The Experts below are selected from a list of 132 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Takashi Uno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mr imaging of the Superior Cervical Ganglion and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve structures that can mimic pathologic retropharyngeal lymph nodes
American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2018Co-Authors: Hajime Yokota, Hiroki Mukai, Shinya Hattori, Kei Yamada, Yoshimi Anzai, Takashi UnoAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Superior Cervical Ganglion and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve can mimic pathologic retropharyngeal lymph nodes. We studied the cross-sectional anatomy of the Superior Cervical Ganglion and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve to evaluate how they can be differentiated from the retropharyngeal lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study consists of 2 parts. Cohort 1 concerned the signal intensity of routine neck MR imaging with 2D sequences, apparent diffusion coefficient, and contrast enhancement of the Superior Cervical Ganglion compared with lymph nodes with or without metastasis in 30 patients. Cohort 2 used 3D neurography to assess the morphology and spatial relationships of the Superior Cervical Ganglion, inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve, and the retropharyngeal lymph nodes in 50 other patients. RESULTS: All Superior Cervical Ganglions had homogeneously greater enhancement and lower signal on diffusion-weighted imaging than lymph nodes. Apparent diffusion coefficient values of the Superior Cervical Ganglion (1.80 ± 0.28 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s) were significantly higher than normal and metastatic lymph nodes (0.86 ± 0.10 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s, P −3 mm 2 /s, P P P = .004). The highest at vertebral level was the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, followed, in order, by the inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve and the Superior Cervical Ganglion ( P P = .001). The retropharyngeal lymph node, Superior Cervical Ganglion, and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve formed a line from anteromedial to posterolateral. CONCLUSIONS: The Superior Cervical Ganglion and the inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve can be almost always differentiated from retropharyngeal lymph nodes on MR imaging by evaluating the signal, size, and position.
John Chalmers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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GABA- and glutamate-immunoreactive synapses on sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion.
Journal of The Autonomic Nervous System, 1998Co-Authors: Ida J. Llewellyn-smith, Paul M. Pilowsky, John Chalmers, Leonard F Arnolda, Jane B MinsonAbstract:Abstract Our previous work suggests that virtually all of the synapses on sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the rat adrenal medulla are immunoreactive for either the inhibitory amino acid, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or the excitatory amino acid, l -glutamate. To investigate whether or not this is true for other groups of sympathetic preGanglionic neurons, and to determine whether or not the proportion of inputs containing each type of amino acid neurotransmitter is the same for different groups of sympathetic preGanglionic neurons, we retrogradely labelled rat and rabbit sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion and used post-embedding immunogold on ultrathin sections to localise GABA- and glutamate-immunoreactivity. The cell bodies and dendrites of both rat and rabbit sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion received synapses and direct contacts from nerve fibres immunoreactive for GABA and from nerve fibres immunoreactive for glutamate. In the rat, GABA was present in 48.9% of the inputs to sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion, and glutamate was present in 51.7% of inputs. Double immunogold labelling for glutamate and GABA on the same section, as well as labelling of consecutive serial sections for the two antigens, indicated that GABA and glutamate occur in separate populations of nerve fibres that provide input to rat sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion. We now have shown that GABA or glutamate is present in virtually all of the inputs to sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion and in essentially all of the inputs to sympathetic preGanglionic neurons supplying the adrenal medulla. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that all fast synaptic transmission in central autonomic pathways may be mediated by either excitatory or inhibitory amino acids. Furthermore, we showed a statistically significant difference in the proportion of glutamate-immunoreactive inputs between sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion and sympathoadrenal neurons (data from Llewellyn-Smith et al. [Llewellyn-Smith, I.J., Phend, K.D., Minson, J.B., Pilowsky, P.M., Chalmers, J.P., 1992. Glutamate immunoreactive synapses on retrogradely labelled sympathetic neurons in rat thoracic spinal cord. Brain Res. 581, 67–80]), with preGanglionics supplying the adrenal medulla receiving more excitatory inputs than those supplying the Superior Cervical Ganglion. This increased excitatory input to sympathoadrenal neurons may explain the predominant activation of these neurons following baroreceptor unloading.
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Serotonin inputs to rabbit sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion or adrenal medulla.
The Journal of comparative neurology, 1995Co-Authors: Iwona Jensen, Paul M. Pilowsky, Ida J. Llewellyn-smith, Jane B Minson, John ChalmersAbstract:The input from serotonin-containing nerve fibres to rabbit sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to either the Superior Cervical Ganglion or the adrenal medulla was investigated by combining retrograde tracing with the B subunit of cholera toxin and immunocytochemistry for serotonin. There were pronounced rostrocaudal variations in the density of serotonin fibres in the rabbit intermediolateral cell column from T1 to L4; maximum numbers of fibres were found in T3-6 and L3-4 and minimum numbers in T1 and T10-12. By light microscopy, retrogradely labelled sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion or the adrenal medulla received variable densities of close appositions from serotonin-immunoreactive fibres. Some neurons from each population received many close appositions, whereas others received moderate numbers or few appositions. Appositions occurred on the cell bodies, dendrites, and occasionally axons of sympathetic preGanglionic neurons. Rare neurons in both groups of retrogradely labelled cells received no appositions from serotonin-containing nerve fibres. At the ultrastructural level, synapses were found between serotonin-positive boutons and sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting either to the Superior Cervical Ganglion or to the adrenal medulla. These results indicate that, through direct synaptic contacts, serotonin-immunoreactive, presumably bulbospinal, nerve fibres affect the activity of the vast majority of sympathetic preGanglionic neurons that send axons either to the Superior Cervical Ganglion or to the adrenal medulla. This serotonin input may be sympathoexcitatory and could mediate increases in sympathetic nerve activity and in the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla.
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Sympathetic preGanglionic neurons in rabbit spinal cord that project to the stellate or the Superior Cervical Ganglion.
Brain research, 1992Co-Authors: Paul M. Pilowsky, Ida J. Llewellyn-smith, Jane B Minson, John ChalmersAbstract:Abstract The segmental distribution of symphathetic preGanglionic neurons in the rabbit spinal cord that project to the stellate or the Superior Cervical Ganglion was determined using retrograde tracing with cholera toxin B subunit from the stellate Ganglion and wheat germ agglutininapo-horseradish peroxidase-gold from the Superior Cervical Ganglion. Sympathetic preGanglionic neurons that projected to the stellate Ganglion were located in spinal segments T 1 to T 10 . Sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion were found in segments T 1 to T 8 . Both types of neuron had somata that were elongated in the rostrocaudal direction, and dendrites that were mainly confined to the intermediolateral cell column. Almost 95% of the neurons supplying the Superior Cervical Ganglion had axons that passed through the stellate Ganglion.
Hajime Yokota - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mr imaging of the Superior Cervical Ganglion and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve structures that can mimic pathologic retropharyngeal lymph nodes
American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2018Co-Authors: Hajime Yokota, Hiroki Mukai, Shinya Hattori, Kei Yamada, Yoshimi Anzai, Takashi UnoAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Superior Cervical Ganglion and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve can mimic pathologic retropharyngeal lymph nodes. We studied the cross-sectional anatomy of the Superior Cervical Ganglion and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve to evaluate how they can be differentiated from the retropharyngeal lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study consists of 2 parts. Cohort 1 concerned the signal intensity of routine neck MR imaging with 2D sequences, apparent diffusion coefficient, and contrast enhancement of the Superior Cervical Ganglion compared with lymph nodes with or without metastasis in 30 patients. Cohort 2 used 3D neurography to assess the morphology and spatial relationships of the Superior Cervical Ganglion, inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve, and the retropharyngeal lymph nodes in 50 other patients. RESULTS: All Superior Cervical Ganglions had homogeneously greater enhancement and lower signal on diffusion-weighted imaging than lymph nodes. Apparent diffusion coefficient values of the Superior Cervical Ganglion (1.80 ± 0.28 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s) were significantly higher than normal and metastatic lymph nodes (0.86 ± 0.10 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s, P −3 mm 2 /s, P P P = .004). The highest at vertebral level was the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, followed, in order, by the inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve and the Superior Cervical Ganglion ( P P = .001). The retropharyngeal lymph node, Superior Cervical Ganglion, and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve formed a line from anteromedial to posterolateral. CONCLUSIONS: The Superior Cervical Ganglion and the inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve can be almost always differentiated from retropharyngeal lymph nodes on MR imaging by evaluating the signal, size, and position.
Paul M. Pilowsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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GABA- and glutamate-immunoreactive synapses on sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion.
Journal of The Autonomic Nervous System, 1998Co-Authors: Ida J. Llewellyn-smith, Paul M. Pilowsky, John Chalmers, Leonard F Arnolda, Jane B MinsonAbstract:Abstract Our previous work suggests that virtually all of the synapses on sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the rat adrenal medulla are immunoreactive for either the inhibitory amino acid, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or the excitatory amino acid, l -glutamate. To investigate whether or not this is true for other groups of sympathetic preGanglionic neurons, and to determine whether or not the proportion of inputs containing each type of amino acid neurotransmitter is the same for different groups of sympathetic preGanglionic neurons, we retrogradely labelled rat and rabbit sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion and used post-embedding immunogold on ultrathin sections to localise GABA- and glutamate-immunoreactivity. The cell bodies and dendrites of both rat and rabbit sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion received synapses and direct contacts from nerve fibres immunoreactive for GABA and from nerve fibres immunoreactive for glutamate. In the rat, GABA was present in 48.9% of the inputs to sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion, and glutamate was present in 51.7% of inputs. Double immunogold labelling for glutamate and GABA on the same section, as well as labelling of consecutive serial sections for the two antigens, indicated that GABA and glutamate occur in separate populations of nerve fibres that provide input to rat sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion. We now have shown that GABA or glutamate is present in virtually all of the inputs to sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion and in essentially all of the inputs to sympathetic preGanglionic neurons supplying the adrenal medulla. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that all fast synaptic transmission in central autonomic pathways may be mediated by either excitatory or inhibitory amino acids. Furthermore, we showed a statistically significant difference in the proportion of glutamate-immunoreactive inputs between sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion and sympathoadrenal neurons (data from Llewellyn-Smith et al. [Llewellyn-Smith, I.J., Phend, K.D., Minson, J.B., Pilowsky, P.M., Chalmers, J.P., 1992. Glutamate immunoreactive synapses on retrogradely labelled sympathetic neurons in rat thoracic spinal cord. Brain Res. 581, 67–80]), with preGanglionics supplying the adrenal medulla receiving more excitatory inputs than those supplying the Superior Cervical Ganglion. This increased excitatory input to sympathoadrenal neurons may explain the predominant activation of these neurons following baroreceptor unloading.
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Serotonin inputs to rabbit sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion or adrenal medulla.
The Journal of comparative neurology, 1995Co-Authors: Iwona Jensen, Paul M. Pilowsky, Ida J. Llewellyn-smith, Jane B Minson, John ChalmersAbstract:The input from serotonin-containing nerve fibres to rabbit sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to either the Superior Cervical Ganglion or the adrenal medulla was investigated by combining retrograde tracing with the B subunit of cholera toxin and immunocytochemistry for serotonin. There were pronounced rostrocaudal variations in the density of serotonin fibres in the rabbit intermediolateral cell column from T1 to L4; maximum numbers of fibres were found in T3-6 and L3-4 and minimum numbers in T1 and T10-12. By light microscopy, retrogradely labelled sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion or the adrenal medulla received variable densities of close appositions from serotonin-immunoreactive fibres. Some neurons from each population received many close appositions, whereas others received moderate numbers or few appositions. Appositions occurred on the cell bodies, dendrites, and occasionally axons of sympathetic preGanglionic neurons. Rare neurons in both groups of retrogradely labelled cells received no appositions from serotonin-containing nerve fibres. At the ultrastructural level, synapses were found between serotonin-positive boutons and sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting either to the Superior Cervical Ganglion or to the adrenal medulla. These results indicate that, through direct synaptic contacts, serotonin-immunoreactive, presumably bulbospinal, nerve fibres affect the activity of the vast majority of sympathetic preGanglionic neurons that send axons either to the Superior Cervical Ganglion or to the adrenal medulla. This serotonin input may be sympathoexcitatory and could mediate increases in sympathetic nerve activity and in the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla.
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Sympathetic preGanglionic neurons in rabbit spinal cord that project to the stellate or the Superior Cervical Ganglion.
Brain research, 1992Co-Authors: Paul M. Pilowsky, Ida J. Llewellyn-smith, Jane B Minson, John ChalmersAbstract:Abstract The segmental distribution of symphathetic preGanglionic neurons in the rabbit spinal cord that project to the stellate or the Superior Cervical Ganglion was determined using retrograde tracing with cholera toxin B subunit from the stellate Ganglion and wheat germ agglutininapo-horseradish peroxidase-gold from the Superior Cervical Ganglion. Sympathetic preGanglionic neurons that projected to the stellate Ganglion were located in spinal segments T 1 to T 10 . Sympathetic preGanglionic neurons projecting to the Superior Cervical Ganglion were found in segments T 1 to T 8 . Both types of neuron had somata that were elongated in the rostrocaudal direction, and dendrites that were mainly confined to the intermediolateral cell column. Almost 95% of the neurons supplying the Superior Cervical Ganglion had axons that passed through the stellate Ganglion.
Hiroki Mukai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mr imaging of the Superior Cervical Ganglion and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve structures that can mimic pathologic retropharyngeal lymph nodes
American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2018Co-Authors: Hajime Yokota, Hiroki Mukai, Shinya Hattori, Kei Yamada, Yoshimi Anzai, Takashi UnoAbstract:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Superior Cervical Ganglion and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve can mimic pathologic retropharyngeal lymph nodes. We studied the cross-sectional anatomy of the Superior Cervical Ganglion and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve to evaluate how they can be differentiated from the retropharyngeal lymph nodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study consists of 2 parts. Cohort 1 concerned the signal intensity of routine neck MR imaging with 2D sequences, apparent diffusion coefficient, and contrast enhancement of the Superior Cervical Ganglion compared with lymph nodes with or without metastasis in 30 patients. Cohort 2 used 3D neurography to assess the morphology and spatial relationships of the Superior Cervical Ganglion, inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve, and the retropharyngeal lymph nodes in 50 other patients. RESULTS: All Superior Cervical Ganglions had homogeneously greater enhancement and lower signal on diffusion-weighted imaging than lymph nodes. Apparent diffusion coefficient values of the Superior Cervical Ganglion (1.80 ± 0.28 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s) were significantly higher than normal and metastatic lymph nodes (0.86 ± 0.10 × 10 −3 mm 2 /s, P −3 mm 2 /s, P P P = .004). The highest at vertebral level was the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, followed, in order, by the inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve and the Superior Cervical Ganglion ( P P = .001). The retropharyngeal lymph node, Superior Cervical Ganglion, and inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve formed a line from anteromedial to posterolateral. CONCLUSIONS: The Superior Cervical Ganglion and the inferior Ganglion of the vagus nerve can be almost always differentiated from retropharyngeal lymph nodes on MR imaging by evaluating the signal, size, and position.
