The Experts below are selected from a list of 66 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Richard W. Moyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Isolation and molecular characterization of the swinepox virus thymidine kinase gene
Virology, 1991Co-Authors: Joyce A. Feller, R.f. Massung, Peter C. Turner, E. P. J. Gibbs, Ernesto Bockamp, A. Beloso, A. Talavera, Eladio Viñuela, Richard W. MoyerAbstract:Abstract Swinepox virus (SPV), the only member of the Suipoxvirus genus, shows little antigenic relatedness or DNA homology to members of the other poxvirus genera. A SPV thymidine kinase (TK) gene was detected and mapped to the left end of the Hin dIII G fragment using degenerate oligonucleotide probes. Cloning and sequencing of a 1.8-kb Hin dIII- Bam HI fragment containing the SPV TK gene revealed an open reading frame (ORF) of 181 amino acids yielding a predicted polypeptide of M r 20.6 kDa with significant homology to both poxvirus and vertebrate thymidine kinases. Comparison with other TK protein sequences showed that the SPV thymidine kinase was closely related to the TK genes from members of the ortho-, capri-, and leporipoxviruses (63.1–68.2% amino acid identity) and less so to the TK genes of avipoxviruses (52.0%) and vertebrates (57.1–59.7%). The TK gene from African swine fever virus (ASF) showed little homology (30.5%) to the SPV TK gene suggesting that these two viruses are not closely related though they share many biochemical features and infect a single, common mammalian host (swine). The SPV TK gene, like that of other poxviruses, is transcribed early, and when cloned into a TK − strain of vaccinia converted the virus to a TK + phenotype. BUdR R mutants of SPV contained frameshift, deletion, and missense mutations in the TK ORF.
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The molecular biology of swinepox virus I. A characterization of the viral DNA
Virology, 1991Co-Authors: R.f. Massung, Richard W. MoyerAbstract:Abstract Swinepox virus (SPV), the prototype member of the Suipoxvirus genus, is uncharacterized at the molecular level. We have analyzed the DNA of SPV and demonstrate that the genome is 175 kb in size and like the more commonly studied Orthopoxvirus, Avipoxvirus , and Leporipoxvirus genera, is terminally cross-linked and contains inverted terminal repetitions (ITRs). In addition, the ITRs are unstable, probably due to the presence of a variable number of direct repeats of approximately 70 by in length. Restriction enzyme cleavage maps for the enzymes Hin dlll, Ava l, Hae ll, Kpn l, Bgl l, Sal l, and Xho l are also presented.
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The molecular biology of swinepox virus II. The infectious cycle
Virology, 1991Co-Authors: R.f. Massung, Richard W. MoyerAbstract:Abstract Studies based on low-stringency hybridizations of radiolabeled swinepox virus (SPV) DNA to Southern blots containing DNA of representative members of the Orthopoxvirus, Leporipoxvirus , and Avipoxvirus genera and the Entomopoxvirus subfamily have revealed no DNA homology at this level of resolution. Antigenic relatedness between SPV and vaccinia was also analyzed using immunoprecipitations and revealed little if any cross-reactivity. The growth characteristics of SPV in tissue culture were examined by light microscopy and revealed both a delayed and a different cytopathology than that of vaccinia virus. SPV causes foci in pig kidney cells that are not evident until at least 4 days postinfection, whereas vaccinia rapidly generates plaques on these cells. The kinetics of DNA accumulation, protein expression, and RNA transcription of SPV have been examined and indicate that each of these facets of the SPV growth cycle is also considerably delayed when compared to vaccinia virus. Our data indicate that swinepox virus is unique from other poxviruses characterized to date and supports the classification of swinepox virus into a separate genus, Suipoxvirus , within the poxvirus family.
R.f. Massung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Isolation and molecular characterization of the swinepox virus thymidine kinase gene
Virology, 1991Co-Authors: Joyce A. Feller, R.f. Massung, Peter C. Turner, E. P. J. Gibbs, Ernesto Bockamp, A. Beloso, A. Talavera, Eladio Viñuela, Richard W. MoyerAbstract:Abstract Swinepox virus (SPV), the only member of the Suipoxvirus genus, shows little antigenic relatedness or DNA homology to members of the other poxvirus genera. A SPV thymidine kinase (TK) gene was detected and mapped to the left end of the Hin dIII G fragment using degenerate oligonucleotide probes. Cloning and sequencing of a 1.8-kb Hin dIII- Bam HI fragment containing the SPV TK gene revealed an open reading frame (ORF) of 181 amino acids yielding a predicted polypeptide of M r 20.6 kDa with significant homology to both poxvirus and vertebrate thymidine kinases. Comparison with other TK protein sequences showed that the SPV thymidine kinase was closely related to the TK genes from members of the ortho-, capri-, and leporipoxviruses (63.1–68.2% amino acid identity) and less so to the TK genes of avipoxviruses (52.0%) and vertebrates (57.1–59.7%). The TK gene from African swine fever virus (ASF) showed little homology (30.5%) to the SPV TK gene suggesting that these two viruses are not closely related though they share many biochemical features and infect a single, common mammalian host (swine). The SPV TK gene, like that of other poxviruses, is transcribed early, and when cloned into a TK − strain of vaccinia converted the virus to a TK + phenotype. BUdR R mutants of SPV contained frameshift, deletion, and missense mutations in the TK ORF.
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The molecular biology of swinepox virus I. A characterization of the viral DNA
Virology, 1991Co-Authors: R.f. Massung, Richard W. MoyerAbstract:Abstract Swinepox virus (SPV), the prototype member of the Suipoxvirus genus, is uncharacterized at the molecular level. We have analyzed the DNA of SPV and demonstrate that the genome is 175 kb in size and like the more commonly studied Orthopoxvirus, Avipoxvirus , and Leporipoxvirus genera, is terminally cross-linked and contains inverted terminal repetitions (ITRs). In addition, the ITRs are unstable, probably due to the presence of a variable number of direct repeats of approximately 70 by in length. Restriction enzyme cleavage maps for the enzymes Hin dlll, Ava l, Hae ll, Kpn l, Bgl l, Sal l, and Xho l are also presented.
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The molecular biology of swinepox virus II. The infectious cycle
Virology, 1991Co-Authors: R.f. Massung, Richard W. MoyerAbstract:Abstract Studies based on low-stringency hybridizations of radiolabeled swinepox virus (SPV) DNA to Southern blots containing DNA of representative members of the Orthopoxvirus, Leporipoxvirus , and Avipoxvirus genera and the Entomopoxvirus subfamily have revealed no DNA homology at this level of resolution. Antigenic relatedness between SPV and vaccinia was also analyzed using immunoprecipitations and revealed little if any cross-reactivity. The growth characteristics of SPV in tissue culture were examined by light microscopy and revealed both a delayed and a different cytopathology than that of vaccinia virus. SPV causes foci in pig kidney cells that are not evident until at least 4 days postinfection, whereas vaccinia rapidly generates plaques on these cells. The kinetics of DNA accumulation, protein expression, and RNA transcription of SPV have been examined and indicate that each of these facets of the SPV growth cycle is also considerably delayed when compared to vaccinia virus. Our data indicate that swinepox virus is unique from other poxviruses characterized to date and supports the classification of swinepox virus into a separate genus, Suipoxvirus , within the poxvirus family.
Geoffrey L. Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis
Journal of General Virology, 2004Co-Authors: Caroline Gubser, Paul Kellam, Geoffrey L. SmithAbstract:The evolutionary relationships of 26 sequenced members of the poxvirus family have been investigated by comparing their genome organization and gene content and by using DNA and protein sequences for phylogenetic analyses. The central region of the genome of chordopoxviruses (ChPVs) is highly conserved in gene content and arrangement, except for some gene inversions in Fowlpox virus (FPV) and species-specific gene insertions in FPV and Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV). In the central region 90 genes are conserved in all ChPVs, but no gene from near the termini is conserved throughout the subfamily. Inclusion of two entomopoxvirus (EnPV) sequences reduces the number of conserved genes to 49. The EnPVs are divergent from ChPVs and between themselves. Relationships between ChPV genera were evaluated by comparing the genome size, number of unique genes, gene arrangement and phylogenetic analyses of protein sequences. Overall, genus Avipoxvirus is the most divergent. The next most divergent ChPV genus is Molluscipoxvirus, whose sole member, MCV, infects only man. The Suipoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, Leporipoxvirus and Yatapoxvirus genera cluster together, with Suipoxvirus and Capripoxvirus sharing a common ancestor, and are distinct from the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPV). Within the OPV genus, Monkeypox virus, Ectromelia virus and Cowpox virus strain Brighton Red (BR) do not group closely with any other OPV, Variola virus and Camelpox virus form a subgroup, and Vaccinia virus is most closely related to CPV-GRI-90. This suggests that CPV-BR and GRI-90 should be separate species.
G. Mcfadden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Leporipoviruses and Suipoxviruses
Encyclopedia of Virology, 2020Co-Authors: G. McfaddenAbstract:Members of the genera Leporipoxvirus and Suipoxvirus are poxviruses that infect a relatively narrow range of vertebrate host species, namely leporids and swine, respectively. All cause benign, self-limiting dermal infections in their native host species, except for myxoma virus, which causes a lethal disease called myxomatosis in the European rabbit. The replication of these large DNA viruses occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells, similar to that of other poxviruses. All of these viruses express approximately 150 viral proteins, a substantial fraction of which mediate host tropism, pathogenesis, and immunomodulation. Myxoma virus virulence factors have been studied extensively, and have been shown to inhibit a variety of host immune molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor and interferon. Secreted anti-immune proteins from myxoma virus have shown efficacy as novel biotherapeutics to treat inflammatory diseases. The extreme pathogenicity of myxoma virus in European rabbits and its narrow host range were major factors in the decision to deliberately release myxoma virus in the attempt to control feral rabbit populations in Australia in the 1950s. Myxoma virus can also infect and kill human cancer cells and is under preclinical analysis as a novel oncolytic therapy to treat cancer.
Daniel L. Rock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sheeppox Virus Kelch-Like Gene SPPV-019 Affects Virus Virulence
Journal of Virology, 2007Co-Authors: C. A. Balinsky, Claudio L. Afonso, E. R. Tulman, G. Delhon, G. R. Risatti, Manuel V. Borca, Richard A. French, Steven J. Geary, Daniel L. RockAbstract:Sheeppox virus (SPPV) is the etiologic agent of a highly significant disease of sheep and the type species of the genus Capripoxvirus, one of the eight genera of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae of the Poxviridae (44). Other capripoxviruses (CaPVs) include goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which cause disease in goats and cattle, respectively. Due to their significant economic impact and potential for disease transmission, CaPV diseases are listed diseases by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Sheeppox is characterized by fever, ocular and nasal discharges, papular dermatitis, and nodular lesions in a variety of organs, including the lungs, trachea, and abomasum (6, 16). Young animals are most susceptible, where mortality rates can be as high as 50 to 70% (21, 26). Transmission of sheeppox is thought to require close contact between animals and to occur primarily via aerosol and respiratory droplet, though insect vectors have also been implicated (21, 26, 33, 34). Sheeppox is endemic throughout southwest and central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and African regions north of the equator (9, 16). SPPV and other CaPVs are morphologically and serologically indistinguishable and genomically very similar, with overall conservation in genetic content and gene synteny and >96% nucleotide identity (7, 22, 32, 61). Comparison of field and vaccine strains has shown that relatively few genomic changes account for viral attenuation in CaPV. A number of these genes are predicted to affect virulence and host range (31, 61). Among the genes affected in vaccine strains of CaPV were those with products similar to kelch-like proteins encoded by eukaryotes and other poxviruses. Kelch-like proteins, including the prototype kelch encoded by Drosophila, are members of a protein superfamily characterized by the presence of kelch repeat motifs. These proteins also belong to a subset of proteins characterized by a C-terminal domain of multiple kelch repeats joined to a N-terminal BTB/POZ (for broad-complex, tramtrack and bric-a-brac/poxvirus and zinc finger) domain via a BACK (for BTB and C-terminal kelch) domain (1, 57, 58). Kelch-like proteins are encoded by metazoans and demonstrate considerable expansion in gene repertoire among vertebrates, with humans encoding more than 50 (48). Kelch-like proteins, whose BTB and kelch domains can mediate protein-protein interactions, affect multiple cellular processes, including cytoskeleton organization and dynamics, ion channel modulation, transcriptional regulation, and protein ubiquitination, where they serve as substrate adapter proteins that mediate interaction between ubiquitin ligase complexes and the substrates targeted for degradation (1, 2, 14, 20, 49). Kelch-like proteins are encoded by members of chordopoxviral genera Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, Leporipoxvirus, Suipoxvirus, and Yatapoxvirus and by unassigned deerpox viruses. Poxviral kelch-like genes are generally present as multiple, divergent, and occasionally fragmented genes located in variable and nonessential regions near genomic termini, leading to the suggestion that they function in aspects of virus-host interactions (55). Although domain structure is maintained, amino acid identity between poxviral and cellular kelch-like proteins is low. Studies examining the role of poxviral kelch-like genes in virus replication and pathogenesis have been limited to orthopoxviruses, where deletion of single or multiple kelch-like genes have been shown to affect lesion size, inflammatory cell infiltration, or virulence in a mouse model or vascularization and virus yield in a chorioallantoic membrane model of infection (4, 36, 47). These results have suggested a role for kelch-like genes in poxvirus virulence and host range, perhaps through the modulation of inflammatory responses (47). Still, the role of individual kelch-like proteins in poxvirus virulence remains to be fully elucidated. SPPV encodes three kelch-like proteins—SPPV-019, SPPV-144, and SPPV-151 (annotated as SPPV_16, SPPV_137, and SPPV_144, respectively, in NCBI Reference Sequence accession {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NC_004002","term_id":"21426071","term_text":"NC_004002"}}NC_004002)—that exhibit 93 to 95% amino acid identity to GTPV and LSDV orthologues (61). Examination of SPPV-019 orthologues in GTPV G20 and LSDV Neethling vaccine strains shows truncating frameshift mutations at positions 231 and 124, respectively, suggesting a role for CaPV SPPV-019-like genes in virus virulence (31, 60). In the present study, we examined the role of the kelch-like protein-encoding gene SPPV-019 in sheep, the natural SPPV host. Our data indicate that SPPV-019 markedly affects SPPV virulence after intranasal or intradermal virus inoculation.
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The Genome of Swinepox Virus
Journal of Virology, 2002Co-Authors: Claudio L. Afonso, E. R. Tulman, Z. Lu, Laszlo Zsak, Fernando A. Osorio, C. A. Balinsky, G. F. Kutish, Daniel L. RockAbstract:Swinepox virus (SWPV), the sole member of the Suipoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae , is the etiologic agent of a worldwide disease specific for swine. Here we report the genomic sequence of SWPV. The 146-kbp SWPV genome consists of a central coding region bounded by identical 3.7-kbp inverted terminal repeats and contains 150 putative genes. Comparison of SWPV with chordopoxviruses reveals 146 conserved genes encoding proteins involved in basic replicative functions, viral virulence, host range, and immune evasion. Notably, these include genes with similarity to genes for gamma interferon (IFN-γ) receptor, IFN resistance protein, interleukin-18 binding protein, IFN-α/β binding protein, extracellular enveloped virus host range protein, dUTPase, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, serpin, herpesvirus major histocompatibility complex inhibitor, ectromelia virus macrophage host range protein, myxoma virus M011L, variola virus B22R, four ankyrin repeat proteins, three kelch-like proteins, five vaccinia virus (VV) A52R-like family proteins, and two G protein-coupled receptors. The most conserved genomic region is centrally located and corresponds to the VV region located between genes F9L and A38L. Within the terminal 13 kbp, colinearity is disrupted and multiple poxvirus gene homologues are absent or share a lower percentage of amino acid identity. Most of these differences involve genes and gene families with likely functions involving viral virulence and host range. Three open reading frames (SPV018, SPV019. and SPV020) are unique for SWPV. Phylogenetic analysis, genome organization, and amino acid identity indicate that SWPV is most closely related to the capripoxvirus lumpy skin disease virus, followed by the yatapoxvirus yaba-like disease virus and the leporipoxviruses. The gene complement of SWPV better defines Suipoxvirus within the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily and provides a basis for future genetic comparisons.
