soybean oil, 2.2% linseed oil, or 4.4% linseed oil. Experimental diets were fed for 5 wk. Average CLA contents in milk fat from wk 2 through 5 were 0.39% in control and 0.37, 0.77, 2.10, 1.58, and 1.63% of total fatty acids in the raw Soybean, roasted Soybeans, Soybean oil, 2.2% linseed oil, and 4.4% linseed oil treatments, respectively. In experiment 2, 36 cows were assigned to a control and 5 treatment groups. Cows in the control group received a diet containing 55% forage and 45% grain. In the treatment groups, grain was partly replaced by Soybean oil at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or by linseed oil at 1.0% of the dietary dry matter. Experimental diets were fed for 5 wk. Average CLA contents in milk fat from wk 2 through 5 were 0.50% in control and 0.75, 0.76, 1.45, 2.08, and 0.73% of total fatty acids in 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 Soybean oil and 1.0% linseed oil treatments, respectively. Diets rich in linoleic or linolenic acid can increase CLA content of milk when dietary oil is accessible to the rumen microorganisms.
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conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese from cows fed extruded oilseeds
Journal of Dairy Science, 1999Co-Authors: T R Dhiman, E D Helmink, Donald J Mcmahon, R L Fife, Michael W. ParizaAbstract:Abstract Extruded oilseeds were fed to 24 dairy cows to study the influence on the conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese. Cows were fed one of three diets that contained forage and grain in a ratio of 47:53. A control diet containing 13.5% Soybean meal was compared with diets containing 12% full fat extruded Soybeans or 12% full fat extruded cotton-seed. The control, extruded Soybean, and extruded cottonseed diets contained 2.73, 4.89, and 4.56% fatty acids, respectively. Measurements were made during the last 5 wk of the 8-wk experiment. The DM intakes and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yields were higher for cows fed the extruded Soybean and extruded cotton-seed diets than for cows fed the control diet. A tendency for lower fat and protein contents in the milk of cows fed the extruded Soybean and extruded cotton-seed diets was detected. Most of the C 18 fatty acids were increased in the milk and cheese when extruded Soybeans and cottonseeds were fed. The conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and cheese increased a mean of 109% when full fat extruded Soybeans were fed and increased 77% when cottonseeds were fed compared with the conjugated linoleic acid content when the control diet was fed. Processing the milk into cheese did not alter the conjugated linoleic acid content. The conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese can be increased by the inclusion of full fat extruded Soybeans and full fat extruded cottonseeds in the diets of dairy cows.
T R Dhiman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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conjugated linoleic acid cla content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid
Journal of Dairy Science, 2000Co-Authors: T R Dhiman, Michael W. Pariza, L D Satter, M P Galli, Karen J Albright, M X TolosaAbstract:Two experiments were conducted to determine the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. In experiment 1, 36 cows were assigned to a control and five treatment groups. Cows in the control group received a diet containing 51% forage and 49% grain on a dry matter basis. In the treatment group, grain was partly replaced by either 18% raw cracked Soybeans, 18% roasted cracked Soybeans, 3.6% Soybean oil, 2.2% linseed oil, or 4.4% linseed oil. Experimental diets were fed for 5 wk. Average CLA contents in milk fat from wk 2 through 5 were 0.39% in control and 0.37, 0.77, 2.10, 1.58, and 1.63% of total fatty acids in the raw Soybean, roasted Soybeans, Soybean oil, 2.2% linseed oil, and 4.4% linseed oil treatments, respectively. In experiment 2, 36 cows were assigned to a control and 5 treatment groups. Cows in the control group received a diet containing 55% forage and 45% grain. In the treatment groups, grain was partly replaced by Soybean oil at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or by linseed oil at 1.0% of the dietary dry matter. Experimental diets were fed for 5 wk. Average CLA contents in milk fat from wk 2 through 5 were 0.50% in control and 0.75, 0.76, 1.45, 2.08, and 0.73% of total fatty acids in 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 Soybean oil and 1.0% linseed oil treatments, respectively. Diets rich in linoleic or linolenic acid can increase CLA content of milk when dietary oil is accessible to the rumen microorganisms.
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conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese from cows fed extruded oilseeds
Journal of Dairy Science, 1999Co-Authors: T R Dhiman, E D Helmink, Donald J Mcmahon, R L Fife, Michael W. ParizaAbstract:Abstract Extruded oilseeds were fed to 24 dairy cows to study the influence on the conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese. Cows were fed one of three diets that contained forage and grain in a ratio of 47:53. A control diet containing 13.5% Soybean meal was compared with diets containing 12% full fat extruded Soybeans or 12% full fat extruded cotton-seed. The control, extruded Soybean, and extruded cottonseed diets contained 2.73, 4.89, and 4.56% fatty acids, respectively. Measurements were made during the last 5 wk of the 8-wk experiment. The DM intakes and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yields were higher for cows fed the extruded Soybean and extruded cotton-seed diets than for cows fed the control diet. A tendency for lower fat and protein contents in the milk of cows fed the extruded Soybean and extruded cotton-seed diets was detected. Most of the C 18 fatty acids were increased in the milk and cheese when extruded Soybeans and cottonseeds were fed. The conjugated linoleic acid content in milk and cheese increased a mean of 109% when full fat extruded Soybeans were fed and increased 77% when cottonseeds were fed compared with the conjugated linoleic acid content when the control diet was fed. Processing the milk into cheese did not alter the conjugated linoleic acid content. The conjugated linoleic acid content of milk and cheese can be increased by the inclusion of full fat extruded Soybeans and full fat extruded cottonseeds in the diets of dairy cows.
Duncan A Vaughan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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population genetic structure of japanese wild Soybean glycine soja based on microsatellite variation
Molecular Ecology, 2006Co-Authors: Y Kuroda, Akito Kaga, Norihiko Tomooka, Duncan A VaughanAbstract:The research objectives were to determine aspects of the population dynamics relevant to effective monitoring of gene flow in the Soybean crop complex in Japan. Using 20 microsatellite primers, 616 individuals from 77 wild Soybean (Glycine soja) populations were analysed. All samples were of small seed size ( 10 km) events among populations, and spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that populations within a radius of 100 km showed a close genetic relationship to one another. When analysis of graphical ordination was applied to compare the microsatellite variation of wild Soybean with that of 53 widely grown Japanese varieties of cultivated Soybean (Glycine max), the primary factor of genetic differentiation was based on differences between wild and cultivated Soybeans and the secondary factor was geographical differentiation of wild Soybean populations. Admixture analysis revealed that 6.8% of individuals appear to show introgression from cultivated Soybeans. These results indicated that population genetic structure of Japanese wild Soybean is (i) strongly affected by the founder effect due to seed dispersal and inbreeding strategy, (ii) generally well differentiated from cultivated Soybean, but (iii) introgression from cultivated Soybean occurs. The implications of the results for the release of transgenic Soybeans where wild Soybeans grow are discussed.
Matthew E Oneal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reduced fitness of virulent aphis glycines hemiptera aphididae biotypes may influence the longevity of resistance genes in Soybean
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Adam J Varenhorst, Michael T Mccarville, Matthew E OnealAbstract:Sustainable use of insect resistance in crops require insect resistance management plans that may include a refuge to limit the spread of virulence to this resistance. However, without a loss of fitness associated with virulence, a refuge may not prevent virulence from becoming fixed within a population of parthenogenetically reproducing insects like aphids. Aphid-resistance in Soybeans (i.e., Rag genes) prevent outbreaks of Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines), yet four biotypes defined by their capacity to survive on aphid-resistant Soybeans (e.g., biotype-2 survives on Rag1 Soybean) are found in North America. Although fitness costs are reported for biotype-3 on aphid susceptible and Rag1 Soybean, it is not clear if virulence to aphid resistance in general is associated with a decrease in fitness on aphid susceptible Soybeans. In laboratory assays, we measured fitness costs for biotype 2, 3 and 4 on an aphid-susceptible Soybean cultivar. In addition, we also observed negative cross-resistance for biotype-2 on Rag3, and biotype-3 on Rag1 Soybean. We utilized a simple deterministic, single-locus, four compartment genetic model to account for the impact of these findings on the frequency of virulence alleles. When a refuge of aphid susceptible was included within this model, fitness costs and negative cross-resistance delayed the increase of virulence alleles when virulence was inherited recessively or additively. If virulence were inherited additively, fitness costs decreased the frequency of virulence. Combined, these results suggest that a refuge may prevent virulent A. glycines biotypes from overcoming Rag genes if this aphid-resistance were used commercially in North America.
T L Niblack - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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interactions between the Soybean cyst nematode and fusarium solani f sp glycines based on greenhouse factorial experiments
Phytopathology, 2006Co-Authors: X Gao, Glen L. Hartman, T A Jackson, T L NiblackAbstract:Gao, X., Jackson, T. A., Hartman, G. L., and Niblack, T. L. 2006. Interactions between the Soybean cyst nematode and Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines based on greenhouse factorial experiments. Phytopathology 96:1409-1415. The Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, and the fungus that causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) of Soybean, Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, frequently co-infest Soybean (Glycine max) fields. The interactions between H. glycines and F. solani f. sp. glycines were investigated in factorial greenhouse experiments with different inoculum levels of both organisms on a Soybean cultivar susceptible to both pathogens. Measured responses included root and shoot dry weights, H. glycines reproduction, area under the SDS disease progress curve, and fungal colonization of roots. Both H. glycines and F. solani f. sp. glycines reduced the growth of Soybeans. Reproduction of H. glycines was suppressed by high inoculum levels but not by low levels of F. solani f. sp. glycines. The infection of Soybean roots by H. glycines did not affect root colonization by the fungus, as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Although both pathogens reduced the growth of Soybeans, H. glycines did not increase SDS foliar symptoms, and statistical interactions between the two pathogens were seldom significant.
