Supramolecular Structure

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Chihiro Sasakawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Supramolecular Structure of the shigella type iii secretion machinery the needle part is changeable in length and essential for delivery of effectors
    The EMBO Journal, 2000
    Co-Authors: Koichi Tamano, Shinichi Aizawa, Eisaku Katayama, Takashi Nonaka, Shinobu Imajohohmi, Asaomi Kuwae, Shinya Nagai, Chihiro Sasakawa
    Abstract:

    We investigated the Supramolecular Structure of the Shigella type III secretion machinery including its major components. Our results indicated that the machinery was composed of needle and basal parts with respective lengths of 45.4 ± 3.3 and 31.6 ± 0.3 nm, and contained MxiD, MxiG, MxiJ and MxiH. spa47 , encoding a putative F 1 ‐type ATPase, was required for the secretion of effector proteins via the type III system and was involved in the formation of the needle. The spa47 mutant produced a defective, needle‐less type III Structure, which contained MxiD, MxiG and MxiJ but not MxiH. The mxiH mutant produced a defective type III Structure lacking the needle and failed to secrete effector proteins. Upon overexpression of MxiH in the mxiH mutant, the bacteria produced type III Structures with protruding dramatically long needles, and showed a remarkable increase in invasiveness. Our results suggest that MxiH is the major needle component of the type III machinery and is essential for delivery of the effector proteins, and that the level of MxiH affects the length of the needle.

Ling Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Supramolecular Structure of jackfruit seed starch and its relationship with digestibility and physicochemical properties
    Carbohydrate Polymers, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jin Chen, Yi Liang, Xiaoxi Li, Ling Chen
    Abstract:

    The influence of Supramolecular Structure on the physicochemical properties and digestibility of jackfruit seed starch (JSS) were investigated. Compared with maize and cassava starches (MS and CS), JSS had smaller granules and higher amylose content (JSS: 24.90%; CS: 16.68%; and MS: 22.42%), which contributed to higher gelatinization temperature (To: 81.11 °C) and setback viscosity (548.9 mPa s). From scanning electron microscopy, the digestion of JSS was observed mainly at the granule surface. Due to its higher crystallinity (JSS: 30.6%; CS: 30.3%; and MS: 27.4%) and more ordered semi-crystalline lamellae, JSS had a high RS content (74.26%) and melting enthalpy (19.61 J/g). In other words, the Supramolecular Structure of JSS extensively determined its digestibility and resistance to heat and mechanical shear treatment.

  • Supramolecular Structure of a and b type granules of wheat starch
    Food Hydrocolloids, 2013
    Co-Authors: Binjia Zhang, Xiaoxi Li, Ling Chen
    Abstract:

    The Supramolecular Structure of the A- and B-type granules of wheat starch was compared. Polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to study the granular, crystalline, and short-range Structures. The A- and B-type granules displayed a typical A-type crystalline Structure with the degrees of crystallinity of 31.95% and 29.38% respectively. In addition, the B-type granules had some V-type crystallites. The nanoStructure and fractals were characterized by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), which showed that the average thickness of the lamellae of the A-type granules was larger, while the B-type granules possessed a higher degree of ordering in the lamellar regions. A second order reflection was found in both A- and B-type granules, which was proposed due to the crystalline lamellae of the semicrystalline lamellae. The A- and B-type granules had mass and surface fractal Structures respectively.

Alessandro Piccolo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the Supramolecular Structure of humic substances a novel understanding of humus chemistry and implications in soil science
    Advances in Agronomy, 2002
    Co-Authors: Alessandro Piccolo
    Abstract:

    Abstract The scientific understanding of the molecular Structure of humic substances is critically reviewed here. The traditional view that humic substances are polymers in soil is not substantiated by any direct evidence but only assumed on the basis of laboratory experiments with model molecules and unwarranted results by incorrectly applying either analytical procedures or mathematical treatments developed for purified and undisputed biopolymers. A large body of evidence instead shows an alternative understanding of the conformational nature of humic substances which should be regarded as Supramolecular associations of self-assembling heterogeneous and relatively small molecules deriving from the degradation and decomposition of dead biological material. A major aspect of the humic Supramolecular Structure is that it is predominantly stabilized by weak dispersive forces instead of covalent linkages. Hydrophobic (van der Waals, π-π, CH-π) and hydrogen bonds are responsible for the apparent large molecular size of humic substances, the former becoming more important with the increase of pH. Such novel description of humic substances Structure better accounts for their essential role in providing and maintaining soil physical and chemical quality and their reactivity towards pesticides and other environmental soil contaminants. This innovative understanding of the nature of humic substances implies a further development of the science and technology for the control of the chemistry and dynamics of natural organic matter in the soil and the environment.

  • the Supramolecular Structure of humic substances
    Soil Science, 2001
    Co-Authors: Alessandro Piccolo
    Abstract:

    The scientific understanding of the molecular size and shape of humic substances (HS) is critically reviewed. The traditional view that HS are polymers in soil is not substantiated by any direct evidence but is assumed only on the basis of laboratory experiments with model molecules and unwarranted

Xiaolu Tang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Takashi Endo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • increase in enzyme accessibility by generation of nanospace in cell wall Supramolecular Structure
    Bioresource Technology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Fuxiang Chang, Seiichi Inoue, Takashi Endo
    Abstract:

    An energy efficient nanofibrillation method that combines disk milling and mild hot-compressed water (HCW) treatment was developed to improve enzymatic accessibility of Eucalyptus wood. In this method, the residual product of HCW treatment was fibrillated by disk milling under wet conditions. Relatively moderate HCW treatment conditions (temperature below 180 °C and reaction time of 30 min) were adopted, and the amount of water used was only five times that of wood. These conditions were sufficient for the partial removal of hemicellulose and lignin from cell wall Supramolecular Structure to create nanospace between cellulose microfibrils. This morphological characteristic effectively improved nanofibrillation by disk milling. The fibrillated products with a size of less than 20 nm can be obtained after very short milling time, and this process drastically improved the enzymatic saccharification yield. The energy consumption was much lower than that of other mechanical methods for size reduction to give the same monosaccharide-recovery yield.