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P M Ashley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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environmental mobility of antimony around mesothermal Stibnite deposits new south wales australia and southern new zealand
Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2003Co-Authors: P M Ashley, Dave Craw, Benjamin P Graham, D A ChappellAbstract:Antimony (Sb) occurs principally in Stibnite (Sb2S3) in mesothermal vein deposits hosted in low-grade metamorphic belts of eastern Australia and southern New Zealand. Stibnite is commonly associated with gold. Many deposits have been mined historically, with one large deposit, at Hillgrove, New South Wales, being mined recently. Natural outcrops in the relatively rugged terrains are oxidised under humid to semiarid conditions and Stibnite transforms to oxides including valentinite, senarmontite, stibiconite, and rarely cervantite. Oxidation of Stibnite and associated arsenopyrite and pyrite causes local acidification; however, acid is readily neutralised by carbonates in mineralised zones and host rocks, and associated waters are near neutral (pH 6–8.5). Stibnite dissolves readily in moderately oxidised waters as SbO3−, in conjunction with antimony oxide formation. Experimental Stibnite oxidation yielded up to 37 ppm dissolved Sb, and mine and tailings dam waters at Hillgrove have up to 55 ppm dissolved Sb. Natural Stibnite can contain >5000 ppm As in solid solution. Dissolution of Stibnite, arsenopyrite and arsenian pyrite releases arsenic, and resultant dissolved As concentrations are up to 3.6 ppm (experimental) and up to 7.2 ppm (mine and tailings dam seepages). Mine and tailings discharge waters have elevated Sb and As where they emerge, but attenuation occurs by deposition of the metals onto amorphous iron oxyhydroxides which can contain >10% each of Sb and As. Historic disposal of mineralised waste rock material into the stream system at Hillgrove has caused strong contamination of stream sediments with Sb and As. Equilibration of stream water with contaminated stream sediment, as well as additions from erosion of natural outcrops and mine and tailings dam seepages, has led to the main drainage system (Bakers Creek) containing strongly contaminated water (up to 1.8 mg/l Sb and 0.3 mg/l As) for 20 km until its junction with the Macleay River. Environmentally high values of dissolved Sb (and As), are inevitable in waters associated with mesothermal Stibnite (–gold) deposits.
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invisible gold in ore and mineral concentrates from the hillgrove gold antimony deposits nsw australia
Mineralium Deposita, 2000Co-Authors: P M Ashley, C J Creagh, Chris RyanAbstract:Vein-hosted mesothermal Stibnite-gold mineralisation at the Hillgrove Au-Sb mine in northeastern New South Wales has a halo of veinlet and disseminated auriferous arsenopyrite and arsenian pyrite in metasedimentary and granitic host rocks. About 50–55% of the gold produced at Hillgrove occurs invisibly in arsenopyrite and pyrite. Gold losses of ∼20% into tailings are due to this mineral chemical factor. From PIXE probe analyses, it has been found that arsenopyrite contains 255–1500 ppm Au and pyrite 24–223 ppm Au, with Au contents of each mineral correlating moderately with As content. Arsenopyrite and pyrite also contain anomalous values of Cu, Ag and Sb, whereas paragenetically later Stibnite contains little invisible gold, but minor Fe, As, Ag, Cu and Pb. The precipitation of invisible gold in arsenopyrite and pyrite by a possible (Fe, Au)3+= (As-S)3− substitution mechanism may have been facilitated by rapid, non-equilibrium conditions involving pressure decreases and wall rock reaction (sulphidation, carbonatisation), as a prelude to the main stage of Stibnite and gold deposition.
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shoshonitic lamprophyre dykes and their relation to mesothermal ausb veins at hillgrove new south wales australia
Lithos, 1994Co-Authors: P M Ashley, N D J Cook, R L Hill, Adam J R KentAbstract:Abstract The Hillgrove mineral field, in the southern part of the New England Orogen of northeastern New South Wales, Australia, contains numerous mesothermal AuSb vein systems. Calc-alkaline (shoshonitic) lamprophyre (CAL) dykes are also associated with mineralisation with dilational lode structures acting as conduits for dyke intrusion, which has occurred before and after major quartz-Stibnite veining. Dykes include minette and vogesite compositions and were emplaced in the late Permian (247–255 Ma), at the same time as regionally extensive I-type magmatism in the New England Orogen. Least-altered dykes are enriched in Mg, K, Ba, Rb, Sr, Zr, Th, Cr and Ni relative to I-type intrusives although chemical affinities are evident between lamprophyres and the more mafic members of the high-K Moonbi Plutonic Suite. Hillgrove lamprophyres are commonly enriched in Sb, As, Hg, Au, W and Bi with respect to average CAL compositions. Evidence indicates this is most likely due to contamination of magma during intrusion through mineralised structures, rather than a primary magmatic feature. Partially resorbed xenocrystic Stibnite occurs in dykes which have intruded lode structures, probably facilitated by the low melting point of Stibnite (550°C) and its incorporation into the magma. Carbon and oxygen isotopic data from carbonates in least-altered, post-lode lamprophyres are indistinguishable from carbonate in altered dykes and veins, implying that hydrothermal interaction continued after dyke intrusion. Although it is unlikely that lamprophyre dykes have been a direct source for mineralisation at Hillgrove, the close temporal and spatial relation of dykes, mesothermal AuSb veins and I-type intrusions are interpreted to be manifestations of the post-collisional setting and influx of mantle-derived heat and partial melts into the New England Orogen during the late Permian.
Hongshuai Hou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a graphite modified natural Stibnite mineral as a high performance anode material for sodium ion storage
RSC Advances, 2019Co-Authors: Mingxiang Deng, Hongshuai HouAbstract:Recently, Sb2S3 has drawn extensive interest in the energy storage domain due to its high theoretical capacity of 946 mA h g−1. However, the inherent disadvantages of serious volume expansion and poor conductivity restrict the development of Sb2S3 for its application in SIBs. In addition, chemical synthesis is a main method to prepare Sb2S3, which is commonly accompanied by environmental pollution and excessive energy consumption. Herein, the natural Stibnite mineral was directly applied in SIBs after modification with graphite via an effective and facile approach. The novel composites exhibited excellent electrochemical properties with higher reversible capacity, better rate capability and more outstanding cycling stability than the bare natural Stibnite mineral. Briefly, this study is anticipated to provide a reference for the development of natural minerals as first-hand materials in energy storage and a new approach to improve natural Stibnite mineral composites for their application as anodes in SIBs.
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natural Stibnite ore sb2s3 embedded in sulfur doped carbon sheets enhanced electrochemical properties as anode for sodium ions storage
RSC Advances, 2019Co-Authors: Mingxiang Deng, Wanwan Hong, Yunling Jiang, Honglei Shuai, Wenlei Wang, Hongshuai HouAbstract:Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) has drawn widespread attention as an ideal candidate anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high specific capacity of 946 mA h g−1 in conversion and alloy reactions. Nevertheless, volume expansion, a common flaw for conversion-alloy type materials during the sodiation and desodiation processes, is bad for the structure of materials and thus obstructs the application of antimony sulfide in energy storage. A common approach to solve this problem is by introducing carbon or other matrices as buffer material. However, the common preparation of Sb2S3 could result in environmental pollution and excessive energy consumption in most cases. To incorporate green chemistry, natural Stibnite ore (Sb2S3) after modification via carbon sheets was applied as a first-hand material in SIBs through a facile and efficient strategy. The unique composites exhibited an outstanding electrochemical performance with a higher reversible capacity, a better rate capability, as well as an excellent cycling stability compared to that of the natural Stibnite ore. In short, the study is expected to offer a new approach to improve Sb2S3 composites as an anode in SIBs and a reference for the development of natural ore as a first-hand material in energy storage.
Mingyang Liao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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gold and antimony metallogenic relations and ore forming process of qinglong sb au deposit in youjiang basin sw china sulfide trace elements and sulfur isotopes
Geoscience frontiers, 2021Co-Authors: Jun Chen, Zhilong Huang, Ruidong Yang, Mingyang LiaoAbstract:Abstract In the northwestern margin of the Youjiang basin (NWYB) in SW China, many Carlin-like gold deposits are highly antimony (Sb)-rich, and many vein-type Sb deposits contain much Au. These deposits have similar ages, host rocks, ore-forming temperatures, ore-related alterations and ore mineral assemblages, but the Au and Sb metallogenic relations and their ore-forming process remain enigmatic. Here we investigate the large Qinglong Sb deposit in the NWYB, which has extensive sub-economic Au mineralization, and present a new metallogenic model based on in-situ trace elements (EPMA and LA-ICP-MS) and sulfur isotopes (NanoSIMS and fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS) of the ore sulfides. At Qinglong, economic Sb ores contain coarse-grained Stibnite, jasperoid quartz and fluorite, whilst the sub-economic Au–Sb ores comprise dominantly veined quartz, arsenian pyrite and fine-grained Stibnite. Three generations of ore-related pyrite (Py1, Py2 and Py3) and two generations of Stibnite (Stb1 and Stb2) are identified based on their texture, chemistry, and sulfur isotopes. The pre-ore Py1 is characterized by the lower ore element (Au, As, Sb, Cu and Ag) contents (mostly below the LA-ICP-MS detection limit) and Co/Ni ratios (average 0.31) than the ore-stage pyrites (Py2 and Py3), implying a sedimentary/diagenetic origin. The Py2 and Py3 have elevated ore element abundance (maximum As = 6500 ppm, Au = 22 ppm, Sb = 6300 ppm, Cu = 951 ppm, Ag = 77 ppm) and Co/Ni ratios (average 1.84), and have positive As vs. Au–Sb–Cu–Ag correlations. Early-ore Stb1 has lower As (0.12–0.30 wt.%) than late-ore Stb2 (0.91–1.20 wt.%). These features show that the progressive As enrichment in ore sulfides is accompanied by increasing Au, Sb, Cu and Ag with the hydrothermal evolution, thereby making As a good proxy for Au. As-rich, As-poor and As-free zones are identified via NanoSIMS mapping of the Au-bearing pyrite. The As-rich zones in the Qinglong Au-bearing pyrites (Py2 and Py3) and ore Stibnites (Stb1 and Stb2) have narrow δ 34 S H 2 S ranges (−8.9‰ to +4.1‰, average −3.1‰) and −2.9‰ to +6.9‰, average + 1.3‰), respectively, indicating that the Au-rich and Sb-rich fluids may have had the same sulfur source. Published in-situ sulfur isotopic data of pyrite As-rich zones from other Carlin-like Au deposits (Shuiyindong, Taipingdong, Nayang, Getang and Lianhuashan) in the NWYB have similar ore-fluid δ S H 2 S 34 values (−4.5‰ to +6.7‰, average −0.6‰) to those of Qinglong. Therefore, we infer that the sulfur of both Au and Sb mineralization was derived from the same magmatic-related source (0 ± 5‰) in the NWYB. Moreover, the core of pyrites (Py1) has variable S isotope fractionation (−18.9‰ to +18.1‰, mostly +3‰ to +12‰), suggesting that the higher-34S H2S was produced by bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR). The hydrothermal pyrite (Py2 and Py3) δ34S values gradually decrease with increasing As concentrations, and ultimately, within the restricted range (−5‰ to +5‰) in As-rich zones. This variation implies that the As-rich pyrite was formed through ongoing interactions of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid with pre-existing sedimentary pyrites, causing the progressive decreasing δ34S values with As content increase, Hence, the fluid/mineral interaction may have generated the observed variation in δ34S and As contents. Overall, comparing the Au and Sb deposits in the NWYB, we favor a magmatic-related source for the Au–Sb–As-rich fluids, but the Au- and Sb-ore fluids were likely evolved at separate stages in the ore-forming system.
Mingxiang Deng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a graphite modified natural Stibnite mineral as a high performance anode material for sodium ion storage
RSC Advances, 2019Co-Authors: Mingxiang Deng, Hongshuai HouAbstract:Recently, Sb2S3 has drawn extensive interest in the energy storage domain due to its high theoretical capacity of 946 mA h g−1. However, the inherent disadvantages of serious volume expansion and poor conductivity restrict the development of Sb2S3 for its application in SIBs. In addition, chemical synthesis is a main method to prepare Sb2S3, which is commonly accompanied by environmental pollution and excessive energy consumption. Herein, the natural Stibnite mineral was directly applied in SIBs after modification with graphite via an effective and facile approach. The novel composites exhibited excellent electrochemical properties with higher reversible capacity, better rate capability and more outstanding cycling stability than the bare natural Stibnite mineral. Briefly, this study is anticipated to provide a reference for the development of natural minerals as first-hand materials in energy storage and a new approach to improve natural Stibnite mineral composites for their application as anodes in SIBs.
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natural Stibnite ore sb2s3 embedded in sulfur doped carbon sheets enhanced electrochemical properties as anode for sodium ions storage
RSC Advances, 2019Co-Authors: Mingxiang Deng, Wanwan Hong, Yunling Jiang, Honglei Shuai, Wenlei Wang, Hongshuai HouAbstract:Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) has drawn widespread attention as an ideal candidate anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high specific capacity of 946 mA h g−1 in conversion and alloy reactions. Nevertheless, volume expansion, a common flaw for conversion-alloy type materials during the sodiation and desodiation processes, is bad for the structure of materials and thus obstructs the application of antimony sulfide in energy storage. A common approach to solve this problem is by introducing carbon or other matrices as buffer material. However, the common preparation of Sb2S3 could result in environmental pollution and excessive energy consumption in most cases. To incorporate green chemistry, natural Stibnite ore (Sb2S3) after modification via carbon sheets was applied as a first-hand material in SIBs through a facile and efficient strategy. The unique composites exhibited an outstanding electrochemical performance with a higher reversible capacity, a better rate capability, as well as an excellent cycling stability compared to that of the natural Stibnite ore. In short, the study is expected to offer a new approach to improve Sb2S3 composites as an anode in SIBs and a reference for the development of natural ore as a first-hand material in energy storage.
M. R. Bakhshandeh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Leaching Kinetics of Stibnite in Sodium Hydroxide Solution
International Journal of Engineering, 2014Co-Authors: A. Dodangeh, M. Hakim, Mohammad Halali, M. R. BakhshandehAbstract:The leaching kinetics of Stibnite in basic solution has been investigated. Spherical pellets of antimony sulphide were dissolved in 1 molar sodium hydroxide solutions at different temperatures. It was found that the shrinking core with ash layer model could satisfactorily explain the dissolution process. Using this model, it was found that initially the rate controlling step was a chemical reaction with activation energy of 10.2 kJ/mol. As the ash layer built up, diffusion through the ash layer became the rate controlling step. The activation energy for this step was found to be 33.4 kJ/mol. It was also observed that smaller particle size, larger solid to liquid ratio, and higher NaOH solution concentrations resulted in higher concentrations of Stibnite in the leach solution.