The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Milford A. Hanna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effect of mixing on transesterification of beef Tallow
Bioresource Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Davis L Clements, Milford A. HannaAbstract:Mixing is very important to the transesterification of beef Tallow, because melted beef Tallow and a sodium hydroxide–methanol solution (NaOH–MeOH) are immiscible. There was no reaction without mixing. When NaOH–MeOH was added to the melted beef Tallow in the reactor while stirring, stirring speed was insignificant. Reaction time was the controlling factor in determining the yield of methyl esters. This suggested that the stirring speeds investigated exceeded the threshold requirement of mixing. When NaOH–MeOH was added to the melted beef Tallow without stirring, higher stirring speeds or longer stirring times were needed to mix the two phases subsequently. In both cases, once the two phases were mixed and the reaction was started, stirring was no longer needed. Misek's equation was applicable to the former case. The droplet diameter was inversely proportional to the square of the rotation speed. But in the latter case, the droplet diameter was inversely proportional to n1.2. Smaller NaOH–MeOH droplets in melted beef Tallow resulted in fast transesterification reaction and stable emulsion.
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biodiesel fuel from animal fat ancillary studies on transesterification of beef Tallow
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1998Co-Authors: Davis L Clements, Milford A. HannaAbstract:Transesterification of beef Tallow was investigated. The solubility of ethanol in beef Tallow was much higher than that of methanol. At 100 °C the solubility of methanol was 19% (w/w). The solubility of ethanol in beef Tallow reached 100% (w/w) at about 68 °C. For the distribution of methanol between beef Tallow methyl esters (BTME) and glycerol, the percentage of total methanol in the glycerol phase was higher than that in the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) phase in a simulated system at room temperature. At 65-80 °C, however, the percentage of total methanol in FAME (60% (w/w)) was higher than that in glycerol (40% (w/w)) in a 90:10 (w/w) blend of FAME and glycerol. This coincided with the methanol distribution in the transesterified product. The process for making beef Tallow methyl esters should recover methanol using vacuum distillation, separate the ester and glycerol phases, and then wash the beef Tallow methyl esters with warm water. At neutral pH, the separation of ester and glycerol and water washing was easier because it reduced emulsion formation.
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Preparation and properties of methyl esters of beef Tallow
Bioresource Technology, 1996Co-Authors: Danian Zheng, Milford A. HannaAbstract:Tallow methyl esters were prepared from edible beef Tallow using the process of esterification. The presence of mono-, di- and triglycerides and free fatty acids were determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine the fatty acid compositions of raw beef Tallow and its esters. Some important physical and fuel properties, including specific gravity, API gravity, melting point, cloud point, pour point, distillation properties, calculated cetane index (CCI) and energy content, were determined for Tallow methyl esters and their blends with ethanol in different ratios ranging from 100:0 to 55:45% (v/v) of Tallow methyl esters and ethanol. TLC analyses showed that methyl esters of beef Tallow were free from impurities. The major constituents observed by GC were palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0) and oleic acid (18:1). The melting point, cloud point, pour point, specific gravity and CCI decreased with increased ethanol content. The energy content of the methyl esters was 12% less than No.2 diesel fuel and it decreased with increases in ethanol content of the blends.
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fuel properties of Tallow and soybean oil esters
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 1995Co-Authors: Milford A. Hanna, Susan L CuppettAbstract:Fuel properties of beef Tallow, soybean oil, their esters, and blends with No. 2 diesel fuel and ethanol were determined. Fuel properties tested were viscosity, specific gravity, API gravity, distillation ranges, calculated cetane index, energy content, flash point, water content, sulfur content, carbon residue, particulate matter, acid value, copper-strip corrosion test, ash content, melting point, cloud point, and pour point. Gas-chromatographic analyses of Tallow, soybean oil, and their esters were performed to determine their major constituents. Viscosities of soybean oil and Tallow were significantly reduced by esterification. Other fuel properties of the esters and their blends with No. 2 diesel fuel and ethanol were similar to the properties of No. 2 diesel fuel.
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Physical properties of Tallow ester and diesel fuel blends
Bioresource Technology, 1994Co-Authors: Milford A. HannaAbstract:Abstract Physical properties of neat Tallow methyl ester and ethanol blends were determined to find the ester/ethanol blend which had the same viscosity as that of number 2 diesel fuel. Tallow ester and ethanol in a 65:35 (v/v) ratio gave the same viscosity as that of diesel fuel. This blend was mixed with number 2 diesel fuel in ratios varying from 0 to 100%, and viscosities, densities and cetane indexes of the blends were determined. Mixture viscosity was not affected by ester content. Viscosity of the mixture decreased as temperature increased. The cetane number of the Tallow ester/ethanol/diesel blend was greater than that of pure number 2 diesel fuel. The cetane number of 56 for the Tallow ester/ethanol blend was reduced to 46 for a blend of 25% Tallow ester/ethanol and 75% diesel fuel. It was concluded that Tallow ester had potential as a diesel fuel substitute.
Mohammad Qasim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biodiesel production from waste Tallow
Fuel, 2008Co-Authors: Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Muhammad Hanif, Mohammad QasimAbstract:Abstract In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use waste Tallow as low cost sustainable potential feed stock for biodiesel production. Effect of various process parameters such as amount of catalyst, temperature and time on biodiesel production was investigated. The optimal conditions for processing 5 g of Tallow were: temperature, 50 and 60 °C; oil/methanol molar ratio 1:30 and 1:30, amount of H 2 SO 4, 1.25 and 2.5 g for chicken and mutton Tallow, respectively. Under optimal conditions, chicken and mutton fat methyl esters formation of 99.01 ± 0.71% and 93.21 ± 5.07%, was obtained after 24 h in the presence of acid. The evaluation of transesterification process was followed by gas chromatographic analysis of Tallow fatty acid esters. A total of 98.29% and 97.25% fatty acids were identified in chicken and mutton fats, respectively. Both fats were found highly suitable to produce biodiesel with recommended fuel properties.
Thomas E. Rufford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Emission characteristics of waste Tallow and waste cooking oil based ternary biodiesel fuels
Energy Procedia, 2019Co-Authors: M.a. Hazrat, Mohammad. Rasul, Mohammad Masud Kamal. Khan, Nanjappa Ashwath, Thomas E. RuffordAbstract:Abstract In this study, biodiesels derived from Tallow and waste cooking oil were blended to form a waste Tallow-cooking oil (WTC) biodiesel, which was further blended with petroleum derived extra low sulphur diesel (XLSD). Mixtures of 5, 10, and 15% biodiesel WTC in XLSD were tested in an engine to compare the emissions from combustion of the WTC biodiesel-containing blends to that from XLSD. Combustion of the WTC in XLSD blends produced higher CO2 and NOx emissions than combustion of XLSD. The particulate matter (PM) emissions were lowest from the WTC biodiesel blends with the highest WTC biodiesel concentrations. Based on this study, we conclude that ternary biodiesel blends with WTC-biodiesel could be a suitable fuel alternative to reduce the need to import diesel fuel from distant oil production locations, and to reduce particulate matter emissions from existing, unmodified diesel engines. However, further research and optimisation of the fuels is required to reduce the CO2 and NOx emissions from these biodiesels.
Ahmet Yartasi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alkali catalyzed biodiesel production from mixtures of sunflower oil and beef Tallow
Energy & Fuels, 2009Co-Authors: Sevilay Taravus, Hakan Temur, Ahmet YartasiAbstract:In this study, some physical properties of biodiesel obtained from different mixtures of sunflower oil and beef Tallow are investigated. The biodiesel cold-flow specifications, such as viscosity, pour point, cloud point, and cold-filter plugging point, were tested for the different sunflower oil/beef Tallow (SO/BT) ratios. Also, the sulfur content and heat value of the biodiesel samples have been determined. It was observed that the examined physical properties of the methyl esters changed negatively as the beef Tallow ratio in the mixture increased. However, until the ratio of 40% beef Tallow and 60% sunflower oil, there was no important deterioration in the properties of methyl esters. When beef Tallow contents were higher than 40%, some specifications of methyl esters were beyond the biodiesel standards of ASTM D 6751 and EN 1424.
Haq Nawaz Bhatti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biodiesel production from waste Tallow
Fuel, 2008Co-Authors: Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Muhammad Hanif, Mohammad QasimAbstract:Abstract In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use waste Tallow as low cost sustainable potential feed stock for biodiesel production. Effect of various process parameters such as amount of catalyst, temperature and time on biodiesel production was investigated. The optimal conditions for processing 5 g of Tallow were: temperature, 50 and 60 °C; oil/methanol molar ratio 1:30 and 1:30, amount of H 2 SO 4, 1.25 and 2.5 g for chicken and mutton Tallow, respectively. Under optimal conditions, chicken and mutton fat methyl esters formation of 99.01 ± 0.71% and 93.21 ± 5.07%, was obtained after 24 h in the presence of acid. The evaluation of transesterification process was followed by gas chromatographic analysis of Tallow fatty acid esters. A total of 98.29% and 97.25% fatty acids were identified in chicken and mutton fats, respectively. Both fats were found highly suitable to produce biodiesel with recommended fuel properties.
