The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Philip M Mullineaux - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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c3 photosynthesis in the desert plant rhazya stricta is fully functional at high temperatures and light intensities
New Phytologist, 2014Co-Authors: Tracy Lawson, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Nabih A. Baeshen, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Mohammed H. Z. Mutwakil, Phillip A Davey, Steven Yates, Ulrike Bechtold, Neil R Baker, Philip M MullineauxAbstract:Summary The C3 plant Rhazya stricta is native to arid desert environment zones, where it experiences daily extremes of heat, light intensity (PAR) and high vapour pressure deficit (VPD). We measured the photosynthetic parameters in R. stricta in its native environment to assess the mechanisms that permit it to survive in these extreme conditions. Infrared gas exchange analysis examined diel changes in assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) on mature leaves of R. stricta. A/ci analysis was used to determine the effect of temperature on carboxylation capacity (Vc,max) and the light- and CO2-saturated rate of photosynthesis (Amax). Combined chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange light response curve analysis at ambient and low oxygen showed that both carboxylation and oxygenation of Rubisco acted as the major sinks for the end products of electron transport. Physiological analysis in conjunction with gene expression analysis suggested that there are two isoforms of Rubisco activase which may provide an explanation for the ability of R. stricta to maintain Rubisco function at high temperatures. The potential to exploit this ability to cope with extreme temperatures is discussed in the context of future crop improvement.
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the temporal foliar transcriptome of the perennial c3 desert plant rhazya stricta in its natural environment
BMC Plant Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Steven Yates, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Nabih A. Baeshen, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Mohammed H. Z. Mutwakil, Tracy Lawson, Ulrike Bechtold, Igor Chernukhin, Ruben Alvarezfernandez, Philip M MullineauxAbstract:The perennial species Rhazya stricta (R. stricta) grows in arid zones and carries out typical C3 photosynthesis under daily extremes of heat, light intensity and low humidity. In order to identify processes attributable to its adaptation to this harsh environment, we profiled the foliar transcriptome of apical and mature leaves harvested from the field at three time periods of the same day. Next generation sequencing was used to reconstruct the transcriptome and quantify gene expression. 28018 full length transcript sequences were recovered and 45.4% were differentially expressed (DE) throughout the day. We compared our dataset with microarray experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and other desert species to identify trends in circadian and stress response profiles between species. 34% of the DE genes were homologous to Arabidopsis circadian-regulated genes. Independent of circadian control, significant overlaps with Arabidopsis genes were observed only with heat and salinity/high light stress-responsive genes. Also, groups of DE genes common to other desert plants species were identified. We identified protein families specific to R. stricta which were found to have diverged from their homologs in other species and which were over -expressed at midday. This study shows that temporal profiling is essential to assess the significance of genes apparently responsive to abiotic stress. This revealed that in R. stricta, the circadian clock is a major regulator of DE genes, even of those annotated as stress-responsive in other species. This may be an important feature of the adaptation of R. stricta to its extreme but predictable environment. However, the majority of DE genes were not circadian-regulated. Of these, some were common to other desert species and others were distinct to R. stricta, suggesting that they are important for the adaptation of such plants to arid environments.
Georgios B Giannakis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a robust high throughput tree algorithm using successive interference cancellation
IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2007Co-Authors: Xin Wang, Georgios B GiannakisAbstract:A novel random access protocol combining a tree algorithm (TA) with successive interference cancellation (SIC) has been introduced recently. To mitigate the deadlock problem of SICTA arising in error-prone wireless networks, we put forth a SICTA with first success (SICTA/FS) protocol, which is capable of high throughput while requiring limited-sensing and gaining robustness to errors relative to SICTA.
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high throughput random access using successive interference cancellation in a tree algorithm
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2007Co-Authors: Georgios B GiannakisAbstract:Random access is well motivated and has been widely applied when the network traffic is bursty and the expected throughput is not high. The main reason behind relatively low-throughput expectations is that collided packets are typically discarded. In this paper, we develop a novel protocol exploiting successive interference cancellation (SIC) in a tree algorithm (TA), where collided packets are reserved for reuse. Our SICTA protocol can achieve markedly higher maximum stable throughput relative to existing alternatives. Throughput performance is analyzed for general d-ary SICTA with both gated and window access. It is shown that the throughput for d-ary SICTA with gated access is about (ln d)/(d - 1), and can reach 0.693 for d = 2. This represents a 40% increase over the renowned first-come-first-serve (FCFS) 0.487 tree algorithm. Delay performance is also analyzed for SICTA with gated access, and numerical results are provided.
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a robust high throughput tree algorithm using successive interference cancellation
Global Communications Conference, 2005Co-Authors: Xin Wang, Georgios B GiannakisAbstract:A novel random access protocol combining a tree algorithm (TA) with successive interference cancellation (SIC) has been introduced recently. By migrating physical layer benefits to the medium access control (MAC) through a cross-layer approach, SICTA can afford stable throughput as high as 0.693. However, SICTA may lead to deadlocks caused by channel fading and error propagation in error-prone wireless networks. To mitigate such effects, we put forth a truncated version of SICTA that we term SICTA/FS (SICTA with first success). We establish using analysis and simulations that while providing high throughput, SICTA/FS is robust to errors, it is easy to implement, and can be readily incorporated to existing standards
Nabih A. Baeshen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ITS2: An Ideal DNA Barcode for the Arid Medicinal Plant Rhazya Stricta.
Pharmaceutical medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Samia Aqeel Khan, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Hassan A I Ramadan, Nabih A. BaeshenAbstract:In Saudi Arabia, Rhazya stricta is a widely used folkloric plant because of its various therapeutic properties. It is sold in herbal markets as a dried powder; however, the absence of visible phenotypic traits in the powder can mask its authenticity. Potential misidentification of this substance threatens consumer health. DNA barcoding could accurately identify this plant regardless of its physical state, however barcoding presents the challenge of variations in marker loci. The objective of this work was to assess barcode markers from the chloroplast and nuclear regions to determine their taxonomic accuracy in R. stricta barcoding, and select the best marker for this species that could fulfill the authentication test for its fresh and dried samples. In this study, we assessed seven barcode markers from the chloroplast (psbA-trnH, matK, rbcL, rpoB, and rpoC1) and nuclear regions (ITS1and ITS2). We compared DNA sequences of R. stricta from 50 fresh locally collected samples and 10 dried ground samples from the herbal market with the database sequences of R. stricta, R. orientalis, and eight other related species as controls. We utilized three methods (BLAST, nearest distance, and neighbor-joining tree) in this analysis. With the exception of psbA-trnH, all the chloroplast markers determined high similarity with other taxa. However, nuclear ITS2 best distinguished between R. stricta, R. orientalis, and other related species because of its secondary structures, which allowed for more accurate distinctions. A two-locus marker of ITS1 + ITS2 sequences also showed promising results. A two-dimensional image of our proposed marker was generated to more easily handle DNA barcoding applications. Our study indicates that ITS2 is a cost-effective barcoding marker capable of verifying the authenticity of R. stricta and other medicinal plants in order to protect consumer health.
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emergence of plastidial intergenic spacers as suitable dna barcodes for arid medicinal plant rhazya stricta
American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Samia Aqeel Khan, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Hassan A I Ramadan, Nabih A. BaeshenAbstract:The desert plant Rhazya stricta has anticancer and antimicrobial properties, and is widely used in indigenous medicines of Saudi Arabia. However, the therapeutic benefits rely on an accurate identification of this species. The authenticity of R. stricta and other medicinal plants and herbs procured from local markets can be questionable due to a lack of clear phenotypic traits. DNA barcoding is an emerging technology for rapid and accurate species identification. In this study, six candidate chloroplastid barcodes were investigated for the authentication of R. stricta. We compared the DNA sequences from fifty locally collected and five market samples of R. stricta with database sequences of R. stricta and seven closely related species. We found that the coding regions matK, rbcL, rpoB, and rpoC1 were highly similar among the taxa. By contrast, the intergenic spacers psbK-psbI and atpF-atpH were variable loci distinct for the medicinal plant R. stricta. psbK-psbI clearly discriminated R. stricta samples as an efficient single locus marker, whereas a two-locus marker combination comprising psbK-psbI + atpF-atpH was also promising according to results from the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool and a maximum likelihood gene tree generated using PHyML. Two-dimensional DNA barcodes (i.e., QR codes) for the psbK-psbI and psbK-psbI + atpF-atpH regions were created for the validation of fresh or dried R. stricta samples.
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Therapeutic Potential of the Folkloric Medicinal Plant Rhazya stricta
Biological Systems: Open Access, 2015Co-Authors: Mohammed N. Baeshen, Raziuddin Khan, Roop Singh Bora, Nabih A. BaeshenAbstract:Medicinal plants assumed principle role in folkloric medicine throughout history. They have been the subject of many recent studies for the evaluation of what have been ascribed to them of medicinal properties by means of modern techniques. For example Rhazya stricta decne of the Apocynaceae family is a widely distributed plant in Saudi Arabia. Extract of its leaves is prescribed in folkloric medicine for the treatment of various disorders such as diabetes, sore throat, helminthiasis, inflammatory conditions and rheumatism. The extract contains mainly alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes. Several studies on rats and mice reported that the leaves extract causes sedation, analgesia, decreases motor activity and has anti-depressant, anti-oxidant activity, complex effect on brain endogenous monoamine oxidase activity and central–mediated hypotension. Moreover, some studies ascribed anticancer activities to indole alkaloids of Rhazya stricta. The genotoxicity of Rhazya stricta leaves was demonstrated by Baeshen and colleagues in a battery of tests. We also demonstrated various therapeutic properties of Rhazya stricta for the treatment of cancer, insulin insensitivity, MDRs (multi-drug resistant organisms), cardiovascular diseases, obesity and some other ailments. We are currently having collaboration with some international institutes in the United States and Europe for extensive studies on the whole genome of Rhazya stricta which may lead to future Natural Products Genomics and PDT (Phytodynamic Therapy).
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c3 photosynthesis in the desert plant rhazya stricta is fully functional at high temperatures and light intensities
New Phytologist, 2014Co-Authors: Tracy Lawson, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Nabih A. Baeshen, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Mohammed H. Z. Mutwakil, Phillip A Davey, Steven Yates, Ulrike Bechtold, Neil R Baker, Philip M MullineauxAbstract:Summary The C3 plant Rhazya stricta is native to arid desert environment zones, where it experiences daily extremes of heat, light intensity (PAR) and high vapour pressure deficit (VPD). We measured the photosynthetic parameters in R. stricta in its native environment to assess the mechanisms that permit it to survive in these extreme conditions. Infrared gas exchange analysis examined diel changes in assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) on mature leaves of R. stricta. A/ci analysis was used to determine the effect of temperature on carboxylation capacity (Vc,max) and the light- and CO2-saturated rate of photosynthesis (Amax). Combined chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange light response curve analysis at ambient and low oxygen showed that both carboxylation and oxygenation of Rubisco acted as the major sinks for the end products of electron transport. Physiological analysis in conjunction with gene expression analysis suggested that there are two isoforms of Rubisco activase which may provide an explanation for the ability of R. stricta to maintain Rubisco function at high temperatures. The potential to exploit this ability to cope with extreme temperatures is discussed in the context of future crop improvement.
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the temporal foliar transcriptome of the perennial c3 desert plant rhazya stricta in its natural environment
BMC Plant Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Steven Yates, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Nabih A. Baeshen, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Mohammed H. Z. Mutwakil, Tracy Lawson, Ulrike Bechtold, Igor Chernukhin, Ruben Alvarezfernandez, Philip M MullineauxAbstract:The perennial species Rhazya stricta (R. stricta) grows in arid zones and carries out typical C3 photosynthesis under daily extremes of heat, light intensity and low humidity. In order to identify processes attributable to its adaptation to this harsh environment, we profiled the foliar transcriptome of apical and mature leaves harvested from the field at three time periods of the same day. Next generation sequencing was used to reconstruct the transcriptome and quantify gene expression. 28018 full length transcript sequences were recovered and 45.4% were differentially expressed (DE) throughout the day. We compared our dataset with microarray experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and other desert species to identify trends in circadian and stress response profiles between species. 34% of the DE genes were homologous to Arabidopsis circadian-regulated genes. Independent of circadian control, significant overlaps with Arabidopsis genes were observed only with heat and salinity/high light stress-responsive genes. Also, groups of DE genes common to other desert plants species were identified. We identified protein families specific to R. stricta which were found to have diverged from their homologs in other species and which were over -expressed at midday. This study shows that temporal profiling is essential to assess the significance of genes apparently responsive to abiotic stress. This revealed that in R. stricta, the circadian clock is a major regulator of DE genes, even of those annotated as stress-responsive in other species. This may be an important feature of the adaptation of R. stricta to its extreme but predictable environment. However, the majority of DE genes were not circadian-regulated. Of these, some were common to other desert species and others were distinct to R. stricta, suggesting that they are important for the adaptation of such plants to arid environments.
Mohammed N. Baeshen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ITS2: An Ideal DNA Barcode for the Arid Medicinal Plant Rhazya Stricta.
Pharmaceutical medicine, 2019Co-Authors: Samia Aqeel Khan, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Hassan A I Ramadan, Nabih A. BaeshenAbstract:In Saudi Arabia, Rhazya stricta is a widely used folkloric plant because of its various therapeutic properties. It is sold in herbal markets as a dried powder; however, the absence of visible phenotypic traits in the powder can mask its authenticity. Potential misidentification of this substance threatens consumer health. DNA barcoding could accurately identify this plant regardless of its physical state, however barcoding presents the challenge of variations in marker loci. The objective of this work was to assess barcode markers from the chloroplast and nuclear regions to determine their taxonomic accuracy in R. stricta barcoding, and select the best marker for this species that could fulfill the authentication test for its fresh and dried samples. In this study, we assessed seven barcode markers from the chloroplast (psbA-trnH, matK, rbcL, rpoB, and rpoC1) and nuclear regions (ITS1and ITS2). We compared DNA sequences of R. stricta from 50 fresh locally collected samples and 10 dried ground samples from the herbal market with the database sequences of R. stricta, R. orientalis, and eight other related species as controls. We utilized three methods (BLAST, nearest distance, and neighbor-joining tree) in this analysis. With the exception of psbA-trnH, all the chloroplast markers determined high similarity with other taxa. However, nuclear ITS2 best distinguished between R. stricta, R. orientalis, and other related species because of its secondary structures, which allowed for more accurate distinctions. A two-locus marker of ITS1 + ITS2 sequences also showed promising results. A two-dimensional image of our proposed marker was generated to more easily handle DNA barcoding applications. Our study indicates that ITS2 is a cost-effective barcoding marker capable of verifying the authenticity of R. stricta and other medicinal plants in order to protect consumer health.
-
emergence of plastidial intergenic spacers as suitable dna barcodes for arid medicinal plant rhazya stricta
American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Samia Aqeel Khan, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Hassan A I Ramadan, Nabih A. BaeshenAbstract:The desert plant Rhazya stricta has anticancer and antimicrobial properties, and is widely used in indigenous medicines of Saudi Arabia. However, the therapeutic benefits rely on an accurate identification of this species. The authenticity of R. stricta and other medicinal plants and herbs procured from local markets can be questionable due to a lack of clear phenotypic traits. DNA barcoding is an emerging technology for rapid and accurate species identification. In this study, six candidate chloroplastid barcodes were investigated for the authentication of R. stricta. We compared the DNA sequences from fifty locally collected and five market samples of R. stricta with database sequences of R. stricta and seven closely related species. We found that the coding regions matK, rbcL, rpoB, and rpoC1 were highly similar among the taxa. By contrast, the intergenic spacers psbK-psbI and atpF-atpH were variable loci distinct for the medicinal plant R. stricta. psbK-psbI clearly discriminated R. stricta samples as an efficient single locus marker, whereas a two-locus marker combination comprising psbK-psbI + atpF-atpH was also promising according to results from the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool and a maximum likelihood gene tree generated using PHyML. Two-dimensional DNA barcodes (i.e., QR codes) for the psbK-psbI and psbK-psbI + atpF-atpH regions were created for the validation of fresh or dried R. stricta samples.
-
Therapeutic Potential of the Folkloric Medicinal Plant Rhazya stricta
Biological Systems: Open Access, 2015Co-Authors: Mohammed N. Baeshen, Raziuddin Khan, Roop Singh Bora, Nabih A. BaeshenAbstract:Medicinal plants assumed principle role in folkloric medicine throughout history. They have been the subject of many recent studies for the evaluation of what have been ascribed to them of medicinal properties by means of modern techniques. For example Rhazya stricta decne of the Apocynaceae family is a widely distributed plant in Saudi Arabia. Extract of its leaves is prescribed in folkloric medicine for the treatment of various disorders such as diabetes, sore throat, helminthiasis, inflammatory conditions and rheumatism. The extract contains mainly alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes. Several studies on rats and mice reported that the leaves extract causes sedation, analgesia, decreases motor activity and has anti-depressant, anti-oxidant activity, complex effect on brain endogenous monoamine oxidase activity and central–mediated hypotension. Moreover, some studies ascribed anticancer activities to indole alkaloids of Rhazya stricta. The genotoxicity of Rhazya stricta leaves was demonstrated by Baeshen and colleagues in a battery of tests. We also demonstrated various therapeutic properties of Rhazya stricta for the treatment of cancer, insulin insensitivity, MDRs (multi-drug resistant organisms), cardiovascular diseases, obesity and some other ailments. We are currently having collaboration with some international institutes in the United States and Europe for extensive studies on the whole genome of Rhazya stricta which may lead to future Natural Products Genomics and PDT (Phytodynamic Therapy).
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c3 photosynthesis in the desert plant rhazya stricta is fully functional at high temperatures and light intensities
New Phytologist, 2014Co-Authors: Tracy Lawson, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Nabih A. Baeshen, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Mohammed H. Z. Mutwakil, Phillip A Davey, Steven Yates, Ulrike Bechtold, Neil R Baker, Philip M MullineauxAbstract:Summary The C3 plant Rhazya stricta is native to arid desert environment zones, where it experiences daily extremes of heat, light intensity (PAR) and high vapour pressure deficit (VPD). We measured the photosynthetic parameters in R. stricta in its native environment to assess the mechanisms that permit it to survive in these extreme conditions. Infrared gas exchange analysis examined diel changes in assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) on mature leaves of R. stricta. A/ci analysis was used to determine the effect of temperature on carboxylation capacity (Vc,max) and the light- and CO2-saturated rate of photosynthesis (Amax). Combined chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange light response curve analysis at ambient and low oxygen showed that both carboxylation and oxygenation of Rubisco acted as the major sinks for the end products of electron transport. Physiological analysis in conjunction with gene expression analysis suggested that there are two isoforms of Rubisco activase which may provide an explanation for the ability of R. stricta to maintain Rubisco function at high temperatures. The potential to exploit this ability to cope with extreme temperatures is discussed in the context of future crop improvement.
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the temporal foliar transcriptome of the perennial c3 desert plant rhazya stricta in its natural environment
BMC Plant Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Steven Yates, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Nabih A. Baeshen, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Mohammed H. Z. Mutwakil, Tracy Lawson, Ulrike Bechtold, Igor Chernukhin, Ruben Alvarezfernandez, Philip M MullineauxAbstract:The perennial species Rhazya stricta (R. stricta) grows in arid zones and carries out typical C3 photosynthesis under daily extremes of heat, light intensity and low humidity. In order to identify processes attributable to its adaptation to this harsh environment, we profiled the foliar transcriptome of apical and mature leaves harvested from the field at three time periods of the same day. Next generation sequencing was used to reconstruct the transcriptome and quantify gene expression. 28018 full length transcript sequences were recovered and 45.4% were differentially expressed (DE) throughout the day. We compared our dataset with microarray experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and other desert species to identify trends in circadian and stress response profiles between species. 34% of the DE genes were homologous to Arabidopsis circadian-regulated genes. Independent of circadian control, significant overlaps with Arabidopsis genes were observed only with heat and salinity/high light stress-responsive genes. Also, groups of DE genes common to other desert plants species were identified. We identified protein families specific to R. stricta which were found to have diverged from their homologs in other species and which were over -expressed at midday. This study shows that temporal profiling is essential to assess the significance of genes apparently responsive to abiotic stress. This revealed that in R. stricta, the circadian clock is a major regulator of DE genes, even of those annotated as stress-responsive in other species. This may be an important feature of the adaptation of R. stricta to its extreme but predictable environment. However, the majority of DE genes were not circadian-regulated. Of these, some were common to other desert species and others were distinct to R. stricta, suggesting that they are important for the adaptation of such plants to arid environments.
Steven Yates - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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c3 photosynthesis in the desert plant rhazya stricta is fully functional at high temperatures and light intensities
New Phytologist, 2014Co-Authors: Tracy Lawson, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Nabih A. Baeshen, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Mohammed H. Z. Mutwakil, Phillip A Davey, Steven Yates, Ulrike Bechtold, Neil R Baker, Philip M MullineauxAbstract:Summary The C3 plant Rhazya stricta is native to arid desert environment zones, where it experiences daily extremes of heat, light intensity (PAR) and high vapour pressure deficit (VPD). We measured the photosynthetic parameters in R. stricta in its native environment to assess the mechanisms that permit it to survive in these extreme conditions. Infrared gas exchange analysis examined diel changes in assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) on mature leaves of R. stricta. A/ci analysis was used to determine the effect of temperature on carboxylation capacity (Vc,max) and the light- and CO2-saturated rate of photosynthesis (Amax). Combined chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange light response curve analysis at ambient and low oxygen showed that both carboxylation and oxygenation of Rubisco acted as the major sinks for the end products of electron transport. Physiological analysis in conjunction with gene expression analysis suggested that there are two isoforms of Rubisco activase which may provide an explanation for the ability of R. stricta to maintain Rubisco function at high temperatures. The potential to exploit this ability to cope with extreme temperatures is discussed in the context of future crop improvement.
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the temporal foliar transcriptome of the perennial c3 desert plant rhazya stricta in its natural environment
BMC Plant Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Steven Yates, Mohammed N. Baeshen, Nabih A. Baeshen, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Mohammed H. Z. Mutwakil, Tracy Lawson, Ulrike Bechtold, Igor Chernukhin, Ruben Alvarezfernandez, Philip M MullineauxAbstract:The perennial species Rhazya stricta (R. stricta) grows in arid zones and carries out typical C3 photosynthesis under daily extremes of heat, light intensity and low humidity. In order to identify processes attributable to its adaptation to this harsh environment, we profiled the foliar transcriptome of apical and mature leaves harvested from the field at three time periods of the same day. Next generation sequencing was used to reconstruct the transcriptome and quantify gene expression. 28018 full length transcript sequences were recovered and 45.4% were differentially expressed (DE) throughout the day. We compared our dataset with microarray experiments in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and other desert species to identify trends in circadian and stress response profiles between species. 34% of the DE genes were homologous to Arabidopsis circadian-regulated genes. Independent of circadian control, significant overlaps with Arabidopsis genes were observed only with heat and salinity/high light stress-responsive genes. Also, groups of DE genes common to other desert plants species were identified. We identified protein families specific to R. stricta which were found to have diverged from their homologs in other species and which were over -expressed at midday. This study shows that temporal profiling is essential to assess the significance of genes apparently responsive to abiotic stress. This revealed that in R. stricta, the circadian clock is a major regulator of DE genes, even of those annotated as stress-responsive in other species. This may be an important feature of the adaptation of R. stricta to its extreme but predictable environment. However, the majority of DE genes were not circadian-regulated. Of these, some were common to other desert species and others were distinct to R. stricta, suggesting that they are important for the adaptation of such plants to arid environments.
