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Bernardo Cortese - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a la recherche d un parcours d autoconstitution de l ordre juridique interindividuel europeen essai d une lecture pluraliste 50 ans apres van gend en loos et costa c enel 50 years after van gend en loos and costa v enel the self constitution of an in
    Social Science Research Network, 2015
    Co-Authors: Bernardo Cortese
    Abstract:

    French Abstract: Dans cet article, l'auteur avance l'hypothese de la mise en place d'un Systeme juridique interindividuel communautaire dans l'UE, et developpe son analyse a l’interieur d'un modele theorique dualiste (ou pluraliste). Le pluralisme semble en effet etre la meilleure cle pour evaluer en general la relation entre droit international (tel qu'etait sans doute initialement, et reste en partie meme aujourd’hui le droit des Traites europeens) et ordres juridiques interindividuelles (des Etats membres). En outre, il rend possible une correcte appreciation des contributions de la CJCE, d'un cote, et des juridictions nationales, de l'autre cote, a la mise en place de ce nouveau Systeme juridique interindividuel a l'echelle europeenne. Il est davantage suggere que la mise en place effective d'un tel ordre juridique communautaire a produit une modification reelle de la souverainete en Europe, ayant permis la percee du diaphragme qui existe normalement entre droit international et sphere juridique des particuliers : ce qu'on appelle le domaine reserve des Etats. Cela doit etre compris non pas comme une consequence directe des traites de l'UE, ni de la jurisprudence de la CJCE, qui occupe pourtant une partie importante de cet analyse. Plutot, au centre de la scene est le processus auto-constituant qui a eu lieu en conformite avec les pretentions de la CJCE, grâce au recul des souverainetes etatiques et a l'occupation effective du terrain par l'UE. Cette occupation s'est produite en aval des activites des institutions et organismes communautaires, combinees avec la «europeanisation» (mieux, «communautarisation») d'une partie des structures institutionnelles des Etats membres. Un tel processus s'est produit non seulement dans les secteurs ou le droit communautaire est directement applique par la Commission de l'UE, dans l'exercice de pouvoirs supranationaux soumis au controle juridictionnel de la CJCE. Il se produit de meme quand la tâche d'administrer des normes UE directement applicables est laissee aux autorites des Etats membres, et meme en cas de dispositions non directement applicables du droit de l'UE. Cette conclusion s'impose si l'on prend en compte le role decisif joue par les principes structurels d'efficacite de la protection judiciaire, en tant que limite a l'autonomie procedurale des Etats membres, et de responsabilite interne (civile) de l’Etat pour la violation du droit de l'UE, en tant que limitation conceptuelle du caractere absolu de la souverainete. L'hypothese de l'etude est que, grâce aux principes mentionnes ci-dessus, et au bon fonctionnement de la procedure de renvoi prejudiciel - faconne par la jurisprudence de la CJCE et acceptee par les autorites judiciaires nationales, essentiellement comme un outil federal - un Systeme europeen independant de droit interindividuel opere dans tous les domaines ou les competences de l'UE ont ete effectivement mises en œuvre. En outre, la latitude et la qualite du developpement de la legislation europeenne, ainsi que le recours effectif que les particuliers (aussi bien citoyens des Etats membres que de pays tiers) font a ses dispositions contre les choix les plus forts des organes politiques nationaux, et meme en depit des principes plus sacres de leurs ordres juridiques nationaux, suggerent l'existence d'une veritable relation d'allegeance directe entre particuliers et Union. Cela dit, on ne peut pas s'abstenir de souligner les limites importantes de ce Systeme, notamment une manque de transparence et de democratie, qui descendent surtout de la meconnaissance de ses caracteres ainsi que de son potentiel par la plus grand partie des Europeens. En conclusion, il est avance que la reconnaissance de l'etat actuel de l'integration europeenne, et l'adaptation consequente de sa gouvernance dans un sens vraiment democratique, sont le chemin oblige que l'UE, ses Etats membres et ses citoyens doivent suivre, afin de ne pas voir leur maison commune effondrer.English Abstract: In this paper, the Author tries to assess the establishment of an interindividual Legal System in the EU by resorting to the theoretical assumptions of dualism (or pluralism). He assumes that pluralism is on one side the best key to assess in general the relationship between international law (including EU Treaties) and interindividual Systems of law (notably, those of EU Member States): On the other side, pluralism helps very much in giving a correct appraisal of the contributions given by the ECJ, on one side, and national courts, on the other side, to the establishment of the new EU interindividual Legal System. Further, it is suggested that the effective establishment of such a Legal System has produced a real modification of sovereignty in Europe. This has to be understood not as a direct consequence of the EU Treaties, nor of ECJ case law. Rather, at the centre of the stage is the auto-constituting process that took place in line with ECJ pretentions, thanks to the “retraction” of State sovereignties and the effective “occupation” of the field by the EU through the activities of its Institutions and Organisms, combined with the “Europeanization” of a part of Member States’ apparatuses. Such a process, it is submitted, has happened not only as for the sectors in which EU law is directly administered by the EU Commission, and upon which judicial control is centralized at the ECJ level. Also when the task of administering direct applicable EU law is left to member States’ authorities, and even in case of non directly applicable provisions of EU law, a decisive role is played by the structural principles of effectiveness of judicial protection, as a limit to the procedural autonomy of Member States in jurisdictional and enforcement tasks, and of internal (civil) liability of the State for the violation of EU law, as a conceptual limitation to the absolute character of sovereignty. The paper’s assumption is that, thanks to the abovementioned principles, and to the effective operation of the preliminary reference procedure - shaped by the ECJ case law and accepted by the national judiciaries, essentially as a federal tool - an independent EU System of interindividual law not subject to member States sovereignties operates in all areas where EU competences have been effectively implemented. Furthermore, the latitude and quality of EU law development, and the effective resort to its provisions by citizens of Member States and of third countries even against the strongest choices of Member States political organs, and despite final decisions by their courts, causes in the Author’s view the effective appearing of a true relationship of allegiance between individuals in the EU and the Union. The System in place, however, substantially lacks transparency and democracy as the vast majority of European are not really aware of its features nor of its potentials. Recognition of the present State of the art of the European integration, on one side, and consequent reshaping of the governance in a truly (pan-European) democratic sense, on the other, are outlined in the conclusions as the obliged path the EU, its member States, and its citizens have to follow, in order not to see their common house collapse.

Peral Moyano Álvaro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Ship Registers: Study of the different Systems and revision of the Special Shipping Register of the Canary Islands
    2019
    Co-Authors: Peral Moyano Álvaro
    Abstract:

    Los buques se someten al ordenamiento jurídico del Estado cuyo pabellón enarbolan. A su vez, los Estados mantienen el control a través de un sistema de registros. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la influencia que ejercen en la elección del pabellón las características propias de cada tipo de registro marítimo, teniendo en cuenta las exigencias del tráfico internacional. En la actualidad, gran parte de la flota mundial está inscrita en “registros abiertos”, instaurados en países que ofrecen un servicio comercial a los armadores mediante regulaciones más flexibles, lo que permite reducir los costes operativos. Panamá, las Islas Marshall y Liberia lideran el sector, mientras los países marítimos tradicionales han tenido que evolucionar ante la falta de competitividad de sus registros ordinarios. Para ello, establecieron los denominados “segundos registros”, que incorporan medidas más atractivas para la explotación naviera, en un intento de preservar la flota mercante nacional. En España se creó con este objetivo el Registro Especial de Canarias. Sus características, ventajas, y desventajas se han analizado en este trabajo, desde la perspectiva de la situación actual de la Marina Mercante española, y se han recogido una serie de consideraciones acerca de las propuestas que se podrían introducir para que siga siendo viable a medio y largo plazo.Vessels are subject to their Flag State Legal System. Likewise, States exert control over them through a registry scheme. This study aims to analyze the influence that the specific characteristics of every type of ship register can exercise on the election of the flag, taking into account the demands of international traffic. Currently, a great part of the world fleet is registered in “open registries”, settled in some countries which offer a commercial service to shipowners through flexible regulations. This allow them to reduce operational costs. Panama, the Marshall Islands and Liberia lead the industry, while traditional maritime States had to evolve due to its ordinary registries ́ lack of competitiveness. Thereby, they established the so-called “second registers”, with more appealing measures for shipping, so as to keep the merchant fleet under the national flag. For that purpose, it was created the Special Shipping Register of the Canary Islands in Spain. This study will assess its main aspects, advantages and disadvantages, regarding the present situation of the Spanish Merchant Marine. Different observations are made about several proposals that could be introduced so that it can be viable in the middle and long term.151 página

Glodić Duško - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Importance From the International Law Perspective of the Headquarters Agreement For the Functioning of an International Organisation in the Host State // Međunarodnopravni značaj ugovora o sjedištu za funkcionisanje međunarodne organizacije u državi
    NULRS, 2017
    Co-Authors: Glodić Duško
    Abstract:

    This article explores the importance from the international law perspective of the headquarters agreement, concluded between an international organisation and its host State, for the functioning and accomplishment of missions of an international organisation, as of an entity situated in the host State. In that regard, the theoretical framework for the conclusion of a headquarters agreement, as well as the relevant international practice laid down the basis defining the issues that are expected to be settled by such an agreement. Based on the analysis of relevant international practices and having taken into account the fact that there is a number of different international organisations, being of different nature and established with different purposes, it was not possible to conclude that the contemporary international law defines a unified template to be used for the content of a given headquarters agreement. None the less, some concrete solutions, although made through direct negotiations between the parties, stipulate certain elements that are common to a large number of headquarters agreements. Such common core of headquarters agreements content is related to the privileges and immunities agreed in the favour of the international organisation, status of its officials, its Legal personality in the host State Legal System etc

Laura Carballo Piñeiro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Port State Jurisdiction over Labour Conditions: A Private International Law Perspective on Extra-territoriality
    The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 2016
    Co-Authors: Laura Carballo Piñeiro
    Abstract:

    Whereas flag States are primarily responsible for living and labour conditions on board ships flying their flag, port State jurisdiction on board foreign-flagged ships is still uncertain from both a public and a private international law perspective. This paper focuses on the latter, to ascertain in which cases port State courts and domestic employment legislation decide on maritime employment contract matters. This may help to establish to what extent the extra-territorial exercise of port State jurisdiction is reasonable: adjudicatory jurisdiction and conflict-of-laws rules are construed on the basis of the proximity principle and thus strive to point out the State with the strongest link to the case at stake. However, the establishment of the port State Legal System as the closest one to maritime employment usually amounts to setting the flag State aside, meaning that the subsidiarity principle takes over in determining the extra-territorial application of port State jurisdiction.

Erika Gonzalez Garcia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • la formacion ciudadana del informe quintana a la ley moyano
    La Constitución de Cádiz: genealogía y desarrollo del sistema educativo liberal XVII Coloquio Nacional de Historia de la Educación Cádiz 9-11 de Julio, 2013
    Co-Authors: Miguel Beas Miranda, Erika Gonzalez Garcia
    Abstract:

    espanolLa formacion ciudadana no es algo nuevo que haya aparecido y que incorpore por primera vez la Ley Organica de Educacion, sino que mas bien puede considerarse como una constante que arranca desde la institucionalizacion del Sistema educativo y que hoy dia lo sigue siendo, considerando como primer referente de la educacion ciudadana en el sistema educativo espanol el Informe Quintana de 1813. Uno de los principales objetivos de los sistemas educativos consiste en facilitar la integracion de las personas en el contexto sociocultural de su epoca. Por esta razon consideramos como hipotesis de partida que la normativa del sistema educativo espanol desde sus inicios desde el inicio del sistema educativo espanol se ha preocupado por formar a ciudadanos responsables, criticos y participativos. Es logico pensar que a lo largo del tiempo han existido numerosos cambios de regimenes politicos, se han aprobado diferentes constituciones, se han ido incluyendo diferentes derechos y se han exigido distintos deberes ciudadanos en las normas basicas del Estado. Es decir, el concepto de ciudadania, tambien en Espana, se encuentra inmerso en un proceso dinamico que se transforma segun las circunstancias. Generalmente, en Europa, la educacion civica o la Educacion para la ciudadania se imparte desde el siglo XIX y fue incluso una de las razones para establecer la escuela primaria. En democracias tardias como Alemania, esta asignatura fue introducida despues de 1945 para evitar que los crimenes inhumanos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se repitieran. El objetivo que pretendemos con esta investigacion no es otro que el de analizar la normativa en materia de educacion desde el Informe Quintana de 1813 hasta la Ley Moyano y ver como ha ido evolucionando y cambiando el concepto de formacion ciudadana. EnglishThe concept of Education for Citizenship that has appeared and was first incorporated in the Organic Law on Education is not new, but rather it can be considered as a constant that starts from the institutionalization of the education System and is still so today. The Quintana Report of 1813 is considered to be the first relating to citizenship education in the Spanish education System. One of the main objectives of education Systems is to facilitate the integration of people in the socio-cultural context of their time. For this reason our initial hypothesis is that the rules of the Spanish education System since its inception have been concerned to train responsible, critical and participatory citizens. It stands to reason that over time there have been many changes of political regimes, different constitutions have been adopted, various rights have been included and different duties of citizens have been extinguished in the fundamental State Legal System. That is, the concept of citizenship, in Spain too, is undergoing a dynamic process that transforms it according to circumstances. Generally in Europe, civic education or Education for Citizenship has been taught from the nineteenth century onward and was even one of the reasons for establishing primary schools. In late democracies such as Germany, this subject was introduced after 1945 to prevent the inhuman crimes of the Second World War form being repeated. The objective I propose in this research is to analyze the legislation on education from the Quintana Report in 1813 to the Moyano Organic Law and see how the concept of civic education has evolved and changed.