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Ruessink Mark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Future of the Haringvliet Sluices: Research to the Lifetime of the Haringvliet Sluices and an Evaluation of Conceptual Designs
2019Co-Authors: Ruessink MarkAbstract:The Haringvliet sluices is one of the Delta Works. The sluices were finished in 1970 and are thus 50 years old. This research is initiated because the expected Lifetime of hydraulic structures is thought to decrease significantly due to climate change. This study aims to provide insight in the functions the Haringvliet sluices fulfill and to what extent climate change influences the functioning of the Haringvliet sluices. If the Lifetime of the current structure is reached multiple other strategies are suggested. The Lifetime of the sluices is determined, based on the effect of climate change on the functions the sluices fulfils. The climate scenarios used for the assessment of the sluices are the KNMI’14 climate scenarios (Gl and Wh). These are the most mild and most extreme scenarios. The amount of sea level rise and the change in annual river discharge distribution of these scenarios are used for the assessment of the sluices. For the assessment of the Haringvliet sluices, multiple tools are used. Calculations are made with the programs SOBEK and Hydra-BS, available literature is used, information received from interviews with experts and hand calculations have been used as tools to assess the Haringvliet sluices. Flood protection, fresh water availability and ecology are the functions for which the sluices have been assessed. Another failure mechanism for which the sluices have been assessed is Structural failure. The Lifetime for which the sluices fail constructively are conducted by a semi-structured interview. Not opening, not closing, overtopping and overflow are the failure mechanisms included in the assessment for flood protection. The effect of the failure mechanisms in combination with climate change may not lead to hydraulic loads which exceed the retaining height with 0.2 meter of at least two dike sections at the hinterland. With the Kierbesluit, the Haringvliet sluices are opened during high-tide. The requirement concerning fresh water availability is that the chloride concentration at Middelharnis-Spui may not exceed 300 mg/litre. The requirement for ecology is based on fish migration in combination with the Kierbesluit. Multiple fish species must be able to migrate from the North-Sea to the Haringvliet for at least 50\% of the time as indicated for each specie in the migration calender. The sluices may also not be closed for 50 consecutive days. This reduces migration via the Haringvliet. The Lifetime for which the function of flood protection is reached, is based on literature, spreadsheet calculations and the use of the models SOBEK-RE and Hydra-BS. With SOBEK-RE water level calculations are carried out in which the failure mechanisms of not opening and not closing are added. The results have been stored in a database which is used as input for Hydra-BS. Hydra-BS probabilistically calculates water levels through the south western delta. The effect of the failure mechanism of overtopping is calculated by calculating overtopping volumes with formulas found in prior research (Van der Meer, 2008). The overtopping volumes can be significant but due to the large storage area at the Haringvliet, the effect is relatively small. Also, the coincidence between a storm at the North Sea and large discharges at the Rhine is relatively low. The assessments of the functions fresh water availability and fish migration are based on the aggregation of multiple researches in combination with the effect of a changing climate, for which the KNMI’14 climate scenarios are used. Concluded is that the function for fish migration cannot be fulfilled in the most extreme scenario around 2050. First strategy proposed to extend the Lifetime is to change the Kierbesluit. Sluices may be opened by lower discharges during high tide. However, this decreases the Lifetime for fresh water availability. The Lifetime with another Kierbesluit can be enlarged by circa 30 years. With this measure the functions of fresh water availability and fish migration still reach the Lifetime first around the year 2080. Life time extending measures can be thought of and can be of both economic and social points of view. Closing the sluices more frequently (social point) reduces the fish migration. Relocating the fresh water intake locations more upstream or by building a fish passage from the North-Sea to the Haringvliet is a measure which is coming from an economical viewing point. When taking into account the extending measure concerning ecology, the Lifetime of the sluices become as follows. In case of an extreme scenario the functional Lifetime can be met until at least 2050 and the Structural Lifetime is reached around 2100. In case of an average climate scenario, all the functions fail in a relatively short time span of 20 years, around the year 2130. With the Gl climate scenario used in this thesis the sluices fail first Structurally, which is around the year 2170. In case of an average or mild climate scenario, the sluices need to be removed or covered because they fail Structurally. To replace or cover the current Haringvliet sluices when the Lifetime is reached, multiple functional strategies have been developed. For the development of the new functional strategies it is assumed that the requirements do not change compared to the current requirements. The functional strategies are based on three possible designs for the Haringvliet: a permanent closure of the Haringvliet in which pumps are installed, a similar sluice complex or creating an open estuary again. These three strategies are used in combination with other structures. Eventually two verified designs are evaluated. It turned out that closing of the Haringvliet can fulfil all the requirements. A larger sluice complex including a fish passage turned out to be the best functional design. With the rough assumptions used in the evaluation, the variant in which larger sluices combined with a fish passage is suggested comes out as the best strategy. Other strategies could turn out to be more suitable for the requirements, criteria and boundary conditions valid at that moment. Therefore adaptive coastal and river management is recommended. What must be noted is that backward salt intrusion, intrusion via the Nieuwe Waterweg and Spui to the Haringvliet can cause problems concerning the quality (salt concentration) of drinking water. Closing the Nieuwe Waterweg is a solution concerning the requirements composed for the Haringvliet. However, the effect on the Port of Rotterdam and the costs involved for this closure are not estimated and are therefore not included in the functional designs. In this thesis multiple methods are used to calculate the effect of a failure mechanism of the Haringvliet sluices on the hydraulic load. Suggested is to come up with a model in which the failure mechanisms not opening, not closing and overtopping are included. Further, with the data from Rijkswaterstaat on the chloride concentrations in the Haringvliet a salt intrusion model can be made to improve the Kierbesluit. Civil Engineering | Hydraulic Engineerin
M U Palma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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density Structural Lifetime and entropy of h bond cages promoted by monohydric alcohols in normal and supercooled water
Journal of Chemical Physics, 1991Co-Authors: Donatella Bulone, I D Donato, M B Palmavittorelli, M U PalmaAbstract:Density data for aqueous solutions of monohydric alcohols down to supercooling are presented and combined with data concerning viscosity of the same systems, and with available data on pure water. Two conceptually different families of longer‐lived, high‐connectivity H‐bond structures can be sorted out in the irregular, frequently restructured network of H bonds: spontaneous structures, as in pure water, and alcohol‐induced structures. Molar volumes for both are obtained and compared, allowing microscopic conclusions which agree quantitatively with available thermodynamic data. For the three alcohols studied, the well‐known negative excess entropy of mixing shows a strict proportionality to the fraction of water molecules sorted out in our study as taking statistically part in alcohol‐promoted cages. The remarkable proportionality extends to all alcohols, all concentrations, and all temperatures studied. Apparent (and expected) geometric distortions of alcohol‐promoted cages do not affect this proportiona...
Jialiang Le - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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finite weakest link model of Lifetime distribution of quasibrittle structures under fatigue loading
Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, 2014Co-Authors: Jialiang Le, Zdeněk P. BažantAbstract:The design of various engineering structures, such as buildings, infrastructure, aircraft, ships, as well as microelectronic components and medical implants, must ensure an extremely low probability of failure during their service Lifetime. Since such a low probability is beyond the means of histogram testing, we must rely on some physically based probabilistic model for the statistics of Structural Lifetime. Attention is focused on structures consisting of quasibrittle materials. These are brittle materials with inhomogeneities that are not negligible compared with the structure size, as exemplified by concrete, fiber composites, tough ceramics, rocks, sea ice, bone, wood, and many more at the micro- or nano-scale. This paper presents a finite weakest-link model of the fatigue Lifetime of quasibrittle structures that fail at the fracture of one representative volume element (RVE). In this model, the probability distribution of critical stress amplitude is first derived by assuming a prescribed number of ...
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nano mechanics based modeling of Lifetime distribution of quasibrittle structures
Engineering Failure Analysis, 2009Co-Authors: Zdeněk P. Bažant, Jialiang LeAbstract:Abstract The statistics of Structural Lifetime under constant load are related to the statistics of Structural strength. The safety factors applied to Structural strength must ensure failure probability no larger than 10 - 6 , which is beyond the means of direct verification by histogram testing. For perfectly brittle materials, extrapolation from the mean and variance to such a small tail probability is no problem because it is known that the Weibull distribution applies. Unfortunately, this is not possible for quasibrittle materials because the type of cumulative distribution function (cdf) has been shown to vary with structure size and shape. These are materials with inhomogeneities and fracture process zones (FPZ) that are not negligible compared to Structural dimensions. A probabilistic theory of strength of quasibrittle structures failing at macro-crack initiation, which can be experimentally verified and calibrated indirectly, has recently been deduced from the rate of jumps of atomic lattice cracks governed by activation energy barriers. This paper extends this nano-mechanics based theory to the distribution of Structural Lifetime. Based on the cdf of strength and a power law for subcritical crack growth rate, the Lifetime cdf of quasibrittle structures under constant loads is derived. The Lifetime cdf is shown to depend strongly on the structure size as well as geometry. It is found that, for the creep rupture case, the mean Structural Lifetime exhibits a very strong size effect, much stronger than the size effect on the mean structure strength. The theory also implies temperature dependence of the Lifetime cdf. For various quasibrittle materials, such as industrial ceramics and fiber composites, it is demonstrated that the proposed theory correctly predicts the experimentally observed deviations of Lifetime histograms from the Weibull distribution.
Zdeněk P. Bažant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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finite weakest link model of Lifetime distribution of quasibrittle structures under fatigue loading
Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, 2014Co-Authors: Jialiang Le, Zdeněk P. BažantAbstract:The design of various engineering structures, such as buildings, infrastructure, aircraft, ships, as well as microelectronic components and medical implants, must ensure an extremely low probability of failure during their service Lifetime. Since such a low probability is beyond the means of histogram testing, we must rely on some physically based probabilistic model for the statistics of Structural Lifetime. Attention is focused on structures consisting of quasibrittle materials. These are brittle materials with inhomogeneities that are not negligible compared with the structure size, as exemplified by concrete, fiber composites, tough ceramics, rocks, sea ice, bone, wood, and many more at the micro- or nano-scale. This paper presents a finite weakest-link model of the fatigue Lifetime of quasibrittle structures that fail at the fracture of one representative volume element (RVE). In this model, the probability distribution of critical stress amplitude is first derived by assuming a prescribed number of ...
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nano mechanics based modeling of Lifetime distribution of quasibrittle structures
Engineering Failure Analysis, 2009Co-Authors: Zdeněk P. Bažant, Jialiang LeAbstract:Abstract The statistics of Structural Lifetime under constant load are related to the statistics of Structural strength. The safety factors applied to Structural strength must ensure failure probability no larger than 10 - 6 , which is beyond the means of direct verification by histogram testing. For perfectly brittle materials, extrapolation from the mean and variance to such a small tail probability is no problem because it is known that the Weibull distribution applies. Unfortunately, this is not possible for quasibrittle materials because the type of cumulative distribution function (cdf) has been shown to vary with structure size and shape. These are materials with inhomogeneities and fracture process zones (FPZ) that are not negligible compared to Structural dimensions. A probabilistic theory of strength of quasibrittle structures failing at macro-crack initiation, which can be experimentally verified and calibrated indirectly, has recently been deduced from the rate of jumps of atomic lattice cracks governed by activation energy barriers. This paper extends this nano-mechanics based theory to the distribution of Structural Lifetime. Based on the cdf of strength and a power law for subcritical crack growth rate, the Lifetime cdf of quasibrittle structures under constant loads is derived. The Lifetime cdf is shown to depend strongly on the structure size as well as geometry. It is found that, for the creep rupture case, the mean Structural Lifetime exhibits a very strong size effect, much stronger than the size effect on the mean structure strength. The theory also implies temperature dependence of the Lifetime cdf. For various quasibrittle materials, such as industrial ceramics and fiber composites, it is demonstrated that the proposed theory correctly predicts the experimentally observed deviations of Lifetime histograms from the Weibull distribution.
Donatella Bulone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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density Structural Lifetime and entropy of h bond cages promoted by monohydric alcohols in normal and supercooled water
Journal of Chemical Physics, 1991Co-Authors: Donatella Bulone, I D Donato, M B Palmavittorelli, M U PalmaAbstract:Density data for aqueous solutions of monohydric alcohols down to supercooling are presented and combined with data concerning viscosity of the same systems, and with available data on pure water. Two conceptually different families of longer‐lived, high‐connectivity H‐bond structures can be sorted out in the irregular, frequently restructured network of H bonds: spontaneous structures, as in pure water, and alcohol‐induced structures. Molar volumes for both are obtained and compared, allowing microscopic conclusions which agree quantitatively with available thermodynamic data. For the three alcohols studied, the well‐known negative excess entropy of mixing shows a strict proportionality to the fraction of water molecules sorted out in our study as taking statistically part in alcohol‐promoted cages. The remarkable proportionality extends to all alcohols, all concentrations, and all temperatures studied. Apparent (and expected) geometric distortions of alcohol‐promoted cages do not affect this proportiona...
