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Agnese Seminara - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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timing of fungal Spore Release dictates survival during atmospheric transport
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020Co-Authors: Daniele Lagomarsino Oneto, Jacob Golan, A Mazzino, Anne Pringle, Agnese SeminaraAbstract:Fungi disperse Spores to move across landscapes and Spore liberation takes different patterns. Many species Release Spores intermittently; others Release Spores at specific times of day. Despite intriguing evidence of periodicity, why (and if) the timing of Spore Release would matter to a fungus remains an open question. Here we use state-of-the-art numerical simulations of atmospheric transport and meteorological data to follow the trajectory of many Spores in the atmosphere at different times of day, seasons, and locations across North America. While individual Spores follow unpredictable trajectories due to turbulence, in the aggregate patterns emerge: Statistically, Spores Released during the day fly for several days, whereas Spores Released at night return to ground within a few hours. Differences are caused by intense turbulence during the day and weak turbulence at night. The pattern is widespread but its reliability varies; for example, day/night patterns are stronger in southern regions. Results provide testable hypotheses explaining both intermittent and regular patterns of Spore Release as strategies to maximize Spore survival in the air. Species with short-lived Spores reproducing where there is strong turbulence during the day, for example in Mexico, maximize survival by releasing Spores at night. Where cycles are weak, for example in Canada during fall, there is no benefit to releasing Spores at the same time every day. Our data challenge the perception of fungal dispersal as risky, wasteful, and beyond control of individuals; our data suggest the timing of Spore liberation may be finely tuned to maximize fitness during atmospheric transport.
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timing of fungal Spore Release dictates survival during atmospheric transport
arXiv: Biological Physics, 2019Co-Authors: D Lagomarsinooneto, Jacob Golan, A Mazzino, Anne Pringle, Agnese SeminaraAbstract:The fungi disperse Spores to move across landscapes and Spore liberation takes different patterns. While many species Release Spores intermittently, others Release Spores at specific times of day or night according to intrinsic rhythms. Despite intriguing evidence of diurnal rhythms, why the timing of Spore liberation would matter to a fungus remains an open question. Here we use state-of-the-art numerical simulations of atmospheric transport with meteorological data to follow the trajectory of many Spores Released in the open atmosphere at different times of day, during different seasons and at different locations across North America. While individual Spores follow unpredictable trajectories due to turbulence, in the aggregate patterns emerge: statistically, Spores Released during the day fly for several days, while Spores Released at night return to the ground within a few hours. Differences are caused by intense turbulence during the day and weak turbulence at night. The pattern is widespread but its reliability varies, for example, day/night patterns are stronger in southern regions, where temperatures are warmer. Results provide a set of testable hypotheses explaining intermittent and regular patterns of Spore Release as strategies to maximize Spore survival in the air. Species with short lived Spores reproducing where there is strong and regular turbulence during the day, for example in Mexico, will maximize survival by routinely releasing Spores at night. Where cycles are weak, for example in Canada during spring, there will be no benefit to releasing Spores at the same time every day. We also challenge the perception of atmospheric dispersal as risky, wasteful, and beyond control of a sporocarp; our data suggest the timing of Spore liberation may be finely tuned by a fungus to maximize fitness during atmospheric transport.
A Mazzino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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timing of fungal Spore Release dictates survival during atmospheric transport
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020Co-Authors: Daniele Lagomarsino Oneto, Jacob Golan, A Mazzino, Anne Pringle, Agnese SeminaraAbstract:Fungi disperse Spores to move across landscapes and Spore liberation takes different patterns. Many species Release Spores intermittently; others Release Spores at specific times of day. Despite intriguing evidence of periodicity, why (and if) the timing of Spore Release would matter to a fungus remains an open question. Here we use state-of-the-art numerical simulations of atmospheric transport and meteorological data to follow the trajectory of many Spores in the atmosphere at different times of day, seasons, and locations across North America. While individual Spores follow unpredictable trajectories due to turbulence, in the aggregate patterns emerge: Statistically, Spores Released during the day fly for several days, whereas Spores Released at night return to ground within a few hours. Differences are caused by intense turbulence during the day and weak turbulence at night. The pattern is widespread but its reliability varies; for example, day/night patterns are stronger in southern regions. Results provide testable hypotheses explaining both intermittent and regular patterns of Spore Release as strategies to maximize Spore survival in the air. Species with short-lived Spores reproducing where there is strong turbulence during the day, for example in Mexico, maximize survival by releasing Spores at night. Where cycles are weak, for example in Canada during fall, there is no benefit to releasing Spores at the same time every day. Our data challenge the perception of fungal dispersal as risky, wasteful, and beyond control of individuals; our data suggest the timing of Spore liberation may be finely tuned to maximize fitness during atmospheric transport.
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timing of fungal Spore Release dictates survival during atmospheric transport
arXiv: Biological Physics, 2019Co-Authors: D Lagomarsinooneto, Jacob Golan, A Mazzino, Anne Pringle, Agnese SeminaraAbstract:The fungi disperse Spores to move across landscapes and Spore liberation takes different patterns. While many species Release Spores intermittently, others Release Spores at specific times of day or night according to intrinsic rhythms. Despite intriguing evidence of diurnal rhythms, why the timing of Spore liberation would matter to a fungus remains an open question. Here we use state-of-the-art numerical simulations of atmospheric transport with meteorological data to follow the trajectory of many Spores Released in the open atmosphere at different times of day, during different seasons and at different locations across North America. While individual Spores follow unpredictable trajectories due to turbulence, in the aggregate patterns emerge: statistically, Spores Released during the day fly for several days, while Spores Released at night return to the ground within a few hours. Differences are caused by intense turbulence during the day and weak turbulence at night. The pattern is widespread but its reliability varies, for example, day/night patterns are stronger in southern regions, where temperatures are warmer. Results provide a set of testable hypotheses explaining intermittent and regular patterns of Spore Release as strategies to maximize Spore survival in the air. Species with short lived Spores reproducing where there is strong and regular turbulence during the day, for example in Mexico, will maximize survival by routinely releasing Spores at night. Where cycles are weak, for example in Canada during spring, there will be no benefit to releasing Spores at the same time every day. We also challenge the perception of atmospheric dispersal as risky, wasteful, and beyond control of a sporocarp; our data suggest the timing of Spore liberation may be finely tuned by a fungus to maximize fitness during atmospheric transport.
Patricia I Leonardi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reproductive potential and early Spore settlement on different substrates in Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) from the South American Atlantic coast
Journal of Applied Phycology, 2020Co-Authors: Melanie H. Hughes, Karina M Michetti, Patricia I LeonardiAbstract:The aims of this study were to estimate seasonal Spore availability in the carrageenophyte Gigartina skottsbergii from the Patagonian Atlantic coast, evaluate the effect of induction methods and culture conditions on Spore Release, and assess Spore settlement on different substrates. Fertile fronds were collected in southern Argentina. The density and size of reproductive structures and Spore output were registered seasonally. Spore Release was evaluated using different induction methods and conditions. Finally, different natural substrates were assessed for Spore settlement. Spore availability is restricted to winter and spring. Cystocarps and tetrasporangial sori reached maturity towards winter, and Spores were Released in large amounts during winter and spring, with higher tetraSpore than carpoSpore Release. Spontaneous discharge would appear to be a more advisable induction method than desiccation and high salinity. Temperature and photoperiod did not have a significant effect on total Spore output. After 2 weeks of incubation, no differences were found among Spore densities on glass, pebbles, clams, or mussels. Despite the low survival rate registered on all substrates, Spores germinated and developed healthily. This is the first study to evaluate carpoSpore and tetraSpore availability throughout the year and the viability of in vitro Spore culture of G. skottsbergii from the South American Atlantic coast.
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Spore Release and germling development on different substrates in the carrageenophyte sarcothalia crispata from the southwestern atlantic coast
Journal of Applied Phycology, 2019Co-Authors: Melanie Hebe Hughes, Karina M Michetti, Patricia I LeonardiAbstract:Sarcothalia crispata is a carrageenophytic red alga from South America. The gametophytes produce kappa/iota carrageenan and the tetrasporophytes, lambda carrageenan, each with different properties and uses. The aims of this study were to determine the most effective method for obtaining S. crispata carpoSpores and tetraSpores from southern Argentina, to evaluate the germination process of these Spores, and to assess their survival and growth on different substrates. Desiccation, osmotic shock, low temperature, and spontaneous discharge were tested in the laboratory as Spore Release methods. The settlement and growth of Sporelings were assessed on glass, ropes, shells, and gravel. No differences were found among induction methods, obtaining a higher output of tetraSpores per frond area than of carpoSpores. After 3 months, shells and gravel showed the highest densities of carpoSporelings and tetraSporelings, while the lowest were observed on ropes and glass, respectively. CarpoSporeling survival varied between 88% on gravel and 13% on ropes; for tetraSporelings, mean survival was 5%. Sporelings attained the largest basal discs and longest erect portions on glass, and the smallest and shortest ones on ropes, those on shells and gravel being of intermediate in size. Based on these results, it can be concluded that carpoSpores and tetraSpores from S. crispata obtained by spontaneous discharge and inoculated on shells and gravel will result in good densities, allowing germlings to develop and grow. This is the first study on reproductive aspects of S. crispata from the southwestern Atlantic coast, presenting valuable information for reliably initiating specific Spore cultures. Obtaining this specific raw material separately for the extraction of kappa/iota or lambda carrageenan would lead to a better management of the resource by the carrageenan industry.
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carpoSpore Release and Sporeling development in gracilaria gracilis gracilariales rhodophyta from the southwestern atlantic coast chubut argentina
Journal of Applied Phycology, 2013Co-Authors: Karina M Michetti, Patricia I Leonardi, Lucas A MartinAbstract:The agarophyte Gracilaria gracilis is an econom- ically valuable species exploited in Argentina and the car- poSpore study is relevant since such Spores are used as inoculum for commercial aquaculture. The aims of this work were to describe the carpoSpore Release periodicity and carpoSporeling development and to evaluate the influ- ence of temperature, irradiance, and day length on carpo- Spore Release under laboratory conditions. Desiccation, osmotic shock, and spontaneous discharge were compared as sporulation induction methods and the last one was the best method for improved carpoSpore Release (ANOVA: F= 6.4018, P 0.25). Sporulation time course analysis showed a peak during the first week with a total carpoSpore Release at the end of the sixth week of about 2,000 carpoSpores cystocarp �1 day �1 .
Sergey A Grinshpun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessment of the aerosolization potential for fungal Spores in moldy homes
Indoor Air, 2004Co-Authors: Satheesh K Sivasubramani, Tiina Reponen, Richard T Niemeier, Sergey A GrinshpunAbstract:Numerous health effects in homes, schools, and officeshave been attributed to the fungal growth resultingfrom water damage or improper humidity in buildings(Dales et al., 1991a; Lacey and Crook, 1998; Wickmanet al., 1992). The exposure to mold and dampness hasbeen associated with respiratory symptoms (Daleset al., 1991b) and may particularly increase the riskof adverse respiratory health effects (Peat et al., 1998;Verhoeff and Burge, 1997).The fraction of buildings with mold-contaminationin the United States and Canada is about 36%,according to Spengler et al. (1993). Brunekreef et al.(1989) have reported that 20–40% of homes in Nor-thern Europe and North America have mold problems.In the Netherlands and Finland, the mold and damp-ness in buildings were reported as 15 and 24%,respectively (Pirhonen et al., 1996; Verhoeff et al.,1990). The age of a building is an important factoraffecting the fungal Spore concentration in indoor air(Pasanen et al., 1992; Rand, 1999). Modern buildingsare constructed with various types of materials thatprovide ecological niches with varying nutritional andtemperature conditions. A variety of interactionsbetween microorganisms may occur under these con-ditions. While practically all building materials canserve as a substrate for fungal growth when excessmoisture is present, the growth and aerosolization ratesmay differ for different materials. The fungal growthmainly depends on the nutrient availability, alkalinity,porosity, and the water activity of the material. WaterAbstract The airborne fungal concentration measured with air samplers duringspecific time intervals may not adequately represent the indoor air quality be-cause of the sporadic nature of Spore Release from sources. The conventionalsource evaluation (e.g. swab and tape sampling) characterizes the mold sourcebut does not relate to the fraction of Spores that can be aerosolized from acontaminated material. As an alternative to these methods, we have recentlydeveloped and laboratory-tested a novel Fungal Spore Source Strength Tester(FSSST). It allows assessing the potential of aerosolization of fungal Spores fromcontaminated surfaces under the most favorable Release conditions. In this study,the FSSST was used to characterize the Release of Spores from four buildingmaterials in mold-problem homes. The Spores of different species were efficientlyaerosolized by the FSSST, exhibiting a total Spore Release rate rangingapproximately from 10
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Fungal Spore source strength tester: laboratory evaluation of a new concept.
The Science of the total environment, 2004Co-Authors: Satheesh K Sivasubramani, Tiina Reponen, Richard T Niemeier, Sergey A GrinshpunAbstract:The airborne fungal Spore concentration measured with air samplers during specific time intervals does not always adequately represent the maximum Spore concentration levels, because of the sporadic nature of Spore Release. Hence, a reliable method is needed to directly assess the indoor fungal sources with respect to their Spore aerosolization potential. In this study, the newly developed fungal Spore source strength tester (FSSST), which aerosolizes Spores from growth surfaces and samples the airborne fungi into a bioaerosol sampler, was evaluated in the laboratory. The FSSST's operational flow rates of 30 and 12.5 l/min were tested. The fungal Spores Released from moldy surfaces were measured with an optical particle counter. Simultaneously, the Spores were collected by a bioaerosol sampler: either with a 37-mm filter cassette or with the BioSampler. Three material types, ceiling tile, gypsum board and plastic sheet coated with agar, were tested after they were inoculated with the fungus Aspergillus versicolor. In addition, gypsum board naturally contaminated with various fungi (obtained from a mold-problem home) was tested in the laboratory using the FSSST. In all three laboratory-inoculated materials, the Release rate of A. versicolor was found to be higher when the FSSST operated at 30 l/min than at 12.5 l/min. Nevertheless, even at 12.5 l/min the number of Spores aerosolized from the source during 10 min was found sufficient to reflect the highest level of Release that may occur in indoor environments. At 12.5 l/min, the Release rate of A. versicolor during the first 10-min period was (23.9 +/- 17.7)x10(4) cm(-2) for ceiling tile, (1.3 +/- 0.3)x10(4) cm(-2) for gypsum board and (0.13 +/- 0.08)x10(4) cm(-2) for agar surface (based on the samples collected with the BioSampler). The Spore Release rate was higher during the first 10 min than during the second 10 min of the FSSST application. It was observed that the particles aerosolized from the A. versicolor culture included Spore aggregates and single Spores, as well as mycelial fragments. Overall, 0.6 +/- 0.3% of Spores detected on 1 cm2 of ceiling tile inoculated with A. versicolor were aerosolized during the 10-min source testing. The respective number was 9.2 +/- 1.0% for the laboratory-inoculated gypsum board, 0.002 +/- 0.001% for the laboratory-inoculated plastic covered with agar and 1.8 +/- 0.2% for naturally contaminated gypsum board. Our data suggest that the FSSST provides very favorable conditions for the Spore aerosolization and thus can be used in the field to assess the maximum potential Spore Release from a fungal source.
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Source strength of fungal Spore aerosolization from moldy building material
Atmospheric Environment, 2001Co-Authors: Rafał L. Górny, Sergey A Grinshpun, Tiina Reponen, Klaus WillekeAbstract:Abstract The Release of Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium melinii Spores from agar and ceiling tile surfaces was tested under different controlled environmental conditions using a newly designed and constructed aerosolization chamber. This study revealed that all the investigated parameters, such as fungal species, air velocity above the surface, texture of the surface, and vibration of contaminated material, affected the fungal Spore Release. It was found that typical indoor air currents can Release up to 200 Spores cm−2 from surfaces with fungal Spores during 30-min experiments. The Release of fungal Spores from smooth agar surfaces was found to be inadequate for accurately predicting the emission from rough ceiling tile surfaces because the air turbulence increases the Spore Release from a rough surface. A vibration at a frequency of 1 Hz at a power level of 14 W resulted in a significant increase in the Spore Release rate. The Release appears to depend on the morphology of the fungal colonies grown on ceiling tile surfaces including the thickness of conidiophores, the length of Spore chains, and the shape of Spores. The Spores were found to be Released continuously during each 30-min experiment. However, the Release rate was usually highest during the first few minutes of exposure to air currents and mechanical vibration. About 71–88% of the Spores Released during a 30-min interval became airborne during the first 10 min.
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Source strength of fungal Spore aerosolization from moldy building material
Atmospheric Environment, 2001Co-Authors: Rafał L. Górny, Sergey A Grinshpun, Tiina Reponen, Klaus WillekeAbstract:The Release of Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium melinii Spores from agar and ceiling tile surfaces was tested under different controlled environmental conditions using a newly designed and constructed aerosolization chamber. This study revealed that all the investigated parameters, such as fungal species, air velocity above the surface, texture of the surface, and vibration of contaminated material, affected the fungal Spore Release. It was found that typical indoor air currents can Release up to 200 Sporescm-2from surfaces with fungal Spores during 30-min experiments. The Release of fungal Spores from smooth agar surfaces was found to be inadequate for accurately predicting the emission from rough ceiling tile surfaces because the air turbulence increases the Spore Release from a rough surface. A vibration at a frequency of 1Hz at a power level of 14W resulted in a significant increase in the Spore Release rate. The Release appears to depend on the morphology of the fungal colonies grown on ceiling tile surfaces including the thickness of conidiophores, the length of Spore chains, and the shape of Spores. The Spores were found to be Released continuously during each 30-min experiment. However, the Release rate was usually highest during the first few minutes of exposure to air currents and mechanical vibration. About 71-88% of the Spores Released during a 30-min interval became airborne during the first 10min. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Daniele Lagomarsino Oneto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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timing of fungal Spore Release dictates survival during atmospheric transport
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020Co-Authors: Daniele Lagomarsino Oneto, Jacob Golan, A Mazzino, Anne Pringle, Agnese SeminaraAbstract:Fungi disperse Spores to move across landscapes and Spore liberation takes different patterns. Many species Release Spores intermittently; others Release Spores at specific times of day. Despite intriguing evidence of periodicity, why (and if) the timing of Spore Release would matter to a fungus remains an open question. Here we use state-of-the-art numerical simulations of atmospheric transport and meteorological data to follow the trajectory of many Spores in the atmosphere at different times of day, seasons, and locations across North America. While individual Spores follow unpredictable trajectories due to turbulence, in the aggregate patterns emerge: Statistically, Spores Released during the day fly for several days, whereas Spores Released at night return to ground within a few hours. Differences are caused by intense turbulence during the day and weak turbulence at night. The pattern is widespread but its reliability varies; for example, day/night patterns are stronger in southern regions. Results provide testable hypotheses explaining both intermittent and regular patterns of Spore Release as strategies to maximize Spore survival in the air. Species with short-lived Spores reproducing where there is strong turbulence during the day, for example in Mexico, maximize survival by releasing Spores at night. Where cycles are weak, for example in Canada during fall, there is no benefit to releasing Spores at the same time every day. Our data challenge the perception of fungal dispersal as risky, wasteful, and beyond control of individuals; our data suggest the timing of Spore liberation may be finely tuned to maximize fitness during atmospheric transport.