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Martin J. Pickering - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The representation of lexical and Syntactic Information in bilinguals: Evidence from Syntactic priming
Journal of Memory and Language, 2007Co-Authors: Sofie Schoonbaert, Robert J. Hartsuiker, Martin J. PickeringAbstract:Abstract To what extent do bilinguals have a single, integrated representation of Syntactic Information? According to Hartsuiker et al. (2004) [Hartsuiker, R. J., Pickering, M. J., & Veltkamp, E. (2004). Is syntax separate or shared between languages? Cross-linguistic Syntactic priming in Spanish–English bilinguals. Psychological Science, 15 , 409–414.], bilinguals represent Syntactic Information in terms of links between lexical representations and combinatorial nodes that specify Syntactic structure, in a single cross-linguistic network. We describe predictions of this account and test them in two pairs of Syntactic priming experiments with Dutch–English bilinguals. In Experiments 1 and 2, we tested priming in English (L2) production. Experiment 1 showed priming within English, and found that this priming was boosted by lexical repetition. Experiment 2 showed priming from Dutch to English, and found that this priming was boosted when prime and target used translation-equivalent verbs. However, this boost was weaker than the lexical boost in Experiment 1. In Experiments 3 and 4, we tested priming in Dutch (L1) production. Experiment 3 showed priming within Dutch, again boosted by lexical repetition. Experiment 4 showed priming from English to Dutch, but found no boost when prime and target were translation-equivalent verbs. We interpret these results in terms of an integrated model of lexical-Syntactic representation.
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the representation of lexical and Syntactic Information in bilinguals evidence from Syntactic priming
Journal of Memory and Language, 2007Co-Authors: Sofie Schoonbaert, Robert J. Hartsuiker, Martin J. PickeringAbstract:Abstract To what extent do bilinguals have a single, integrated representation of Syntactic Information? According to Hartsuiker et al. (2004) [Hartsuiker, R. J., Pickering, M. J., & Veltkamp, E. (2004). Is syntax separate or shared between languages? Cross-linguistic Syntactic priming in Spanish–English bilinguals. Psychological Science, 15 , 409–414.], bilinguals represent Syntactic Information in terms of links between lexical representations and combinatorial nodes that specify Syntactic structure, in a single cross-linguistic network. We describe predictions of this account and test them in two pairs of Syntactic priming experiments with Dutch–English bilinguals. In Experiments 1 and 2, we tested priming in English (L2) production. Experiment 1 showed priming within English, and found that this priming was boosted by lexical repetition. Experiment 2 showed priming from Dutch to English, and found that this priming was boosted when prime and target used translation-equivalent verbs. However, this boost was weaker than the lexical boost in Experiment 1. In Experiments 3 and 4, we tested priming in Dutch (L1) production. Experiment 3 showed priming within Dutch, again boosted by lexical repetition. Experiment 4 showed priming from English to Dutch, but found no boost when prime and target were translation-equivalent verbs. We interpret these results in terms of an integrated model of lexical-Syntactic representation.
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Effects of dialogue structure on the activation of Syntactic Information
2003Co-Authors: Martin J. Pickering, Holly P Branigan, Janet F. McleanAbstract:Many theories assume that language production involves the activation of linguistic Information (e.g., Dell, 1986; Levelt, Roelofs & Meyer, 1999). In such models, prior context can affect processing by altering the relative activation of different elements. Production and self-monitoring of their own utterances, or comprehension of others’ utterances, may all activate speakers’ linguistic representations to some degree. We report three experiments that investigate how prior context can affect Syntactic activation in dialogue. We identify three accounts of Syntactic activation in production. Each makes different predictions regarding Syntactic priming (re-use of particular structures) (Bock, 1986). Under one account, distinct Syntactic Information is activated in production and comprehension (Bock & Loebell, 1990). This predicts production-to-production priming but not comprehension-to-production priming. Evidence from sentence recall (Potter & Lombardi, 1998) and picture description in dialogue (Branigan, Pickering & Cleland, 2000) argues against this account, but is consistent with a model where production and comprehension activate shared Syntactic Information in the same way, and to the same extent. This model predicts equivalent comprehensionto-production and production-to-production priming. In a third model, Syntactic Information is shared, but the degree of activation is not equivalent: production involves both production processes and the comprehension processes implicated in self-monitoring (Postma, 2000), giving rise to stronger activation, whereas comprehension involves the activation of Information by comprehension processes only. This model predicts stronger production-to-production than comprehension-to-production priming. All three experiments used a picture description task. In Experiment 1, participants produced picture descriptions after either producing or comprehending another description. Participants produced more Prepositional Object (PO) descriptions like The chef handing the jug to the swimmer after producing or comprehending a PO description, and more Double Object (DO) descriptions like The chef handing the swimmer the jug after a DO description. However, the self-priming effect was stronger than the other-priming effect. This is compatible with a model in which production involves Syntactic activation from both production and self-monitoring processes. However, linguistic behavior in dialogues is influenced by interactivity (Fay, Garrod & Carletta, 2000): Could the low effects of comprehension-to-production priming actually reflect low interactivity? (Each participant produced sequences of utterances). To exclude this explanation, Experiments 2 and 3 manipulated degree of interactivity. Speakers produced either alternating utterances or sequences of utterances. Priming was unaffected by this manipulation. Overall, our results support a production-andmonitoring interpretation of Experiment 1. They suggest that prior interactivity plays a relatively reduced role in Syntactic processing, or may only exert an influence in dialogues involving no external constraints on turn-taking.
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Activation of Syntactic Information during language production.
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 2000Co-Authors: Martin J. Pickering, Alexandra A. Cleland, Holly P Branigan, Andrew J. StewartAbstract:In order to produce utterances, people must draw upon Syntactic Information. This paper considers how evidence from Syntactic priming experiments casts light upon the nature of Syntactic Information activation during language production. We examine three issues: the way in which Syntactic Information is initially activated, the circumstances under which activation may persist or dissipate, and the effects of residual activation of Syntactic Information on subsequent language production. Evidence from dialog experiments suggests that the Information that is initially activated is the same in both production and comprehension. Evidence about the persistence of activation following initial activation is more complex. We suggest that persistence may be related to the potential relevance of the Information for subsequent Syntactic processing. We show that current evidence is inconclusive about how long Syntactic Information remains activated.
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Activation of Syntactic Information during language production.
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 2000Co-Authors: Martin J. Pickering, Alexandra A. Cleland, Holly P Branigan, Andrew J. StewartAbstract:In order to produce utterances, people must draw upon Syntactic Information. This paper considers how evidence from Syntactic priming experiments casts light upon the nature of Syntactic Information activation during language production. We examine three issues: the way in which Syntactic Information is initially activated, the circumstances under which activation may persist or dissipate, and the effects of residual activation of Syntactic Information on subsequent language production. Evidence from dialog experiments suggests that the Information that is initially activated is the same in both production and comprehension. Evidence about the persistence of activation following initial activation is more complex. We suggest that persistence may be related to the potential relevance of the Information for subsequent Syntactic processing. We show that current evidence is inconclusive about how long Syntactic Information remains activated.
Hermann Ney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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morpho Syntactic Information for automatic error analysis of statistical machine translation output
Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, 2006Co-Authors: Maja Popovic, Adria De Gispert, Deepa Gupta, Patrik Lambert, Hermann Ney, Jose B Marino, Marcello Federico, Rafael E BanchsAbstract:Evaluation of machine translation output is an important but difficult task. Over the last years, a variety of automatic evaluation measures have been studied, some of them like Word Error Rate (WER), Position Independent Word Error Rate (PER) and BLEU and NIST scores have become widely used tools for comparing different systems as well as for evaluating improvements within one system. However, these measures do not give any details about the nature of translation errors. Therefore some analysis of the generated output is needed in order to identify the main problems and to focus the research efforts. On the other hand, human evaluation is a time consuming and expensive task. In this paper, we investigate methods for using of morpho-Syntactic Information for automatic evaluation: standard error measures WER and PER are calculated on distinct word classes and forms in order to get a better idea about the nature of translation errors and possibilities for improvements.
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WMT@HLT-NAACL - Morpho-Syntactic Information for Automatic Error Analysis of Statistical Machine Translation Output
Proceedings of the Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation - StatMT '06, 2006Co-Authors: Maja Popović, Adria De Gispert, Deepa Gupta, Patrik Lambert, Hermann Ney, Jose B Marino, Marcello Federico, Rafael E BanchsAbstract:Evaluation of machine translation output is an important but difficult task. Over the last years, a variety of automatic evaluation measures have been studied, some of them like Word Error Rate (WER), Position Independent Word Error Rate (PER) and BLEU and NIST scores have become widely used tools for comparing different systems as well as for evaluating improvements within one system. However, these measures do not give any details about the nature of translation errors. Therefore some analysis of the generated output is needed in order to identify the main problems and to focus the research efforts. On the other hand, human evaluation is a time consuming and expensive task. In this paper, we investigate methods for using of morpho-Syntactic Information for automatic evaluation: standard error measures WER and PER are calculated on distinct word classes and forms in order to get a better idea about the nature of translation errors and possibilities for improvements.
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improving word alignment quality using morpho Syntactic Information
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2004Co-Authors: Maja Popovic, Hermann NeyAbstract:In this paper, we present an approach to include morpho-Syntactic dependencies into the training of the statistical alignment models. Existing statistical translation systems usually treat different derivations of the same base form as they were independent of each other. We propose a method which explicitly takes into account such in-terdependencies during the EM training of the statistical alignment models. The evaluation is done by comparing the obtained Viterbi alignments with a manually annotated reference alignment. The improvements of the alignment quality compared to the, to our knowledge, best system are reported on the German-English Verbmobil corpus.
Yinyin Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measuring the short text similarity based on semantic and Syntactic Information
Future Generation Computer Systems, 2021Co-Authors: Jiaqi Yang, Congjie Gao, Yinyin ZhangAbstract:Abstract Determining the similarity between short texts plays an important role in natural language processing applications such as search, query suggestion and automatic summary, which has attracted widespread attention. Unlike traditional long texts, short texts present the characteristics of short length, weak signal, and high ambiguity. Researchers have proposed many methods, from simple vector space models to more sophisticated distributed semantics. However, these methods only consider the literal meaning of words, ignoring the impact of word ambiguity and the semantic Information contained in the structure of the short text. Additionally, words on their own are often insufficient for expressing semantics, as many terms are composed of multiple words. In this paper, we propose a method based on semantic and Syntactic Information for short text similarity calculations by using knowledge and corpora to express the meaning of the term to solve polysemy, and using a constituency parse tree to capture the Syntactic structure of short texts. Additionally, the proposed method uses terms as semantic units. Experimental results on ground-truth datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms baseline methods.
Maja Popovic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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morpho Syntactic Information for automatic error analysis of statistical machine translation output
Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, 2006Co-Authors: Maja Popovic, Adria De Gispert, Deepa Gupta, Patrik Lambert, Hermann Ney, Jose B Marino, Marcello Federico, Rafael E BanchsAbstract:Evaluation of machine translation output is an important but difficult task. Over the last years, a variety of automatic evaluation measures have been studied, some of them like Word Error Rate (WER), Position Independent Word Error Rate (PER) and BLEU and NIST scores have become widely used tools for comparing different systems as well as for evaluating improvements within one system. However, these measures do not give any details about the nature of translation errors. Therefore some analysis of the generated output is needed in order to identify the main problems and to focus the research efforts. On the other hand, human evaluation is a time consuming and expensive task. In this paper, we investigate methods for using of morpho-Syntactic Information for automatic evaluation: standard error measures WER and PER are calculated on distinct word classes and forms in order to get a better idea about the nature of translation errors and possibilities for improvements.
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improving word alignment quality using morpho Syntactic Information
International Conference on Computational Linguistics, 2004Co-Authors: Maja Popovic, Hermann NeyAbstract:In this paper, we present an approach to include morpho-Syntactic dependencies into the training of the statistical alignment models. Existing statistical translation systems usually treat different derivations of the same base form as they were independent of each other. We propose a method which explicitly takes into account such in-terdependencies during the EM training of the statistical alignment models. The evaluation is done by comparing the obtained Viterbi alignments with a manually annotated reference alignment. The improvements of the alignment quality compared to the, to our knowledge, best system are reported on the German-English Verbmobil corpus.
Sofie Schoonbaert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the representation of lexical and Syntactic Information in bilinguals evidence from Syntactic priming
Journal of Memory and Language, 2007Co-Authors: Sofie Schoonbaert, Robert J. Hartsuiker, Martin J. PickeringAbstract:Abstract To what extent do bilinguals have a single, integrated representation of Syntactic Information? According to Hartsuiker et al. (2004) [Hartsuiker, R. J., Pickering, M. J., & Veltkamp, E. (2004). Is syntax separate or shared between languages? Cross-linguistic Syntactic priming in Spanish–English bilinguals. Psychological Science, 15 , 409–414.], bilinguals represent Syntactic Information in terms of links between lexical representations and combinatorial nodes that specify Syntactic structure, in a single cross-linguistic network. We describe predictions of this account and test them in two pairs of Syntactic priming experiments with Dutch–English bilinguals. In Experiments 1 and 2, we tested priming in English (L2) production. Experiment 1 showed priming within English, and found that this priming was boosted by lexical repetition. Experiment 2 showed priming from Dutch to English, and found that this priming was boosted when prime and target used translation-equivalent verbs. However, this boost was weaker than the lexical boost in Experiment 1. In Experiments 3 and 4, we tested priming in Dutch (L1) production. Experiment 3 showed priming within Dutch, again boosted by lexical repetition. Experiment 4 showed priming from English to Dutch, but found no boost when prime and target were translation-equivalent verbs. We interpret these results in terms of an integrated model of lexical-Syntactic representation.
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The representation of lexical and Syntactic Information in bilinguals: Evidence from Syntactic priming
Journal of Memory and Language, 2007Co-Authors: Sofie Schoonbaert, Robert J. Hartsuiker, Martin J. PickeringAbstract:Abstract To what extent do bilinguals have a single, integrated representation of Syntactic Information? According to Hartsuiker et al. (2004) [Hartsuiker, R. J., Pickering, M. J., & Veltkamp, E. (2004). Is syntax separate or shared between languages? Cross-linguistic Syntactic priming in Spanish–English bilinguals. Psychological Science, 15 , 409–414.], bilinguals represent Syntactic Information in terms of links between lexical representations and combinatorial nodes that specify Syntactic structure, in a single cross-linguistic network. We describe predictions of this account and test them in two pairs of Syntactic priming experiments with Dutch–English bilinguals. In Experiments 1 and 2, we tested priming in English (L2) production. Experiment 1 showed priming within English, and found that this priming was boosted by lexical repetition. Experiment 2 showed priming from Dutch to English, and found that this priming was boosted when prime and target used translation-equivalent verbs. However, this boost was weaker than the lexical boost in Experiment 1. In Experiments 3 and 4, we tested priming in Dutch (L1) production. Experiment 3 showed priming within Dutch, again boosted by lexical repetition. Experiment 4 showed priming from English to Dutch, but found no boost when prime and target were translation-equivalent verbs. We interpret these results in terms of an integrated model of lexical-Syntactic representation.
