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Farid Dahdouhguebas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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commercial activities and Subsistence utilization of mangrove forests around the wouri estuary and the douala edea reserve cameroon
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2009Co-Authors: Adolphe Nfotabong Atheull, Simon N Longonje, Nico Koedam, Farid DahdouhguebasAbstract:Worldwide there is growing research interest in the ethnobiology of mangrove forests. Notwithstanding that, little information has been published about ethnobiology of mangrove forests in Cameroon. The aims of this study were a) to analyze the harvesting methods and the local selling of mangrove wood products by loggers in the vicinity of Wouri estuary and b) to investigate the patterns of Subsistence uses of mangrove wood products around the Douala-Edea reserve. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 120 active mangrove loggers in 23 Douala wood markets and 103 households located in three villages (Mbiako, Yoyo I and Yoyo II) close to Douala-Edea reserve. In each of the three densely populated villages, every second household was chosen for sampling while in all markets, mangrove loggers were chosen randomly. In addition, log diameters were measured in each market using a wooden foldable tape measure. A post hoc analysis (Newman-Keuls test) was performed in order to detect the common wood class diameter sold in the Douala wood markets. The analysis of the loggers' survey data has shown that large logs of Rhizophora with diameter greater than 40 cm were common in the Douala wood markets and were more closely associated with loggers who used chainsaws. In addition to the general mangroves wood products selling, the analysis on a Subsistence Level (households' survey) suggests the local population's dependence on mangroves, with multiple uses of Rhizophora racemosa Meyer, R. harrisonii Leechman, Avicennia germinans L. Stearn., Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. f. and Conocarpus erectus L. timbers for furniture, fences, smoking fish, and fuelwood. Finally, Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb. leaves were used as thatching material for house walls and roofs. Our findings revealed that big logs of Rhizophora were commonly sold by the loggers. A majority of loggers (60%) reported that mangrove marketed wood constitute a principal source of income. Most of the villagers (85.83%) often depend on mangroves for Subsistence needs and for them there is no substitute for mangrove wood. Therefore, more efforts should be undertaken at the national Level to implement conservation, management and sustainable use of these coastal forests.
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commercial activities and Subsistence utilization of mangrove forests around the wouri estuary and the douala edea reserve cameroon
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2009Co-Authors: Adolphe Nfotabong Atheull, Simon N Longonje, Nico Koedam, Farid Dahdouhguebas, Ndongo DinAbstract:Worldwide there is growing research interest in the ethnobiology of mangrove forests. Notwithstanding that, little information has been published about ethnobiology of mangrove forests in Cameroon. The aims of this study were a) to analyze the harvesting methods and the local selling of mangrove wood products by loggers in the vicinity of Wouri estuary and b) to investigate the patterns of Subsistence uses of mangrove wood products around the Douala-Edea reserve. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 120 active mangrove loggers in 23 Douala wood markets and 103 households located in three villages (Mbiako, Yoyo I and Yoyo II) close to Douala-Edea reserve. In each of the three densely populated villages, every second household was chosen for sampling while in all markets, mangrove loggers were chosen randomly. In addition, log diameters were measured in each market using a wooden foldable tape measure. A post hoc analysis (Newman-Keuls test) was performed in order to detect the common wood class diameter sold in the Douala wood markets. The analysis of the loggers' survey data has shown that large logs of Rhizophora with diameter greater than 40 cm were common in the Douala wood markets and were more closely associated with loggers who used chainsaws. In addition to the general mangroves wood products selling, the analysis on a Subsistence Level (households' survey) suggests the local population's dependence on mangroves, with multiple uses of Rhizophora racemosa Meyer, R. harrisonii Leechman, Avicennia germinans L. Stearn., Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. f. and Conocarpus erectus L. timbers for furniture, fences, smoking fish, and fuelwood. Finally, Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb. leaves were used as thatching material for house walls and roofs. Our findings revealed that big logs of Rhizophora were commonly sold by the loggers. A majority of loggers (60%) reported that mangrove marketed wood constitute a principal source of income. Most of the villagers (85.83%) often depend on mangroves for Subsistence needs and for them there is no substitute for mangrove wood. Therefore, more efforts should be undertaken at the national Level to implement conservation, management and sustainable use of these coastal forests.
Adolphe Nfotabong Atheull - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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commercial activities and Subsistence utilization of mangrove forests around the wouri estuary and the douala edea reserve cameroon
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2009Co-Authors: Adolphe Nfotabong Atheull, Simon N Longonje, Nico Koedam, Farid DahdouhguebasAbstract:Worldwide there is growing research interest in the ethnobiology of mangrove forests. Notwithstanding that, little information has been published about ethnobiology of mangrove forests in Cameroon. The aims of this study were a) to analyze the harvesting methods and the local selling of mangrove wood products by loggers in the vicinity of Wouri estuary and b) to investigate the patterns of Subsistence uses of mangrove wood products around the Douala-Edea reserve. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 120 active mangrove loggers in 23 Douala wood markets and 103 households located in three villages (Mbiako, Yoyo I and Yoyo II) close to Douala-Edea reserve. In each of the three densely populated villages, every second household was chosen for sampling while in all markets, mangrove loggers were chosen randomly. In addition, log diameters were measured in each market using a wooden foldable tape measure. A post hoc analysis (Newman-Keuls test) was performed in order to detect the common wood class diameter sold in the Douala wood markets. The analysis of the loggers' survey data has shown that large logs of Rhizophora with diameter greater than 40 cm were common in the Douala wood markets and were more closely associated with loggers who used chainsaws. In addition to the general mangroves wood products selling, the analysis on a Subsistence Level (households' survey) suggests the local population's dependence on mangroves, with multiple uses of Rhizophora racemosa Meyer, R. harrisonii Leechman, Avicennia germinans L. Stearn., Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. f. and Conocarpus erectus L. timbers for furniture, fences, smoking fish, and fuelwood. Finally, Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb. leaves were used as thatching material for house walls and roofs. Our findings revealed that big logs of Rhizophora were commonly sold by the loggers. A majority of loggers (60%) reported that mangrove marketed wood constitute a principal source of income. Most of the villagers (85.83%) often depend on mangroves for Subsistence needs and for them there is no substitute for mangrove wood. Therefore, more efforts should be undertaken at the national Level to implement conservation, management and sustainable use of these coastal forests.
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commercial activities and Subsistence utilization of mangrove forests around the wouri estuary and the douala edea reserve cameroon
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2009Co-Authors: Adolphe Nfotabong Atheull, Simon N Longonje, Nico Koedam, Farid Dahdouhguebas, Ndongo DinAbstract:Worldwide there is growing research interest in the ethnobiology of mangrove forests. Notwithstanding that, little information has been published about ethnobiology of mangrove forests in Cameroon. The aims of this study were a) to analyze the harvesting methods and the local selling of mangrove wood products by loggers in the vicinity of Wouri estuary and b) to investigate the patterns of Subsistence uses of mangrove wood products around the Douala-Edea reserve. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 120 active mangrove loggers in 23 Douala wood markets and 103 households located in three villages (Mbiako, Yoyo I and Yoyo II) close to Douala-Edea reserve. In each of the three densely populated villages, every second household was chosen for sampling while in all markets, mangrove loggers were chosen randomly. In addition, log diameters were measured in each market using a wooden foldable tape measure. A post hoc analysis (Newman-Keuls test) was performed in order to detect the common wood class diameter sold in the Douala wood markets. The analysis of the loggers' survey data has shown that large logs of Rhizophora with diameter greater than 40 cm were common in the Douala wood markets and were more closely associated with loggers who used chainsaws. In addition to the general mangroves wood products selling, the analysis on a Subsistence Level (households' survey) suggests the local population's dependence on mangroves, with multiple uses of Rhizophora racemosa Meyer, R. harrisonii Leechman, Avicennia germinans L. Stearn., Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. f. and Conocarpus erectus L. timbers for furniture, fences, smoking fish, and fuelwood. Finally, Nypa fruticans (Thunb.) Wurmb. leaves were used as thatching material for house walls and roofs. Our findings revealed that big logs of Rhizophora were commonly sold by the loggers. A majority of loggers (60%) reported that mangrove marketed wood constitute a principal source of income. Most of the villagers (85.83%) often depend on mangroves for Subsistence needs and for them there is no substitute for mangrove wood. Therefore, more efforts should be undertaken at the national Level to implement conservation, management and sustainable use of these coastal forests.
Paul C Southgate - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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economic feasibility of small scale mabe pearl production in tonga using the winged pearl oyster pteria penguin
Aquaculture Reports, 2020Co-Authors: William Johnston, Sophie E Gordon, Damian Hine, Max Wingfield, Tuikolongahau Halafihi, Paul C SouthgateAbstract:Abstract Mabe pearl culture is an increasingly important rural livelihood in south Pacific countries as it offers a low-cost, low-tech alternative to round pearl culture. Mabe pearl production can be achieved by local people with appropriate training, and the products offer further livelihood opportunities through value-adding and local production of jewellery and handicraft items. The Kingdom of Tonga is unique among south Pacific pearl producing countries in focusing primarily on mabe pearl, not round pearl, culture using the winged pearl oyster, Pteria penguin. The Tongan mabe pearl sector has developed rapidly over recent years and is sustained by routine hatchery production of spat and recently improved pearl culture methods. This study determined establishment and operational costs of a Subsistence-Level mabe pearl farm in Tonga and developed an economic model to assess potential profitability of such operations. The representative mabe pearl farm modelled in this study targeted annual mabe pearl production from 100 oysters. Estimated capital cost (US dollars; USD) was USD 2,027 and major production costs were labour (29%), marketing (24%), and capital purchase and replacement (16%). Annual production of 231 saleable mabe pearls generated a net present value (NPV) of USD 107,101. The modified internal rate of return (MIRR) and benefit-cost ratio of the modelled mabe pearl farm were 20.46% and 4.86, respectively, with a payback period of 4 years. Given the average annual income in Tonga is USD 4,020, the modelled mabe pearl farm offers significant economic opportunity (USD 9,338 annual profit after all costs, including owner/operator wages) and supports additional socio-economic benefits for rural communities involved in downstream activities relating to handicraft and jewellery production, and tourism. The findings of this study assist stakeholder understanding of costs, risks and production Levels required for profitable mabe pearl production.
Gaona Rivera Elías - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Trabajo, salarios y nivel de vida de los mineros de real del Monte (México) en los siglos XVIII y XIX
'Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona', 2019Co-Authors: Gaona Rivera ElíasAbstract:Utilitzant com a font una àmplia documentació d’arxiu, aquesta tesi és la primera que quantifica el nivell de vida dels miners de la regió argentífera de Real del Monte (Mèxic), entre 1766 i 1900. Ho fa a través de dos variables: un índex de salaris reals, construït a partir de: (1) la sèrie de salaris nominals i d’una cistella de béns de consum amb els seus preus; i (2) l’anàlisi de les condicions de treball dels miners. L’ingrés familiar s’ha calculat incorporant als salaris del cap de família el d’un fill, amb l’objectiu de valorar el treball infantil per les economies familiars. La tesi reconstrueix l’activitat de les empreses mineres de Real del Monte, l’organització del treball tant de les mines com de les hisendes de benefici, el reclutament dels treballadors i la seva composició per origen ètnic, edat i gènere. Es demostra que el component central de la remuneració dels barreteros no era el salari monetari, sinó el partido, és a dir, el mineral que ells mateixos extreien i comercialitzaven una vegada acabada la seva jornada com assalariats, cosa que explica els intents de l’empresa per suprimir aquesta pràctica secular de remuneració i la resistència dels miners a la seva desaparició. En gran part degut al partido, en el período novohispano les famílies dels miners tenien un poder de compra molt superior al nivell de subsistència, i molt per damunt de les d’altres oficis i regions del món. Aquest alt poder adquisitiu s’anirà perdent degut a tres factors: l’increment dels preus dels béns, l’estancament dels salaris i la disminució del partido, arribant a nivells de subsistència a finals del segle XIX. Si a més del poder de compra tenim en compte el nivell de vida, confluïm que les condicions de treball i de malaltia dels miners milloren molt lentament i només a finals del XIX.Utilizando como fuente una amplia documentación de archivo, esta tesis es la primera que cuantifica el nivel de vida de los mineros de la región argentífera de Real del Monte (México), entre 1766 y 1900. Lo hace a través de dos variables: un índice de salarios reales, construido a partir de: (1) la serie de salarios nominales y de una cesta de bienes de consumo con sus precios; y (2) el análisis de las condiciones de trabajo de los mineros. El ingreso familiar se ha calculado incorporando a los salarios del cabeza de familia el de un hijo, con objeto de valorar el trabajo infantil para las economías familiares. La tesis reconstruye la actividad de las empresas mineras de Real del Monte, la organización del trabajo tanto de las minas como de las haciendas de beneficio, el reclutamiento de los trabajadores y su composición por origen étnico, edad y género. Se demuestra que el componente central de la remuneración de los barreteros no era el salario monetario, sino el partido, es decir, el mineral que ellos mismos extraían y comercializaban una vez concluida su jornada como asalariados, lo que explica los intentos de la empresa para suprimir esta práctica secular de remuneración y la resistencia de los mineros a ello. En gran parte debido al partido, en el periodo novohispano las familias de mineros tenían un poder de compra muy superior al nivel de subsistencia, y muy por encima de la de otros oficios y regiones del mundo, como describieron los comtemporáneos. Este alto poder adquisitivo se irá perdiendo debido a tres factores: el incremento en los precios de los bienes, el estancamiento de los salarios y la disminución del partido, alcanzando niveles de subsistencia a finales del siglo XIX. Si además del poder de compra tenemos en cuenta el nivel de vida, concluimos que las condiciones de trabajo y enfermedad de los mineros mejoraron muy lentamente y solo a finales del XIX.Using as a source an ample archival documentation, this is the first research that attempts to measure the living standards of miners in the Real del Monte silver region, between 1766 and 1900. It does so by: calculating an index of real wages, starting with (1) the series of nominal wages, (2) a basket of consumption goods, with their prices, and (3) the analysis of the working conditions of miners. Family income has been then calculated including, besides the income from the family ‘head’, that of a male child, working also as a helper in the mines. The thesis reconstructs the activity of mining companies in Real del Monte, the organization of work inside the mines as well as in the surface haciendas de beneficio, where silver was manufactured for export; the recruitment of workers and the composition of the labor force by age, sex and ethnic origin. The thesis proves that the central component of the remuneration of miners was not the monetary wage, but the partido, or amount of mineral that they were allowed to extract and commercialize by themselves, once their working hours done. The economic importance of this part of their remuneration explains the repeated attempts by the company to supress the partido, and the violent refusal of miners to accept this change in their traditional forms of remuneration. To a large extent due to the partido, in the colonial period miners’ households had a purchasing power very much above the Subsistence Level that most workers had, as noted by contemporaries. This high purchasing power falled however during the 19th century, due to three factors: the high increase in the Level of prices; the stabilization of nominal wages, despite increases in productivity due to technical innovations; and the reduction, and finally disappearance, of the partido. The thesis includes as well in the analysis a discussion of living standards in general, beyond purchasing power. Taking into account the high frequency of accidents, sickness, and low life expectancy due to poor working conditions in the mining sector, the thesis concludes that the living conditions of miners were much poorer that nominal wages suggest
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Trabajo, salarios y nivel de vida de los mineros de real del Monte (México) en los siglos XVIII y XIX /
2019Co-Authors: Gaona Rivera Elías, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona. Departament D'economia I D'històriaAbstract:Departament responsable de la tesi: Departament d'Economia i d'Història Econòmica.Utilitzant com a font una àmplia documentació d'arxiu, aquesta tesi és la primera que quantifica el nivell de vida dels miners de la regió argentífera de Real del Monte (Mèxic), entre 1766 i 1900. Ho fa a través de dos variables: un índex de salaris reals, construït apartir de: (1) la sèrie de salaris nominals i d'una cistella de béns de consum amb els seuspreus; i (2) l'anàlisi de les condicions de treball dels miners. L'ingrés familiar s'ha calculatincorporant als salaris del cap de família el d'un fill, amb l'objectiu de valorar el treballinfantil per les economies familiars.La tesi reconstrueix l'activitat de les empreses mineres de Real del Monte, l'organitzaciódel treball tant de les mines com de les hisendes de benefici, el reclutament dels treballadors i la seva composició per origen ètnic, edat i gènere.Es demostra que el component central de la remuneració dels barreteros no era el salarimonetari, sinó el partido, és a dir, el mineral que ells mateixos extreien i comercialitzaven una vegada acabada la seva jornada com assalariats, cosa que explica els intents del'empresa per suprimir aquesta pràctica secular de remuneració i la resistència dels miners ala seva desaparició.En gran part degut al partido, en el período novohispano les famílies dels miners tenien unpoder de compra molt superior al nivell de subsistència, i molt per damunt de les d'altresoficis i regions del món. Aquest alt poder adquisitiu s'anirà perdent degut a tres factors: l'increment dels preus dels béns, l'estancament dels salaris i la disminució del partido, arribant a nivells de subsistència a finals del segle XIX. Si a més del poder de compra tenim en compte el nivell de vida, confluïm que lescondicions de treball i de malaltia dels miners milloren molt lentament i només a finals del XIX.Utilizando como fuente una amplia documentación de archivo, esta tesis es la primera que cuantifica el nivel de vida de los mineros de la región argentífera de Real del Monte (México), entre 1766 y 1900. Lo hace a través de dos variables: un índice de salarios reales, construido a partir de: (1) la serie de salarios nominales y de una cesta de bienes de consumo con sus precios; y (2) el análisis de las condiciones de trabajo de los mineros. El ingreso familiar se ha calculado incorporando a los salarios del cabeza de familia el de un hijo, con objeto de valorar el trabajo infantil para las economías familiares. La tesis reconstruye la actividad de las empresas mineras de Real del Monte, la organización del trabajo tanto de las minas como de las haciendas de beneficio, el reclutamiento de los trabajadores y su composición por origen étnico, edad y género. Se demuestra que el componente central de la remuneración de los barreteros no era el salario monetario, sino el partido, es decir, el mineral que ellos mismos extraían y comercializaban una vez concluida su jornada como asalariados, lo que explica los intentos de la empresa para suprimir esta práctica secular de remuneración y la resistencia de los mineros a ello. En gran parte debido al partido, en el periodo novohispano las familias de mineros tenían un poder de compra muy superior al nivel de subsistencia, y muy por encima de la de otros oficios y regiones del mundo, como describieron los comtemporáneos. Este alto poder adquisitivo se irá perdiendo debido a tres factores: el incremento en los precios de los bienes, el estancamiento de los salarios y la disminución del partido, alcanzando niveles de subsistencia a finales del siglo XIX. Si además del poder de compra tenemos en cuenta el nivel de vida, concluimos que las condiciones de trabajo y enfermedad de los mineros mejoraron muy lentamente y solo a finales del XIX.Using as a source an ample archival documentation, this is the first research that attempts to measure the living standards of miners in the Real del Monte silver region, between 1766 and 1900. It does so by: calculating an index of real wages, starting with (1) the series of nominal wages, (2) a basket of consumption goods, with their prices, and (3) the analysis of the working conditions of miners. Family income has been then calculated including, besides the income from the family 'head', that of a male child, working also as a helper in the mines. The thesis reconstructs the activity of mining companies in Real del Monte, the organization of work inside the mines as well as in the surface haciendas de beneficio, where silver was manufactured for export; the recruitment of workers and the composition of the labor force by age, sex and ethnic origin. The thesis proves that the central component of the remuneration of miners was not the monetary wage, but the partido, or amount of mineral that they were allowed to extract and commercialize by themselves, once their working hours done. The economic importance of this part of their remuneration explains the repeated attempts by the company to supress the partido, and the violent refusal of miners to accept this change in their traditional forms of remuneration. To a large extent due to the partido, in the colonial period miners' households had a purchasing power very much above the Subsistence Level that most workers had, as noted by contemporaries. This high purchasing power falled however during the 19th century, due to three factors: the high increase in the Level of prices; the stabilization of nominal wages, despite increases in productivity due to technical innovations; and the reduction, and finally disappearance, of the partido. The thesis includes as well in the analysis a discussion of living standards in general, beyond purchasing power. Taking into account the high frequency of accidents, sickness, and low life expectancy due to poor working conditions in the mining sector, the thesis concludes that the living conditions of miners were much poorer that nominal wages suggest
William Johnston - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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economic feasibility of small scale mabe pearl production in tonga using the winged pearl oyster pteria penguin
Aquaculture Reports, 2020Co-Authors: William Johnston, Sophie E Gordon, Damian Hine, Max Wingfield, Tuikolongahau Halafihi, Paul C SouthgateAbstract:Abstract Mabe pearl culture is an increasingly important rural livelihood in south Pacific countries as it offers a low-cost, low-tech alternative to round pearl culture. Mabe pearl production can be achieved by local people with appropriate training, and the products offer further livelihood opportunities through value-adding and local production of jewellery and handicraft items. The Kingdom of Tonga is unique among south Pacific pearl producing countries in focusing primarily on mabe pearl, not round pearl, culture using the winged pearl oyster, Pteria penguin. The Tongan mabe pearl sector has developed rapidly over recent years and is sustained by routine hatchery production of spat and recently improved pearl culture methods. This study determined establishment and operational costs of a Subsistence-Level mabe pearl farm in Tonga and developed an economic model to assess potential profitability of such operations. The representative mabe pearl farm modelled in this study targeted annual mabe pearl production from 100 oysters. Estimated capital cost (US dollars; USD) was USD 2,027 and major production costs were labour (29%), marketing (24%), and capital purchase and replacement (16%). Annual production of 231 saleable mabe pearls generated a net present value (NPV) of USD 107,101. The modified internal rate of return (MIRR) and benefit-cost ratio of the modelled mabe pearl farm were 20.46% and 4.86, respectively, with a payback period of 4 years. Given the average annual income in Tonga is USD 4,020, the modelled mabe pearl farm offers significant economic opportunity (USD 9,338 annual profit after all costs, including owner/operator wages) and supports additional socio-economic benefits for rural communities involved in downstream activities relating to handicraft and jewellery production, and tourism. The findings of this study assist stakeholder understanding of costs, risks and production Levels required for profitable mabe pearl production.
