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Patricia G Devine - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stereotypes possess heterogeneous directionality: a theoretical and empirical exploration of stereotype structure and content.
PloS one, 2015Co-Authors: William T. L. Cox, Patricia G DevineAbstract:We advance a theory-driven approach to stereotype structure, informed by connectionist theories of cognition. Whereas traditional models define or tacitly assume that stereotypes possess inherently Group → Attribute activation directionality (e.g., Black activates criminal), our model predicts heterogeneous stereotype directionality. Alongside the classically studied Group → Attribute stereotypes, some stereotypes should be bidirectional (i.e., Group ⇄ Attribute) and others should have Attribute → Group unidirectionality (e.g., fashionable activates gay). We tested this prediction in several large-scale studies with human participants (NCombined = 4,817), assessing stereotypic inferences among various groups and attributes. Supporting predictions, we found heterogeneous directionality both among the stereotype links related to a given social group and also between the links of different social groups. These efforts yield rich datasets that map the networks of stereotype links related to several social groups. We make these datasets publicly available, enabling other researchers to explore a number of questions related to stereotypes and Stereotyping. Stereotype directionality is an understudied feature of stereotypes and Stereotyping with widespread implications for the development, measurement, maintenance, expression, and change of stereotypes, Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.
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Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: David M Amodio, Patricia G DevineAbstract:Implicit Stereotyping and prejudice often appear as a single process in behavior, yet functional neuroanatomy suggests that they arise from fundamentally distinct substrates associated with semantic versus affective memory systems. On the basis of this research, the authors propose that implicit Stereotyping reflects cognitive processes and should predict instrumental behaviors such as judgments and impression formation, whereas implicit evaluation reflects affective processes and should predict consummatory behaviors, such as interpersonal preferences and social distance. Study 1 showed the independence of participants' levels of implicit Stereotyping and evaluation. Studies 2 and 3 showed the unique effects of implicit Stereotyping and evaluation on self-reported and behavioral responses to African Americans using double-dissociation designs. Implications for construct validity, theory development, and research design are discussed.
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implicit prejudice and Stereotyping how automatic are they introduction to the special section
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Patricia G DevineAbstract:This special issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Attitudes and Social Cogniition addresses issues of the measurement and the malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. The findings raise fundamental questions about the assumptions underlying the assessment of implicit prejudice, particularly with regard to the widely used Implicit Association Test and the assumption of extant models of prejudice and Stereotyping that implicit biases are automatically and invariantly activated when perceivers come in contact with members of stigmatized groups. Several of the articles show that contextual manipulations produce reductions in implicit manifestations of prejudice and Stereotyping. The articles in this issue, in challenging conventional wisdom, are thought provoking and should be generative in the field's ongoing efforts to understand the role of implicit (and explicit) processes involved in prejudice and Stereotyping.
David M Amodio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The neuroscience of prejudice and Stereotyping
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2014Co-Authors: David M AmodioAbstract:Prejudice is a fundamental component of human social behaviour that represents the complex interplay between neural processes and situational factors. Hence, the domain of intergroup bias, which encompasses prejudice, Stereotyping and the self-regulatory processes they often elicit, offers an especially rich context for studying neural processes as they function to guide complex social behaviour. The sociocognitive processes involved in prejudice, Stereotyping and the regulation of intergroup responses engage different sets of neural structures that seem to comprise separate functional networks. Prejudice is an evaluation of, or an emotional response towards, a social group based on preconceptions. Prejudiced responses range from the rapid detection of threat or coalition and subjective visceral responses to deliberate evaluations and dehumanization — processes that are supported most directly by the amygdala, orbital frontal cortex, insula, striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. Stereotypes represent the cognitive component of intergroup bias — the conceptual attributes associated with a particular social group. Stereotyping involves the encoding of group-based concepts and their influence on impression formation, social goals and behaviour. These processes are primarily underpinned by the anterior temporal lobes and the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Expressions of prejudice and Stereotyping are often regulated on the basis of personal beliefs and social norms. This regulatory process involves neural structures that are typically recruited for cognitive control, such as the dorsal anterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal cortices, as well as structures supporting mentalizing and perspective taking, such as the rostral anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices. Situated at the interface of the natural and social sciences, the neuroscience of prejudice offers a unique context for understanding complex social behaviour and an opportunity to apply neuroscientific advances to pressing social issues. Social prejudices and Stereotyping are pervasive and often operate unconsciously. In this Review, David M. Amodio considers the neural basis of prejudice and Stereotyping and discusses the processes through which such biases may form, can influence behaviour and are regulated. Despite global increases in diversity, social prejudices continue to fuel intergroup conflict, disparities and discrimination. Moreover, as norms have become more egalitarian, prejudices seem to have 'gone underground', operating covertly and often unconsciously, such that they are difficult to detect and control. Neuroscientists have recently begun to probe the neural basis of prejudice and Stereotyping in an effort to identify the processes through which these biases form, influence behaviour and are regulated. This research aims to elucidate basic mechanisms of the social brain while advancing our understanding of intergroup bias in social behaviour.
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Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: David M Amodio, Patricia G DevineAbstract:Implicit Stereotyping and prejudice often appear as a single process in behavior, yet functional neuroanatomy suggests that they arise from fundamentally distinct substrates associated with semantic versus affective memory systems. On the basis of this research, the authors propose that implicit Stereotyping reflects cognitive processes and should predict instrumental behaviors such as judgments and impression formation, whereas implicit evaluation reflects affective processes and should predict consummatory behaviors, such as interpersonal preferences and social distance. Study 1 showed the independence of participants' levels of implicit Stereotyping and evaluation. Studies 2 and 3 showed the unique effects of implicit Stereotyping and evaluation on self-reported and behavioral responses to African Americans using double-dissociation designs. Implications for construct validity, theory development, and research design are discussed.
Daniel R Ames - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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strategies for social inference a similarity contingency model of projection and Stereotyping in attribute prevalence estimates
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Daniel R AmesAbstract:Most models of how perceivers infer the widespread attitudes and qualities of social groups revolve around either the self (social projection, false consensus) or stereotypes (Stereotyping). The author suggests people rely on both of these inferential strategies, with perceived general similarity moderating their use, leading to increased levels of projection and decreased levels of Stereotyping. Three studies featuring existing individual differences in perceived similarity as well as manipulated perceptions supported the predictions, with similarity yielding increased projection to, and decreased Stereotyping of, various in-groups and out-groups. Evidence that projection and Stereotyping may serve as inferential alternatives also emerged. The model and accompanying results have implications for research on social comparison and projection, Stereotyping and prejudice, and social inference.
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inside the mind reader s tool kit projection and Stereotyping in mental state inference
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Daniel R AmesAbstract:Mental state inferences—judgments about what others think, want, and feel—are central to social life. Models of “mind reading” have considered main effects, including social projection and Stereotyping, but have not specified the conditions that govern when these tools will be used. This article develops such a model, claiming that when perceivers assume an initial general sense of similarity to a target, they engage in greater projection and less Stereotyping. Three studies featuring manipulations of similarity support this claim. Moreover, reaction time results shed light on the mechanisms underlying these effects. The proposed model gives a new view of the mind reader’s tool kit and, more generally, raises questions about moderators of Stereotyping and projection in social judgment. We are all mind readers. Not the magical sort, but rather the most ordinary, casually and quickly intuiting what the people around us think, want, and feel. A friend delivers an unwanted birthday present to us, and yet we know she meant well. A new colleague gushes with ideas in front of the boss, and we see not just
Rebecca S Bigler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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developmental intergroup theory explaining and reducing children s social Stereotyping and prejudice
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2007Co-Authors: Rebecca S Bigler, Lynn S LibenAbstract:Social Stereotyping and prejudice are intriguing phenomena from the standpoint of theory and, in addition, constitute pressing societal problems. Because Stereotyping and prejudice emerge in early childhood, developmental research on causal mechanisms is critical for understanding and controlling Stereotyping and prejudice. Such work forms the basis of a new theoretical model, developmental intergroup theory (DIT), which addresses the causal ingredients of Stereotyping and prejudice. The work suggests that biases may be largely under environmental control and thus might be shaped via educational, social, and legal policies.
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the role of classification skill in moderating environmental influences on children s gender Stereotyping a study of the functional use of gender in the classroom
Child Development, 1995Co-Authors: Rebecca S BiglerAbstract:Sandra Bem has suggested that societal use of gender as a functional category increases gender Stereotyping. The present study tests Bem's theory and the additional hypothesis that children's classification skill moderates environmental effects on gender Stereotyping. Elementary school children (N= 66) were given pretest measures of gender Stereotyping and of classification skill and assigned to 1 of 3 types of school classrooms in which teachers made: (1) functional use of male and female groups, (2) functional use of “red” and “green” groups, or (3) no explicit groups. After 4 weeks, children completed posttest measures of gender and intergroup attitudes. As predicted, the functional use of gender categories led to increases in gender Stereotyping, particularly among those children with less advanced classification skills. The functional use of color categories did not result in highly stereotypic perceptions of groups. Theoretical and educational implications are discussed.
Nina Hansen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An Integrative Model of Social Identification Self-Stereotyping and Self-Anchoring as Two Cognitive Pathways
Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2015Co-Authors: Ruth Van Veelen, Sabine Otten, Maria Rosaria Cadinu, Nina HansenAbstract:Social identification denotes individuals’ psychological bond with their ingroup. It is an indispensable construct in research on intragroup and intergroup dynamics. Today’s understanding of social identification is firmly grounded in self-Stereotyping principles (i.e., assimilation to the ingroup prototype). However, we argue for a more integrative approach to understand social identification, including a more prominent role for the personal self. We present the Integrative Model of Social Identification (IMSI) and postulate that there are two cognitive pathways to self–group overlap that can simultaneously yet distinctly explain social identification: self-Stereotyping and self-anchoring (i.e., projection of personal self onto ingroup). We review different theoretical and methodological approaches to both processes and integrate them into one model. Subsequently, we empirically demonstrate the positive relationship between self-Stereotyping, self-anchoring, and identification in various group contexts and individuals. In sum, our model highlights the dynamic interplay of personal and social self as cornerstones of social identification.
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Linking self and ingroup : Self-anchoring as distinctive cognitive route to social identification
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Ruth Van Veelen, Sabine Otten, Nina HansenAbstract:The present paper investigates how cognitive projection processes instigate social identification. We complement the classical self-Stereotyping approach (i.e., conforming to prototypical group norms) by investigating self-anchoring (i.e., projection from self to group) as a distinct cognitive route to social identification. Self-anchoring has mainly been investigated as predictor of intergroup differentiation. Surprisingly, no reliable link has been provided yet between self-anchoring and social identification. In Study 1, we provide first evidence for this positive link. In Study 2, we add self-Stereotyping to our model and show that self-anchoring is still positively related to social identification when controlling for self-Stereotyping. Additionally, we show that self-anchoring is positively related to affective components of identification, while self-Stereotyping is positively related to cognitive components. Moreover, we examined the impact of self-concept stability on self-anchoring. Self-concept stability was positively related to self-anchoring, and hence to social identification (Study 1), independently from self-Stereotyping (Study 2). In the discussion, we argue that disentangling self-anchoring from self-Stereotyping is important as it increases our insight in how people identify, and how this may vary depending on self-concept and group context. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
