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Jack H. Vossen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Synchytrium endobioticum AvrSen1 Triggers a Hypersensitive Response in Sen1 Potatoes While Natural Variants Evade Detection
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions, 2019Co-Authors: Bart T. L. H. Van De Vossenberg, Charlotte Prodhomme, Gert Van Arkel, Marga P. E. Van Gent-pelzer, Marjan Bergervoet, Balázs Brankovics, Jarosław Przetakiewicz, Richard G F Visser, Jack H. VossenAbstract:: Synchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic fungus of division Chytridiomycota. It causes potato wart disease, has a worldwide quarantine status and is included on the Health and Human Services and United States Department of Agriculture Select Agent list. S. endobioticum isolates are grouped in pathotypes based on their ability to evade host resistance in a set of differential potato varieties. Thus far, 39 pathotypes are reported. A single dominant gene (Sen1) governs pathotype 1 (D1) resistance and we anticipated that the underlying molecular model would involve a pathogen effector (AvrSen1) that is recognized by the host. The S. endobioticum-specific secretome of 14 isolates representing six different pathotypes was screened for effectors specifically present in pathotype 1 (D1) isolates but absent in others. We identified a single AvrSen1 candidate. Expression of this candidate in potato Sen1 plants showed a specific hypersensitive response (HR), which cosegregated with the Sen1 resistance in potato populations. No HR was obtained with truncated genes found in pathotypes that evaded recognition by Sen1. These findings established that our candidate gene was indeed Avrsen1. The S. endobioticum AvrSen1 is a single-copy gene and encodes a 376-amino-acid protein without predicted function or functional domains, and is the first effector gene identified in Chytridiomycota, an extremely diverse yet underrepresented basal lineage of fungi.
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The Synchytrium endobioticum AvrSen1 triggers a Hypersensitive Response in Sen1 potatoes while natural variants evade detection
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Bart T. L. H. Van De Vossenberg, Charlotte Prodhomme, Gert Van Arkel, Marga P. E. Van Gent-pelzer, Marjan Bergervoet, Balázs Brankovics, Jarosław Przetakiewicz, Richard G F Visser, Jack H. VossenAbstract:Abstract Synchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic fungus of the phylum Chytridiomycota. It causes potato wart disease, has a world-wide quarantine status and is included on the HHS and USDA Select Agent list. S. endobioticum isolates are grouped in pathotypes based on their ability to evade host-resistance in a set of differential potato varieties. So far, thirty-nine pathotypes are reported. A single dominant gene (Sen1) governs pathotype 1 resistance and we anticipated that the underlying molecular model would involve a pathogen effector (AvrSen1) that is recognized by the host. The S. endobioticum specific secretome of fourteen isolates representing six different pathotypes was screened for effectors specifically present in pathotype 1(D1) isolates but absent in others. We identified a single AvrSen1 candidate. Expression of this candidate in potato Sen1 plants showed a specific hypersensitive response, which co-segregated with the Sen1 resistance in potato populations. No HR was obtained with truncated genes found in pathotypes that evaded recognition by Sen1. These findings established that our candidate gene was indeed Avrsen1. The S. endobioticum AvrSen1 is a single copy gene and encodes a 376 amino acid protein without predicted function or functional domains, and is the first effector gene identified in Chytridiomycota, an extremely diverse yet underrepresented basal lineage of fungi. Author Summary Plant pathogens can have a great social and economic impact, and are a continuous threat to food security. A clear example is Synchytrium endobioticum, the fungus causing potato wart disease. The impact of the pathogen, lack of effective chemical control agents and the longevity of resting spores produced by the pathogen led to a world-wide quarantine status for S. endobioticum. Strict phytosanitary measures and the use of resistance potato varieties are currently the only way to prevent the spread of the disease. The emergence of new pathotypes that overcome resistance urged to study the underlying molecular mechanisms of S. endobioticum recognition by the plant. Here we describe the identification of the first effector (AvrSen1) of S. endobioticum that is recognized by the Sen1 resistance gene product. Also, we report the loss of AvrSen1 in other pathotypes thus avoiding recognition by the plant and triggering immune responses. AvrSen1 represents the first effector to be identified in the basal fungal lineage Chytridiomycota. The discovery of AvrSen1 provides an important tool to manage potato wart disease. Moreover, knowledge about Chytridiomycota effectors will shed light on other (pathogenic) interactions and the co-evolution of Chytridiomycota species with their hosts.
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An Alternative Bioassay for Synchytrium endobioticum Demonstrates the Expression of Potato Wart Resistance in Aboveground Plant Parts.
Phytopathology, 2019Co-Authors: B. T. L. H. Van De Vossenberg, Margriet Boerma, M.p.e. Van Gent-pelzer, L P Van Der Gouw, T.a.j. Van Der Lee, Jack H. VossenAbstract:The obligate biotrophic chytrid species Synchytrium endobioticum is the causal agent of potato wart disease. Currently, 39 pathotypes have been described based on their interaction with a differential set of potato varieties. Wart resistance and pathotyping is performed using bioassays in which etiolated tuber sprouts are inoculated. Here, we describe an alternative method in which aboveground plant parts are inoculated. Susceptible plants produced typical wart symptoms in developing but not in fully expanded aboveground organs. Colonization of the host by S. endobioticum was verified by screening for resting spores by microscopy and by molecular techniques using TaqMan polymerase chain reaction and RNAseq analysis. When applied to resistant plants, none of these symptoms were detectable. Recognition of S. endobioticum pathotypes by differentially resistant potato varieties was identical in axillary buds and the tuber-based bioassays. This suggests that S. endobioticum resistance genes are expressed in both etiolated "belowground" sprouts and green aboveground organs. RNAseq analysis demonstrated that the symptomatic aboveground materials contain less contaminants compared with resting spores extracted from tuber-based assays. This reduced microbial contamination in the aboveground bioassay could be an important advantage to study this obligate biotrophic plant-pathogen interaction. Because wart resistance is active in both below- and aboveground organs, the aboveground bioassay can potentially speed up screening for S. endobioticum resistance in potato breeding programs because it omits the requirement for tuber formation. In addition, possibilities arise to express S. endobioticum effectors in potato leaves through agroinfiltration, thereby providing additional phenotyping tools for research and breeding. Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Christiane Gebhardt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ORIGINAL PAPER
2016Co-Authors: Agim Ballvora, Kerstin Flath, Eckhard Tacke, Hans-reinhard Hofferbert, Josef Strahwald, Christiane GebhardtAbstract:Multiple alleles for resistance and susceptibility modulate the defense response in the interaction of tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) with Synchytrium endobioticum pathotype
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genomic architecture of potato resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum disentangled using ssr markers and the 8 3k solcap snp genotyping array
BMC Genetics, 2015Co-Authors: Kerstin Flath, Jude Eijkeme Obidiegwu, Rena Sanetomo, Eckhard Tacke, Hans-reinhard Hofferbert, Andrea Hofmann, Birgit Walkemeier, Christiane GebhardtAbstract:Background: The soil borne, obligate biotrophic fungus Synchytrium endobioticum causes tumor-like tissue proliferation (wart) in potato tubers and thereby considerable crop damage. Chemical control is not effective and unfriendly to the environment. S. endobioticum is therefore a quarantined pathogen. The emergence of new pathotypes of the fungus aggravate this agricultural problem. The best control of wart disease is the cultivation of resistant varieties. Phenotypic screening for resistant cultivars is however time, labor and material intensive. Breeding for resistance would therefore greatly benefit from diagnostic DNA markers that can be applied early in the breeding cycle. The prerequisite for the development of diagnostic DNA markers is the genetic dissection of the factors that control resistance to S. endobioticum in various genetic backgrounds of potato. Results: Progeny of a cross between a wart resistant and a susceptible tetraploid breeding clone was evaluated for resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 most relevant in Europe. The same progeny was genotyped with 195 microsatellite and 8303 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Linkage analysis identified the multi-allelic locus Sen1/RSe-XIa on potato chromosome XI as major factor for resistance to all four S. endobioticum pathotypes. Six additional, independent modifier loci had smaller effects on wart resistance. Combinations of markers linked to Sen1/RSe-XIa resistance alleles with one to two additional markers were sufficient for obtaining high levels of resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 in the analyzed genetic background. Conclusions: Potato resistance to S. endobioticum is oligogenic with one major and several minor resistance loci. It is composed of multiple alleles for resistance and susceptibility that originate from multiple sources. The genetics of resistance to S. endobioticum varies therefore between different genetic backgrounds. The DNA markers described in this paper are the starting point for pedigree based selection of cultivars with high levels of resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18.
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Genomic architecture of potato resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum disentangled using SSR markers and the 8.3k SolCAP SNP genotyping array
BMC genetics, 2015Co-Authors: Jude Eijkeme Obidiegwu, Kerstin Flath, Rena Sanetomo, Eckhard Tacke, Hans-reinhard Hofferbert, Andrea Hofmann, Birgit Walkemeier, Christiane GebhardtAbstract:Background The soil borne, obligate biotrophic fungus Synchytrium endobioticum causes tumor-like tissue proliferation (wart) in potato tubers and thereby considerable crop damage. Chemical control is not effective and unfriendly to the environment. S. endobioticum is therefore a quarantined pathogen. The emergence of new pathotypes of the fungus aggravate this agricultural problem. The best control of wart disease is the cultivation of resistant varieties. Phenotypic screening for resistant cultivars is however time, labor and material intensive. Breeding for resistance would therefore greatly benefit from diagnostic DNA markers that can be applied early in the breeding cycle. The prerequisite for the development of diagnostic DNA markers is the genetic dissection of the factors that control resistance to S. endobioticum in various genetic backgrounds of potato.
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multiple alleles for resistance and susceptibility modulate the defense response in the interaction of tetraploid potato solanum tuberosum with Synchytrium endobioticum pathotypes 1 2 6 and 18
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011Co-Authors: Kerstin Flath, Eckhard Tacke, Hans-reinhard Hofferbert, Jens Lübeck, Josef Strahwald, Agim Ballvora, Christiane GebhardtAbstract:The obligate biotrophic, soil-borne fungus Synchytrium endobioticum causes wart disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum), which is a serious problem for crop production in countries with moderate climates. S. endobioticum induces hypertrophic cell divisions in plant host tissues leading to the formation of tumor-like structures. Potato wart is a quarantine disease and chemical control is not possible. From 38 S. endobioticum pathotypes occurring in Europe, pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 are the most relevant. Genetic resistance to wart is available but only few current potato varieties are resistant to all four pathotypes. The phenotypic evaluation of wart resistance is laborious, time-consuming and sometimes ambiguous, which makes breeding for resistance difficult. Molecular markers diagnostic for genes for resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 would greatly facilitate the selection of new, resistant cultivars. Two tetraploid half-sib families (266 individuals) segregating for resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 were produced by crossing a resistant genotype with two different susceptible ones. The families were scored for five different wart resistance phenotypes. The distribution of mean resistance scores was quantitative in both families. Resistance to pathotypes 2, 6 and 18 was correlated and independent from resistance to pathotype 1. DNA pools were constructed from the most resistant and most susceptible individuals and screened with genome wide simple sequence repeat (SSR), inverted simple sequence region (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Bulked segregant analysis identified three SSR markers that were linked to wart resistance loci (Sen). Sen1-XI on chromosome XI conferred partial resistance to pathotype 1, Sen18-IX on chromosome IX to pathotype 18 and Sen2/6/18-I on chromosome I to pathotypes 2,6 and 18. Additional genotyping with 191 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers confirmed the localization of the Sen loci. Thirty-three SNP markers linked to the Sen loci permitted the dissection of Sen alleles that increased or decreased resistance to wart. The alleles were inherited from both the resistant and susceptible parents.
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TMV resistance gene N homologues are linked to Synchytrium endobioticum resistance in potato
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: Reinhard Hehl, E. Faurie, Josef Hesselbach, Francesco Salamini, Steve Whitham, Barbara Baker, Christiane GebhardtAbstract:The fungus Synchytrium endobioticum, the causal agent of potato wart disease, is subject to world-wide quarKantine regulations due to the production of persistent resting spores and lack of effective chemical control measures. The selection of Synchytrium-resistant potato cultivars may be facilitated by using markers closely linked with a resistance gene or by transferring a cloned gene for resistance into susceptible cultivars. Sen1, a gene for resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum race 1, was localized on potato chromosome XI in a genomic region which is related to the tobacco genome segment harbouring the N gene for resistance to TMV. Using N as probe, we isolated homologous cDNA clones from a Synchytrium-resistant potato line. The N-homologous sequences of potato identified by RFLP mapping a family of resistance gene-like sequences closely linked with the Sen1 locus. Sequence analysis of two full-length N-homologous cDNA clones revealed the presence of structural domains associated with resistance gene function. One clone (Nl-25) encodes a polypeptide of 61 kDa and harbours a Toll-interleukin like region (TIR) and a putative nucleotide binding site (NBS). The other clone (Nl-27) encodes a polypeptide of 95 kDa and harbours besides the TIR and NBS domains five imperfect leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). Both clones have at their amino terminus a conserved stretch of serine residues that was also found in the N gene, the RPP5 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana and several other resistance gene homologues, suggesting a function in the resistance response. Cloning of the disease resistance locus based on map position and the establishment of PCR-based marker assays to assist selection of wart resistant potato genotypes are discussed.
Jarosław Przetakiewicz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparative proteomic analysis of resistant and susceptible potato cultivars during Synchytrium endobioticum infestation.
Planta, 2019Co-Authors: Katarzyna Szajko, Jarosław Przetakiewicz, Jarosław Plich, Dorota Sołtys-kalina, Waldemar MarczewskiAbstract:We report the first comparative study of protein expression profiles in tuber sprouts between Katahdin-derived potato cultivars resistant and susceptible to Synchytrium endobioticum. Synchytrium endobioticum causes wart disease in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and is considered as the most important quarantine pathogen in almost all countries where potatoes are grown. We performed a comparative analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the tuber sprouts of potato cultivars differing in resistance to pathotype 1(D1) of S. endobioticum using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) approaches. Bulks prepared from two resistant (Calrose and Humalda) and three susceptible (Sebago, Seneca and Wauseon) potato cultivars were studied. When protein profiles were compared between mock- and S. endobioticum-inoculated sprouts, 35 and 63 protein spots, indicating qualitative or quantitative differences, were detected in the resistant and susceptible cultivars, respectively. In turn, 24 proteins associated with resistance to S. endobioticum were revealed by comparison of the resistant and susceptible bulks. These proteins were changed in a constitutive or induced manner and were grouped into four categories: stress and defence, cell structure, protein turnover, and metabolism. Among the 13 proteins classified into the stress and defence group, seven proteins were related to heat-shock proteins (HSPs)/chaperone factors. In addition, four proteins, S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase-like, superoxide dismutase [Mn], inactive patatin-3-Kuras 1 and patatin-15, were induced in the resistant bulk; whereas two proteins, patatin-01 and nucleoredoxin 1, showed significant differences in expression between the S. endobioticum-inoculated resistant and susceptible bulks. The detection of such a large number of S. endobioticum-mediated proteins representing the HSP70, HSP60 and HSP20 families suggests their significant role in restricting wart disease in potato tubers.
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The Synchytrium endobioticum AvrSen1 Triggers a Hypersensitive Response in Sen1 Potatoes While Natural Variants Evade Detection
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions, 2019Co-Authors: Bart T. L. H. Van De Vossenberg, Charlotte Prodhomme, Gert Van Arkel, Marga P. E. Van Gent-pelzer, Marjan Bergervoet, Balázs Brankovics, Jarosław Przetakiewicz, Richard G F Visser, Jack H. VossenAbstract:: Synchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic fungus of division Chytridiomycota. It causes potato wart disease, has a worldwide quarantine status and is included on the Health and Human Services and United States Department of Agriculture Select Agent list. S. endobioticum isolates are grouped in pathotypes based on their ability to evade host resistance in a set of differential potato varieties. Thus far, 39 pathotypes are reported. A single dominant gene (Sen1) governs pathotype 1 (D1) resistance and we anticipated that the underlying molecular model would involve a pathogen effector (AvrSen1) that is recognized by the host. The S. endobioticum-specific secretome of 14 isolates representing six different pathotypes was screened for effectors specifically present in pathotype 1 (D1) isolates but absent in others. We identified a single AvrSen1 candidate. Expression of this candidate in potato Sen1 plants showed a specific hypersensitive response (HR), which cosegregated with the Sen1 resistance in potato populations. No HR was obtained with truncated genes found in pathotypes that evaded recognition by Sen1. These findings established that our candidate gene was indeed Avrsen1. The S. endobioticum AvrSen1 is a single-copy gene and encodes a 376-amino-acid protein without predicted function or functional domains, and is the first effector gene identified in Chytridiomycota, an extremely diverse yet underrepresented basal lineage of fungi.
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The Synchytrium endobioticum AvrSen1 triggers a Hypersensitive Response in Sen1 potatoes while natural variants evade detection
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Bart T. L. H. Van De Vossenberg, Charlotte Prodhomme, Gert Van Arkel, Marga P. E. Van Gent-pelzer, Marjan Bergervoet, Balázs Brankovics, Jarosław Przetakiewicz, Richard G F Visser, Jack H. VossenAbstract:Abstract Synchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic fungus of the phylum Chytridiomycota. It causes potato wart disease, has a world-wide quarantine status and is included on the HHS and USDA Select Agent list. S. endobioticum isolates are grouped in pathotypes based on their ability to evade host-resistance in a set of differential potato varieties. So far, thirty-nine pathotypes are reported. A single dominant gene (Sen1) governs pathotype 1 resistance and we anticipated that the underlying molecular model would involve a pathogen effector (AvrSen1) that is recognized by the host. The S. endobioticum specific secretome of fourteen isolates representing six different pathotypes was screened for effectors specifically present in pathotype 1(D1) isolates but absent in others. We identified a single AvrSen1 candidate. Expression of this candidate in potato Sen1 plants showed a specific hypersensitive response, which co-segregated with the Sen1 resistance in potato populations. No HR was obtained with truncated genes found in pathotypes that evaded recognition by Sen1. These findings established that our candidate gene was indeed Avrsen1. The S. endobioticum AvrSen1 is a single copy gene and encodes a 376 amino acid protein without predicted function or functional domains, and is the first effector gene identified in Chytridiomycota, an extremely diverse yet underrepresented basal lineage of fungi. Author Summary Plant pathogens can have a great social and economic impact, and are a continuous threat to food security. A clear example is Synchytrium endobioticum, the fungus causing potato wart disease. The impact of the pathogen, lack of effective chemical control agents and the longevity of resting spores produced by the pathogen led to a world-wide quarantine status for S. endobioticum. Strict phytosanitary measures and the use of resistance potato varieties are currently the only way to prevent the spread of the disease. The emergence of new pathotypes that overcome resistance urged to study the underlying molecular mechanisms of S. endobioticum recognition by the plant. Here we describe the identification of the first effector (AvrSen1) of S. endobioticum that is recognized by the Sen1 resistance gene product. Also, we report the loss of AvrSen1 in other pathotypes thus avoiding recognition by the plant and triggering immune responses. AvrSen1 represents the first effector to be identified in the basal fungal lineage Chytridiomycota. The discovery of AvrSen1 provides an important tool to manage potato wart disease. Moreover, knowledge about Chytridiomycota effectors will shed light on other (pathogenic) interactions and the co-evolution of Chytridiomycota species with their hosts.
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Novel gene Sen2 conferring broad-spectrum resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum mapped to potato chromosome XI
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2018Co-Authors: Jarosław Plich, Jarosław Przetakiewicz, Jadwiga Śliwka, Bogdan Flis, Iwona Wasilewicz-flis, Ewa Zimnoch-guzowskaAbstract:Key message Sen2 gene for potato wart resistance, located on chromosome XI in a locus distinct from Sen1 , provides resistance against eight wart pathotypes, including the virulent ones important in Europe. Abstract Synchytrium endobioticum causes potato wart disease imposing severe losses in potato production, and as a quarantine pathogen in many countries, it results in lost trade markets and land for potato cultivation. The resistance to S. endobioticum pathotype 1(D1) is widespread in potato cultivars but new virulent pathotypes appear and the problem re-emerges. To characterize and map a new gene for resistance to potato wart, we used diploid F1 potato population from a cross of potato clone resistant to S. endobioticum pathotype 1(D1) and virulent pathotypes: 2(G1), 6(O1), 8(F1), 18(T1), 2(Ch1), 3(M1) and 39(P1) with a potato clone resistant to pathotype 1(D1) only. The 176 progeny clones were tested for resistance to eight wart pathotypes with a modified Glynne–Lemmerzahl method. Bimodal distributions and co-segregation of resistance in the population show that a single resistance gene, Sen2 , underlies the resistance to eight pathotypes. Resistance to pathotype 1(D1) was additionally conferred by the locus Sen1 inherited from both parents. Sen2 was mapped to chromosome XI using DArTseq markers. The genetic and physical distances between Sen1 and Sen2 loci were indirectly estimated at 63 cM and 32 Mbp, respectively. We developed PCR markers co-segregating with the Sen2 locus that can be applied in marker-assisted selection of potatoes resistant to eight important pathotypes of S. endobioticum . Wide spectrum of the Sen2 resistance may be an indication of durability which can be enhanced by the pyramiding of the Sen2 and Sen1 loci as in 61 clones selected within this study.
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The linear mitochondrial genome of the quarantine chytrid Synchytrium endobioticum; insights into the evolution and recent history of an obligate biotrophic plant pathogen.
BMC evolutionary biology, 2018Co-Authors: Bart T. L. H. Van De Vossenberg, Balázs Brankovics, Jarosław Przetakiewicz, Margriet Boerma, Marga P. E. Van Gent-pelzer, Donna S. Smith, Hai D. T. Nguyen, Kasia Dadej, Jan Kreuze, Gerard C. M. Van LeeuwenAbstract:Chytridiomycota species (chytrids) belong to a basal lineage in the fungal kingdom. Inhabiting terrestrial and aquatic environments, most are free-living saprophytes but several species cause important diseases: e.g. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, responsible for worldwide amphibian decline; and Synchytrium endobioticum, causing potato wart disease. S. endobioticum has an obligate biotrophic lifestyle and isolates can be further characterized as pathotypes based on their virulence on a differential set of potato cultivars. Quarantine measures have been implemented globally to control the disease and prevent its spread. We used a comparative approach using chytrid mitogenomes to determine taxonomical relationships and to gain insights into the evolution and recent history of introductions of this plant pathogen. We assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of 30 S. endobioticum isolates and generated mitochondrial genomes for five additional chytrid species. The mitochondrial genome of S. endobioticum is linear with terminal inverted repeats which was validated by tailing and PCR amplifying the telomeric ends. Surprisingly, no conservation in organisation and orientation of mitochondrial genes was observed among the Chytridiomycota except for S. endobioticum and its sister species Synchytrium microbalum. However, the mitochondrial genome of S. microbalum is circular and comprises only a third of the 72.9 Kbp found for S. endobioticum suggesting recent linearization and expansion. Four mitochondrial lineages were identified in the S. endobioticum mitochondrial genomes. Several pathotypes occur in different lineages, suggesting that these have emerged independently. In addition, variations for polymorphic sites in the mitochondrial genome of individual isolates were observed demonstrating that S. endobioticum isolates represent a community of different genotypes. Such communities were shown to be complex and stable over time, but we also demonstrate that the use of semi-resistant potato cultivars triggers a rapid shift in the mitochondrial haplotype associated with increased virulence. Mitochondrial genomic variation shows that S. endobioticum has been introduced into Europe multiple times, that several pathotypes emerged multiple times, and that isolates represent communities of different genotypes. Our study represents the most comprehensive dataset of chytrid mitogenomes, which provides new insights into the extraordinary dynamics and evolution of mitochondrial genomes involving linearization, expansion and reshuffling.
Eckhard Tacke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genomic and Transcriptomic Resources for Marker Development in Synchytrium endobioticum, an Elusive but Severe Potato Pathogen.
Phytopathology, 2017Co-Authors: Friederike Busse, Kerstin Flath, Frank Niepold, Annette Bartkiewicz, Diro Terefe-ayana, Yvonne Schleusner, Nicole Sommerfeldt-impe, Jens Lübeck, Josef Strahwald, Eckhard TackeAbstract:Synchytrium endobioticum is an obligate biotrophic fungus that causes wart diseases in potato. Like other species of the class Chytridiomycetes, it does not form mycelia and its zoospores are small, approximately 3 μm in diameter, which complicates the detection of early stages of infection. Furthermore, potato wart disease is difficult to control because belowground organs are infected and resting spores of the fungus are extremely durable. Thus, S. endobioticum is classified as a quarantine organism. More than 40 S. endobioticum pathotypes have been reported, of which pathotypes 1(D1), 2(G1), 6(O1), 8(F1), and 18(T1) are the most important in Germany. No molecular methods for the differentiation of pathotypes are available to date. In this work, we sequenced both genomic DNA and cDNA of the German pathotype 18(T1) from infected potato tissue and generated 5,422 expressed sequence tags (EST) and 423 genomic contigs. Comparative sequencing of 33 genes, single-stranded confirmation polymorphism (SSCP) anal...
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ORIGINAL PAPER
2016Co-Authors: Agim Ballvora, Kerstin Flath, Eckhard Tacke, Hans-reinhard Hofferbert, Josef Strahwald, Christiane GebhardtAbstract:Multiple alleles for resistance and susceptibility modulate the defense response in the interaction of tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) with Synchytrium endobioticum pathotype
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Genomic architecture of potato resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum disentangled using SSR markers and the 8.3k SolCAP SNP genotyping array
BMC genetics, 2015Co-Authors: Jude Eijkeme Obidiegwu, Kerstin Flath, Rena Sanetomo, Eckhard Tacke, Hans-reinhard Hofferbert, Andrea Hofmann, Birgit Walkemeier, Christiane GebhardtAbstract:Background The soil borne, obligate biotrophic fungus Synchytrium endobioticum causes tumor-like tissue proliferation (wart) in potato tubers and thereby considerable crop damage. Chemical control is not effective and unfriendly to the environment. S. endobioticum is therefore a quarantined pathogen. The emergence of new pathotypes of the fungus aggravate this agricultural problem. The best control of wart disease is the cultivation of resistant varieties. Phenotypic screening for resistant cultivars is however time, labor and material intensive. Breeding for resistance would therefore greatly benefit from diagnostic DNA markers that can be applied early in the breeding cycle. The prerequisite for the development of diagnostic DNA markers is the genetic dissection of the factors that control resistance to S. endobioticum in various genetic backgrounds of potato.
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genomic architecture of potato resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum disentangled using ssr markers and the 8 3k solcap snp genotyping array
BMC Genetics, 2015Co-Authors: Kerstin Flath, Jude Eijkeme Obidiegwu, Rena Sanetomo, Eckhard Tacke, Hans-reinhard Hofferbert, Andrea Hofmann, Birgit Walkemeier, Christiane GebhardtAbstract:Background: The soil borne, obligate biotrophic fungus Synchytrium endobioticum causes tumor-like tissue proliferation (wart) in potato tubers and thereby considerable crop damage. Chemical control is not effective and unfriendly to the environment. S. endobioticum is therefore a quarantined pathogen. The emergence of new pathotypes of the fungus aggravate this agricultural problem. The best control of wart disease is the cultivation of resistant varieties. Phenotypic screening for resistant cultivars is however time, labor and material intensive. Breeding for resistance would therefore greatly benefit from diagnostic DNA markers that can be applied early in the breeding cycle. The prerequisite for the development of diagnostic DNA markers is the genetic dissection of the factors that control resistance to S. endobioticum in various genetic backgrounds of potato. Results: Progeny of a cross between a wart resistant and a susceptible tetraploid breeding clone was evaluated for resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 most relevant in Europe. The same progeny was genotyped with 195 microsatellite and 8303 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Linkage analysis identified the multi-allelic locus Sen1/RSe-XIa on potato chromosome XI as major factor for resistance to all four S. endobioticum pathotypes. Six additional, independent modifier loci had smaller effects on wart resistance. Combinations of markers linked to Sen1/RSe-XIa resistance alleles with one to two additional markers were sufficient for obtaining high levels of resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 in the analyzed genetic background. Conclusions: Potato resistance to S. endobioticum is oligogenic with one major and several minor resistance loci. It is composed of multiple alleles for resistance and susceptibility that originate from multiple sources. The genetics of resistance to S. endobioticum varies therefore between different genetic backgrounds. The DNA markers described in this paper are the starting point for pedigree based selection of cultivars with high levels of resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18.
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multiple alleles for resistance and susceptibility modulate the defense response in the interaction of tetraploid potato solanum tuberosum with Synchytrium endobioticum pathotypes 1 2 6 and 18
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011Co-Authors: Kerstin Flath, Eckhard Tacke, Hans-reinhard Hofferbert, Jens Lübeck, Josef Strahwald, Agim Ballvora, Christiane GebhardtAbstract:The obligate biotrophic, soil-borne fungus Synchytrium endobioticum causes wart disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum), which is a serious problem for crop production in countries with moderate climates. S. endobioticum induces hypertrophic cell divisions in plant host tissues leading to the formation of tumor-like structures. Potato wart is a quarantine disease and chemical control is not possible. From 38 S. endobioticum pathotypes occurring in Europe, pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 are the most relevant. Genetic resistance to wart is available but only few current potato varieties are resistant to all four pathotypes. The phenotypic evaluation of wart resistance is laborious, time-consuming and sometimes ambiguous, which makes breeding for resistance difficult. Molecular markers diagnostic for genes for resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 would greatly facilitate the selection of new, resistant cultivars. Two tetraploid half-sib families (266 individuals) segregating for resistance to S. endobioticum pathotypes 1, 2, 6 and 18 were produced by crossing a resistant genotype with two different susceptible ones. The families were scored for five different wart resistance phenotypes. The distribution of mean resistance scores was quantitative in both families. Resistance to pathotypes 2, 6 and 18 was correlated and independent from resistance to pathotype 1. DNA pools were constructed from the most resistant and most susceptible individuals and screened with genome wide simple sequence repeat (SSR), inverted simple sequence region (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Bulked segregant analysis identified three SSR markers that were linked to wart resistance loci (Sen). Sen1-XI on chromosome XI conferred partial resistance to pathotype 1, Sen18-IX on chromosome IX to pathotype 18 and Sen2/6/18-I on chromosome I to pathotypes 2,6 and 18. Additional genotyping with 191 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers confirmed the localization of the Sen loci. Thirty-three SNP markers linked to the Sen loci permitted the dissection of Sen alleles that increased or decreased resistance to wart. The alleles were inherited from both the resistant and susceptible parents.
M. C. Hampson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dual culture of Solanum tuberosum and Synchytrium endobioticum (pathotype 2)
Mycologia, 1997Co-Authors: M. C. Hampson, J. W. Coombes, S. C. DebnathAbstract:Synchytrium endobioticum, the infective agent for wart disease of potato, is an obligate patho- gen establishing itself successfully on members of the Solanaceae. Its obligate nature and the absence of a monoxenic culture system have limited the level of biological knowledge attainable. We describe a mon- oxenic culture system using micropropagated potato plantlets. The pathogen was transferred successfully to a second set of plantlets in vitro which yielded resting spores, thus satisfying Koch's postulates for this disease.
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The presence of melanin in Synchytrium endobioticum
Mycologia, 1996Co-Authors: M. C. Hampson, Ryszard Amarowicz, Fereidoon ShahidiAbstract:Synchytrium endobioticum is a quarantined pathogen of potatoes, which persists as a resting spore in soil for decades. We tested resting spores for the presence of melanin, which in other fungi is as- sociated with protection from light and microbial degradation. The pigmented materials were extract- ed and oxidized by the potassium permanganate method. Data on native and treated extracts and a melanin standard were obtained from high pressure liquid chromatography, ultraviolet-visible and infra- red spectra, and indicate that melanin or melaninlike compounds are present in the resting spore.
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A qualitative assessment of wind dispersal of resting spores of Synchytrium endobioticum, the causal agent of wart disease of potato
Plant Disease, 1996Co-Authors: M. C. HampsonAbstract:Synchytrium endobioticum, the causal agent of potato wart disease, is soilborne. It is indigenous to home gardens throughout the island of Newfoundland. Scrapings from windows of a shed proximate to heavily infested soil yielded resting spores. To make a qualitative statement about wind dispersal, simple impaction devices were examined for periods between June and October. Spore recovery at the sample site during the sampling period was estimated at >1,000. The role of wind in dispersal, and its potential in the contamination of vehicles that exit the province, is discussed.
