The Experts below are selected from a list of 4644 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Donald A. Bruce - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lizzi’s Structural System Retrofit with Reticulated Internal Reinforcement Method:
Transportation Research Record, 2001Co-Authors: James A. Mason, Donald A. BruceAbstract:The internal reinforcement method (IRM) was developed by Fernando Lizzi in the early 1950s. It is a complete Structural system reinforcement method used to Retrofit nonreinforced masonry and stone structures and any associated foundation systems. The general design principles of the foundation Retrofit are similar to the principles used in the structure Retrofit, for placement and engagement of reinforcement. The IRM technology integrates the complete structure, the foundation and bridge or building, into a continuously reinforced seismic-resistant system. The Three Arches Bridge is the only three-span bridge in Venice today. Built in the 17th century, this simple pedestrian bridge was constructed of nonreinforced clay brick masonry with spread footings bearing on the canal floor. Over time, the differential settlement caused localized distress to the overall structure. It was in such a state of disrepair that it was scheduled for demolition in the early 1960s. Lizzi was named to design and construct the historic preservation and Structural Retrofit of the complete structure. This was accomplished with reticulated internal Structural stitching and reticulated micropiles. This structure is a case study of use of the IRM for static and seismic Retrofit. The geometric simplicity of the bridge and the clarity of purpose and execution of the reticulated internal stitching and micropiles provide an example of technology that exemplifies the IRM method of integrated complete system static and seismic Retrofit.
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lizzi s Structural system Retrofit with reticulated internal reinforcement method
Transportation Research Record, 2001Co-Authors: James A. Mason, Donald A. BruceAbstract:The internal reinforcement method (IRM) was developed by Fernando Lizzi in the early 1950s. It is a complete Structural system reinforcement method used to Retrofit nonreinforced masonry and stone structures and any associated foundation systems. The general design principles of the foundation Retrofit are similar to the principles used in the structure Retrofit, for placement and engagement of reinforcement. The IRM technology integrates the complete structure, the foundation and bridge or building, into a continuously reinforced seismic-resistant system. The Three Arches Bridge is the only three-span bridge in Venice today. Built in the 17th century, this simple pedestrian bridge was constructed of nonreinforced clay brick masonry with spread footings bearing on the canal floor. Over time, the differential settlement caused localized distress to the overall structure. It was in such a state of disrepair that it was scheduled for demolition in the early 1960s. Lizzi was named to design and construct the historic preservation and Structural Retrofit of the complete structure. This was accomplished with reticulated internal Structural stitching and reticulated micropiles. This structure is a case study of use of the IRM for static and seismic Retrofit. The geometric simplicity of the bridge and the clarity of purpose and execution of the reticulated internal stitching and micropiles provide an example of technology that exemplifies the IRM method of integrated complete system static and seismic Retrofit.
Gaetano Manfredi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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LCA-based study on Structural Retrofit options for masonry buildings
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2015Co-Authors: Loredana Napolano, Costantino Menna, Domenico Asprone, Andrea Prota, Gaetano ManfrediAbstract:Purpose Over the last decade, the rehabilitation/renovation of existing buildings has increasingly attracted the attention of scientific community. Many studies focus intensely on the mechanical and energy performance of Retrofitted/renovated existing structures, while few works address the environmental impact of such operations. In the present study, the environmental impact of typical Retrofit operations, referred to masonry structures, is assessed. In particular, four different Structural options are investigated: local replacement of damaged masonry, mortar injection, steel chain installation, and grid-reinforced mortar application. Each different option is analyzed with reference to proper normalized quantities. Thus, the results of this analysis can be used to compute the environmental impact of real large-scale Retrofit operations, once the amount/extension of them is defined in the design stage. The final purpose is to give to designers the opportunity to monitor the environmental impact of different Retrofit strategies and, once Structural requirements are satisfied, identify for each real case the most suitable Retrofit option. Methods The environmental impact of the Structural Retrofit options is assessed by means of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach. A cradle to grave system boundary is considered for each Retrofit process. The results of the environmental analysis are presented according to the data format of the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) standard. Indeed, the environmental outcomes are expressed through six impact categories: global warming, ozone depletion, eutrophication, acidification, photochemical oxidation, and nonrenewable energy. Results and discussion For each Retrofit option, the interpretation analysis is conducted in order to define which element, material, or process mainly influenced the LCA results. In addition, the results revealed that the recycling of waste materials provides environmental benefits in all the categories of the LCA outcomes. It is also pointed out that a comparison between the four investigated options would be meaningful only once the exact amount of each operation is defined for a specific Retrofit case. Conclusions This paper provides a systematic approach and environmental data to drive the selection and identification of Structural Retrofit options for existing buildings, in terms of sustainability performance. The final aim of this work is also to provide researchers and practitioners, with a better understanding of the sustainability aspects of Retrofit operations. In fact, the environmental impacts of the Retrofit options here investigated can be used for future research/practical activities, to monitor and control the environmental impact of Structural Retrofit operations of existing masonry buildings.
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Use of geopolymers for composite external reinforcement of RC members
Composites Part B: Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Costantino Menna, Domenico Asprone, Andrea Prota, Alberto Balsamo, Claudio Ferone, Francesco Colangelo, Raffaele Cioffi, Gaetano ManfrediAbstract:Nowadays fiber reinforced polymers represent a well-established technique for Structural Retrofit of reinforced concrete Structural members. However, the severe degradation of mechanical properties with temperature and fire conditions represents one of the weakest point of these systems. The use of a fire resistant inorganic resin, as geopolymers, instead of polymeric resins, would be highly desirable to overcome this issue. The present work is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of two different fiber reinforced geopolymer-based systems in strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. In particular, this paper presents the main outcomes of experimental flexural tests on shallow reinforced concrete beams strengthened with high strength steel cord and carbon fiber reinforced geopolymers, cured at room temperature. No mechanical anchorage was employed to fix the composite to the concrete substrate. The mechanical behavior of the strengthened beams was evaluated by means of four-points bending tests. Two beam specimens for each system (i.e. steel cord and carbon fiber reinforcement) and one unstrengthened control beam were tested. A significant increase in the failure strength of the reinforced concrete beams was experienced, in case of steel cord reinforcement. The adhesion of geopolymer to the concrete substrate and to steel cords and carbon fibers was also evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy.
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Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites - Externally Bonded Masonry Structures
Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites, 2012Co-Authors: Gian Piero Lignola, Andrea Prota, Francesca Ceroni, Alberto Balsamo, Gaetano ManfrediAbstract:Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials can be very reliable materials for the Retrofit of unreinforced masonry structures. After a brief introduction on the wide variety of materials, typologies, and construction techniques of masonry structures, the main principles of unreinforced masonry assessment are discussed. The knowledge of typical masonry damages and failure modes allows the reader to understand the basis of Retrofit design using innovative composite systems and the essential principles for the selection of materials and systems for masonry Retrofit. The bond mechanism, at the base of the Structural performance of externally applied FRP, is discussed and then peculiar aspects of in-plane and out-of-plane masonry Retrofits are debated. Shear, flexural, and confinement applications are considered at both local and global scales. Peculiarities in the FRP Retrofit of masonry-curved structures complete the review of Retrofit applications. Basic mechanical principles as well as provisions from current international design guidelines or innovative theories from up to date scientific literature are discussed as well. Keywords: unreinforced masonry; externally bonded reinforcement; Structural Retrofit; FRP Retrofit; NSM systems
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Potential of Structural pozzolanic matrix–hemp fiber grid composites
Construction and Building Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Domenico Asprone, Andrea Prota, Massimo Durante, Gaetano ManfrediAbstract:Currently, sustainability represents a primary issue for construction industry. New material and technological solutions are widely proposed and investigated to meet sustainability requirements and natural fibers represent one of the most studied materials. The work presented here investigated the mechanical behavior of a sustainable composite system made by pozzolanic mortar reinforced with hemp fiber grids. To improve the durability of the system and in particular of the fibers in the pozzolanic mortar environment a latex coating was used. The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanical behavior of the proposed composite system and assess the feasibility of using the system for Structural Retrofit applications on existing structures. A mechanical characterization of the fibers was conducted and the effectiveness of the latex coating in improving the durability of the fibers was investigated. The mechanical behavior of the composite system was studied, through a three-point bending test program.
Andrea Prota - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An overview of assessment and Retrofit of corroded reinforced concrete structures
Procedia Structural Integrity, 2018Co-Authors: Antonio Bossio, Gian Piero Lignola, Andrea ProtaAbstract:Abstract The corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures surely represents the main form of degradation. Carbonation and chloride attacks lead to a loss of performance during the service life of the structure. The reduction of the cross section of the steel bars and the formation of corrosion products lead to reduction of bond between steel and concrete, to concrete cover cracking and spalling, to reduction of concrete cross section resulting in a reduction of Structural capacity. The Structural engineer needs to face corrosion starting from the design phase, however in presence of real existing structures the first step is the evaluation of corrosion level and the evaluation of actual global Structural capacity. The most critical corrosion involves the stirrups, being the most exposed steel elements, yielding to brittle failures in the most stressed elements, generating unexpected Structural collapses. In particular in seismic conditions, the structure is not able to exploit its ductility, since limited ductile failures (i.e. combined shear/flexure) could occur. The last phase of the study is on the Structural Retrofit by using High Performance Concretes. Such materials allow recovering some of the bending capacity of the Structural elements and can increase their ductility, reducing dramatically the vulnerability of the structures. This is particular true for seismic vulnerability, since the strength recover is partial if the Structural Retrofit intervention is designed to have a negligible impact on the structure. In fact the considered intervention is aimed to recover the original geometry of the elements with a reduced cost and impact on the fruition.
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Life-Cycle Assessment of Seismic Retrofit Strategies Applied to Existing Building Structures
Sustainability, 2016Co-Authors: U. Vitiello, Domenico Asprone, Antonio Salzano, Marco Di Ludovico, Andrea ProtaAbstract:In the last few years, the renovation and refurbishment of existing buildings have become the main activities of the construction industry. In particular, many studies have recently focused on the mechanical and energy performances of existing Retrofitted/refurbished facilities, while some research has addressed the environmental effects of such operations. The present study aims to assess the environmental impact of some Retrofit interventions on an existing reinforced concrete (RC) building. Once the Structural requirements have been satisfied and the environmental effects of these Retrofit solutions defined, the final purpose of this study is to identify the most environmentally sustainable Retrofit strategy. The environmental impact of the Structural Retrofit options is assessed using a life-cycle assessment (LCA). This paper sets out a systematic approach that can be adopted when choosing the best Structural Retrofit option in terms of sustainability performance. The final aim of the study is to also provide a tool for researchers and practitioners that reflects a deep understanding of the sustainability aspects of Retrofit operations and can be used for future researches or practical activities.
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LCA-based study on Structural Retrofit options for masonry buildings
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2015Co-Authors: Loredana Napolano, Costantino Menna, Domenico Asprone, Andrea Prota, Gaetano ManfrediAbstract:Purpose Over the last decade, the rehabilitation/renovation of existing buildings has increasingly attracted the attention of scientific community. Many studies focus intensely on the mechanical and energy performance of Retrofitted/renovated existing structures, while few works address the environmental impact of such operations. In the present study, the environmental impact of typical Retrofit operations, referred to masonry structures, is assessed. In particular, four different Structural options are investigated: local replacement of damaged masonry, mortar injection, steel chain installation, and grid-reinforced mortar application. Each different option is analyzed with reference to proper normalized quantities. Thus, the results of this analysis can be used to compute the environmental impact of real large-scale Retrofit operations, once the amount/extension of them is defined in the design stage. The final purpose is to give to designers the opportunity to monitor the environmental impact of different Retrofit strategies and, once Structural requirements are satisfied, identify for each real case the most suitable Retrofit option. Methods The environmental impact of the Structural Retrofit options is assessed by means of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach. A cradle to grave system boundary is considered for each Retrofit process. The results of the environmental analysis are presented according to the data format of the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) standard. Indeed, the environmental outcomes are expressed through six impact categories: global warming, ozone depletion, eutrophication, acidification, photochemical oxidation, and nonrenewable energy. Results and discussion For each Retrofit option, the interpretation analysis is conducted in order to define which element, material, or process mainly influenced the LCA results. In addition, the results revealed that the recycling of waste materials provides environmental benefits in all the categories of the LCA outcomes. It is also pointed out that a comparison between the four investigated options would be meaningful only once the exact amount of each operation is defined for a specific Retrofit case. Conclusions This paper provides a systematic approach and environmental data to drive the selection and identification of Structural Retrofit options for existing buildings, in terms of sustainability performance. The final aim of this work is also to provide researchers and practitioners, with a better understanding of the sustainability aspects of Retrofit operations. In fact, the environmental impacts of the Retrofit options here investigated can be used for future research/practical activities, to monitor and control the environmental impact of Structural Retrofit operations of existing masonry buildings.
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Use of geopolymers for composite external reinforcement of RC members
Composites Part B: Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Costantino Menna, Domenico Asprone, Andrea Prota, Alberto Balsamo, Claudio Ferone, Francesco Colangelo, Raffaele Cioffi, Gaetano ManfrediAbstract:Nowadays fiber reinforced polymers represent a well-established technique for Structural Retrofit of reinforced concrete Structural members. However, the severe degradation of mechanical properties with temperature and fire conditions represents one of the weakest point of these systems. The use of a fire resistant inorganic resin, as geopolymers, instead of polymeric resins, would be highly desirable to overcome this issue. The present work is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of two different fiber reinforced geopolymer-based systems in strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. In particular, this paper presents the main outcomes of experimental flexural tests on shallow reinforced concrete beams strengthened with high strength steel cord and carbon fiber reinforced geopolymers, cured at room temperature. No mechanical anchorage was employed to fix the composite to the concrete substrate. The mechanical behavior of the strengthened beams was evaluated by means of four-points bending tests. Two beam specimens for each system (i.e. steel cord and carbon fiber reinforcement) and one unstrengthened control beam were tested. A significant increase in the failure strength of the reinforced concrete beams was experienced, in case of steel cord reinforcement. The adhesion of geopolymer to the concrete substrate and to steel cords and carbon fibers was also evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy.
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Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites - Externally Bonded Masonry Structures
Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites, 2012Co-Authors: Gian Piero Lignola, Andrea Prota, Francesca Ceroni, Alberto Balsamo, Gaetano ManfrediAbstract:Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials can be very reliable materials for the Retrofit of unreinforced masonry structures. After a brief introduction on the wide variety of materials, typologies, and construction techniques of masonry structures, the main principles of unreinforced masonry assessment are discussed. The knowledge of typical masonry damages and failure modes allows the reader to understand the basis of Retrofit design using innovative composite systems and the essential principles for the selection of materials and systems for masonry Retrofit. The bond mechanism, at the base of the Structural performance of externally applied FRP, is discussed and then peculiar aspects of in-plane and out-of-plane masonry Retrofits are debated. Shear, flexural, and confinement applications are considered at both local and global scales. Peculiarities in the FRP Retrofit of masonry-curved structures complete the review of Retrofit applications. Basic mechanical principles as well as provisions from current international design guidelines or innovative theories from up to date scientific literature are discussed as well. Keywords: unreinforced masonry; externally bonded reinforcement; Structural Retrofit; FRP Retrofit; NSM systems
James A. Mason - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lizzi’s Structural System Retrofit with Reticulated Internal Reinforcement Method:
Transportation Research Record, 2001Co-Authors: James A. Mason, Donald A. BruceAbstract:The internal reinforcement method (IRM) was developed by Fernando Lizzi in the early 1950s. It is a complete Structural system reinforcement method used to Retrofit nonreinforced masonry and stone structures and any associated foundation systems. The general design principles of the foundation Retrofit are similar to the principles used in the structure Retrofit, for placement and engagement of reinforcement. The IRM technology integrates the complete structure, the foundation and bridge or building, into a continuously reinforced seismic-resistant system. The Three Arches Bridge is the only three-span bridge in Venice today. Built in the 17th century, this simple pedestrian bridge was constructed of nonreinforced clay brick masonry with spread footings bearing on the canal floor. Over time, the differential settlement caused localized distress to the overall structure. It was in such a state of disrepair that it was scheduled for demolition in the early 1960s. Lizzi was named to design and construct the historic preservation and Structural Retrofit of the complete structure. This was accomplished with reticulated internal Structural stitching and reticulated micropiles. This structure is a case study of use of the IRM for static and seismic Retrofit. The geometric simplicity of the bridge and the clarity of purpose and execution of the reticulated internal stitching and micropiles provide an example of technology that exemplifies the IRM method of integrated complete system static and seismic Retrofit.
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lizzi s Structural system Retrofit with reticulated internal reinforcement method
Transportation Research Record, 2001Co-Authors: James A. Mason, Donald A. BruceAbstract:The internal reinforcement method (IRM) was developed by Fernando Lizzi in the early 1950s. It is a complete Structural system reinforcement method used to Retrofit nonreinforced masonry and stone structures and any associated foundation systems. The general design principles of the foundation Retrofit are similar to the principles used in the structure Retrofit, for placement and engagement of reinforcement. The IRM technology integrates the complete structure, the foundation and bridge or building, into a continuously reinforced seismic-resistant system. The Three Arches Bridge is the only three-span bridge in Venice today. Built in the 17th century, this simple pedestrian bridge was constructed of nonreinforced clay brick masonry with spread footings bearing on the canal floor. Over time, the differential settlement caused localized distress to the overall structure. It was in such a state of disrepair that it was scheduled for demolition in the early 1960s. Lizzi was named to design and construct the historic preservation and Structural Retrofit of the complete structure. This was accomplished with reticulated internal Structural stitching and reticulated micropiles. This structure is a case study of use of the IRM for static and seismic Retrofit. The geometric simplicity of the bridge and the clarity of purpose and execution of the reticulated internal stitching and micropiles provide an example of technology that exemplifies the IRM method of integrated complete system static and seismic Retrofit.
Domenico Asprone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Life-Cycle Assessment of Seismic Retrofit Strategies Applied to Existing Building Structures
Sustainability, 2016Co-Authors: U. Vitiello, Domenico Asprone, Antonio Salzano, Marco Di Ludovico, Andrea ProtaAbstract:In the last few years, the renovation and refurbishment of existing buildings have become the main activities of the construction industry. In particular, many studies have recently focused on the mechanical and energy performances of existing Retrofitted/refurbished facilities, while some research has addressed the environmental effects of such operations. The present study aims to assess the environmental impact of some Retrofit interventions on an existing reinforced concrete (RC) building. Once the Structural requirements have been satisfied and the environmental effects of these Retrofit solutions defined, the final purpose of this study is to identify the most environmentally sustainable Retrofit strategy. The environmental impact of the Structural Retrofit options is assessed using a life-cycle assessment (LCA). This paper sets out a systematic approach that can be adopted when choosing the best Structural Retrofit option in terms of sustainability performance. The final aim of the study is to also provide a tool for researchers and practitioners that reflects a deep understanding of the sustainability aspects of Retrofit operations and can be used for future researches or practical activities.
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LCA-based study on Structural Retrofit options for masonry buildings
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2015Co-Authors: Loredana Napolano, Costantino Menna, Domenico Asprone, Andrea Prota, Gaetano ManfrediAbstract:Purpose Over the last decade, the rehabilitation/renovation of existing buildings has increasingly attracted the attention of scientific community. Many studies focus intensely on the mechanical and energy performance of Retrofitted/renovated existing structures, while few works address the environmental impact of such operations. In the present study, the environmental impact of typical Retrofit operations, referred to masonry structures, is assessed. In particular, four different Structural options are investigated: local replacement of damaged masonry, mortar injection, steel chain installation, and grid-reinforced mortar application. Each different option is analyzed with reference to proper normalized quantities. Thus, the results of this analysis can be used to compute the environmental impact of real large-scale Retrofit operations, once the amount/extension of them is defined in the design stage. The final purpose is to give to designers the opportunity to monitor the environmental impact of different Retrofit strategies and, once Structural requirements are satisfied, identify for each real case the most suitable Retrofit option. Methods The environmental impact of the Structural Retrofit options is assessed by means of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach. A cradle to grave system boundary is considered for each Retrofit process. The results of the environmental analysis are presented according to the data format of the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) standard. Indeed, the environmental outcomes are expressed through six impact categories: global warming, ozone depletion, eutrophication, acidification, photochemical oxidation, and nonrenewable energy. Results and discussion For each Retrofit option, the interpretation analysis is conducted in order to define which element, material, or process mainly influenced the LCA results. In addition, the results revealed that the recycling of waste materials provides environmental benefits in all the categories of the LCA outcomes. It is also pointed out that a comparison between the four investigated options would be meaningful only once the exact amount of each operation is defined for a specific Retrofit case. Conclusions This paper provides a systematic approach and environmental data to drive the selection and identification of Structural Retrofit options for existing buildings, in terms of sustainability performance. The final aim of this work is also to provide researchers and practitioners, with a better understanding of the sustainability aspects of Retrofit operations. In fact, the environmental impacts of the Retrofit options here investigated can be used for future research/practical activities, to monitor and control the environmental impact of Structural Retrofit operations of existing masonry buildings.
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Use of geopolymers for composite external reinforcement of RC members
Composites Part B: Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Costantino Menna, Domenico Asprone, Andrea Prota, Alberto Balsamo, Claudio Ferone, Francesco Colangelo, Raffaele Cioffi, Gaetano ManfrediAbstract:Nowadays fiber reinforced polymers represent a well-established technique for Structural Retrofit of reinforced concrete Structural members. However, the severe degradation of mechanical properties with temperature and fire conditions represents one of the weakest point of these systems. The use of a fire resistant inorganic resin, as geopolymers, instead of polymeric resins, would be highly desirable to overcome this issue. The present work is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of two different fiber reinforced geopolymer-based systems in strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. In particular, this paper presents the main outcomes of experimental flexural tests on shallow reinforced concrete beams strengthened with high strength steel cord and carbon fiber reinforced geopolymers, cured at room temperature. No mechanical anchorage was employed to fix the composite to the concrete substrate. The mechanical behavior of the strengthened beams was evaluated by means of four-points bending tests. Two beam specimens for each system (i.e. steel cord and carbon fiber reinforcement) and one unstrengthened control beam were tested. A significant increase in the failure strength of the reinforced concrete beams was experienced, in case of steel cord reinforcement. The adhesion of geopolymer to the concrete substrate and to steel cords and carbon fibers was also evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy.
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Potential of Structural pozzolanic matrix–hemp fiber grid composites
Construction and Building Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Domenico Asprone, Andrea Prota, Massimo Durante, Gaetano ManfrediAbstract:Currently, sustainability represents a primary issue for construction industry. New material and technological solutions are widely proposed and investigated to meet sustainability requirements and natural fibers represent one of the most studied materials. The work presented here investigated the mechanical behavior of a sustainable composite system made by pozzolanic mortar reinforced with hemp fiber grids. To improve the durability of the system and in particular of the fibers in the pozzolanic mortar environment a latex coating was used. The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanical behavior of the proposed composite system and assess the feasibility of using the system for Structural Retrofit applications on existing structures. A mechanical characterization of the fibers was conducted and the effectiveness of the latex coating in improving the durability of the fibers was investigated. The mechanical behavior of the composite system was studied, through a three-point bending test program.
