Terpene

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Josep Peñuelas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Terpene arms race in the seiridium cardinale cupressus sempervirens pathosystem
    Scientific Reports, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ander Achoteguicastells, Sara Barberini, Mabrouk Bouneb, Sauro Simoni, Marco Michelozzi, Joan Llusià, Gianni Della Rocca, Roberto Danti, Josep Peñuelas
    Abstract:

    The canker-causing fungus Seiridium cardinale is the major threat to Cupressus sempervirens worldwide. We investigated the production of Terpenes by canker-resistant and susceptible cypresses inoculated with S. cardinale, the effect of these Terpenes on fungal growth, and the defensive biotransformation of the Terpenes conducted by the fungus. All infected trees produced de novo Terpenes and strongly induced terpenic responses, but the responses were stronger in the canker-resistant than the susceptible trees. In vitro tests for the inhibition of fungal growth indicated that the Terpene concentrations of resistant trees were more inhibitory than those of susceptible trees. The highly induced and de novo Terpenes exhibited substantial inhibition (more than a fungicide reference) and had a high concentration-dependent inhibition, whereas the most abundant Terpenes had a low concentration-dependent inhibition. S. cardinale biotransformed three Terpenes and was capable of detoxifying them even outside the fungal mycelium, in its immediate surrounding environment. Our results thus indicated that Terpenes were key defences efficiently used by C. sempervirens, but also that S. cardinale is ready for the battle.

  • Strong Induction of Minor Terpenes in Italian Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, in Response to Infection by the Fungus Seiridium cardinale
    Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Ander Achotegui-castells, Sara Barberini, Joan Llusià, Roberto Danti, Gianni Della Rocca, Josep Peñuelas
    Abstract:

    Seiridium cardinale , the main fungal pathogen responsible for cypress bark canker, is the largest threat to cypresses worldwide. The Terpene response of canker-resistant clones of Italian cypress, Cupressus sempervirens , to two differently aggressive isolates of S. cardinale was studied. Phloem Terpene concentrations, foliar Terpene concentrations, as well as foliar Terpene emission rates were analyzed 1, 10, 30, and 90 days after artificial inoculation with fungal isolates. The phloem surrounding the inoculation point exhibited de novo production of four oxygenated monoTerpenes and two unidentified Terpenes. The concentrations of several constitutive mono- and diTerpenes increased strongly (especially α-thujene, sabinene, terpinolene, terpinen-4-ol, oxygenated monoTerpenes, manool, and two unidentified diTerpenes) as the infection progressed. The proportion of minor Terpenes in the infected cypresses increased markedly from the first day after inoculation (from 10 % in the control to 30–50 % in the infected treatments). Foliar concentrations showed no clear trend, but emission rates peaked at day 10 in infected trees, with higher δ-3-carene (15-fold) and total monoTerpene (10-fold) emissions than the control. No substantial differences were found among cypresses infected by the two fungal isolates. These results suggest that cypresses activate several direct and indirect chemical defense mechanisms after infection by S. cardinale .

  • needle Terpene concentrations and emissions of two coexisting subspecies of scots pine attacked by the pine processionary moth thaumetopoea pityocampa
    Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ander Achoteguicastells, Joan Llusià, Jose A Hodar, Josep Peñuelas
    Abstract:

    Mediterranean pine forests are often attacked by caterpillars of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lep., Thau- metopoidae), one of the most important defoliators in the Mediterranean region causing large economic losses and ecological effects. The needle Terpene concentrations and emissions may play a key role in the defense of pines. We studied two subspecies of Pinus sylvestris, nevadensis (an endemic and relict subspecies) and iberica, with different levels of caterpillar attack in Sierra Nevada mountains (Spain). GC-MS analyses showed large total concentra- tions of Terpenes (6 to 39 mg g -1 of dry weight) in the needles of both subspecies under field conditions. Con- centrations were 25 % higher in ''Non-Attacked Trees'' (NATs) of the iberica than in the nevadensis subspecies. The branches of NATs had Terpene concentrations 20 % higher than those of ''Attacked Branches of attacked trees'' (ABs). Within attacked trees, the ''Non-Attacked Bran- ches'' (NABs) also had Terpene concentrations 20 % higher than those of ABs. Mainly a-pinene and germacrene D had higher concentrations in NATs and NABs than in ABs. Some Terpenes had higher concentrations in NABs than in NATs, indicating possible systemic reactions. In subsp. nevadensis, the percentage of monoTerpenes relative to total Terpenes was higher in ABs than in other attack states. The rates of emission in nevadensis (standardized to 30 C) were ca. three times higher in ABs than in NABs and NATs. These results suggest that the lower Terpene con- centrations and high percentages of monoTerpenes in ABs were produced by a combination of emission losses and Terpene induction in response to herbivorous attack.

  • drought warming and soil fertilization effects on leaf volatile Terpene concentrations in pinus halepensis and quercus ilex
    Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2009
    Co-Authors: Josepsalvador Blanch, Josep Peñuelas, Jordi Sardans, Joan Llusià
    Abstract:

    The changes in foliar concentrations of volatile Terpenes in response to water stress, fertilization and tem- perature were analyzed in Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex. The most abundant Terpenes found in both species were a-pinene and D 3 -carene. b-Pinene and myrcene were also abundant in both species. P. halepensis concentrations were much greater than those of Q. ilex in agreement with the lack of storage in the latter species (15205.60 ± 1140.04 vs. 0.54 ± 0.08 l gg -1 (d.m.)). The drought treatment (reduction to 1/3 of full watering) significantly increased the total Terpene concentrations in both species (54% in P. halepensis and 119% in Q. ilex). The fertil- ization treatment (addition of either 250 kg N ha -1 or 250 kg P ha -1 or both) had no significant effects on ter- pene foliar concentrations. The Terpene concentrations increased from 0.25 l gg -1 (d.m.) at 30C to 0.70 l gg -1 (d.m.) at 40 Ci nQ. ilex (the non-storing species) and from 2,240 l gg -1 (d.m.) at 30C to 15,621 l gg -1 (d.m.) at 40 Ci nP. halepensis (the storing species). Both species presented negative relationship between Terpene concen- trations and relative water contents (RWC). The results of this study show that higher Terpene concentrations can be expected in the warmer and drier conditions predicted for the next decades in the Mediterranean region.

  • effects of carbon dioxide water supply and seasonality on Terpene content and emission by rosmarinus officinalis
    Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1997
    Co-Authors: Josep Peñuelas, Joan Llusià
    Abstract:

    Rosmarinus officinalis L. plants were grown under carbon dioxide concentrations of 350 and 700 μmol/mol (atmospheric CO2 and elevated CO2) and under two levels of irrigation (high water and low water) from October 1, 1994 to May 31, 1996. Elevated CO2 led to increasingly larger monthly growth rates than the atmospheric CO2 treatments. The increase was 9.5% in spring 1995, 23% in summer 1995, and 53% in spring 1996 in the high-water treatments, whereas in low-water treatments the growth response to elevated CO2 was constrained until the second year spring, when there was a 47% increase. The Terpene concentration was slightly larger in the elevated CO2 treatments than in atmospheric CO2 treatments and reached a maximum 37% difference in spring 1996. There was no significant effect of water treatment, likely as a result of a mild low water treatment for a Mediterranean plant. Terpene concentration increased throughout the period of study, indicating possible age effects. The most abundant Terpenes were α-pinene, cineole, camphor, borneol, and verbenone, which represented about 75% of the total. No significant differences were found in the Terpene composition of the plants in the different treatments or seasons. The emission of volatile Terpenes was much larger in spring (about 75 μg/dry wt/hr) than in autumn (about 10 μg/dry wt/hr), partly because of higher temperature and partly because of seasonal effect, but no significant difference was found because of CO2 or water treatment. The main Terpene emitted was α-pinene, which represented about 50% of the total. There was no clear correlation between content and emission, either quantitatively or qualitatively. More volatile Terpenes were proportionally more important in the total emission than in total content and in autumn than in spring.

Jörg Bohlmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • oleoresin defenses in conifers chemical diversity Terpene synthases and limitations of oleoresin defense under climate change
    New Phytologist, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jose M Celedon, Jörg Bohlmann
    Abstract:

    Conifers have evolved complex oleoresin Terpene defenses against herbivores and pathogens. In co-evolved bark beetles, conifer Terpenes also serve chemo-ecological functions as pheromone precursors, chemical barcodes for host identification, or nutrients for insect-associated microbiomes. We highlight the genomic, molecular and biochemical underpinnings of the large chemical space of conifer oleoresin Terpenes and volatiles. Conifer Terpenes are predominantly the products of the conifer Terpene synthase (TPS) gene family. Terpene diversity is increased by cytochromes P450 of the CYP720B class. Many conifer TPS are multiproduct enzymes. Multisubstrate CYP720B enzymes catalyse multistep oxidations. We summarise known terpenoid gene functions in various different conifer species with reference to the annotated terpenoid gene space in a spruce genome. Overall, biosynthesis of Terpene diversity in conifers is achieved through a system of biochemical radiation and metabolic grids. Expression of TPS and CYP720B genes can be specific to individual cell types of constitutive or traumatic resin duct systems. Induced terpenoid transcriptomes in resin duct cells lead to dynamic changes of Terpene composition and quantity to fend off herbivores and pathogens. While terpenoid defenses have contributed much to the evolutionary success of conifers, under new conditions of climate change, these defences may become inconsequential against range-expanding forest pests.

  • induction of volatile Terpene biosynthesis and diurnal emission by methyl jasmonate in foliage of norway spruce
    Plant Physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Diane M Martin, Jonathan Gershenzon, Jörg Bohlmann
    Abstract:

    Terpenoids are characteristic constitutive and inducible defense chemicals of conifers. The biochemical regulation of Terpene formation, accumulation, and release from conifer needles was studied in Norway spruce [ Picea abies L. (Karst)] saplings using methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to induce defensive responses without inflicting physical damage to Terpene storage structures. MeJA treatment caused a 2-fold increase in monoTerpene and sesquiTerpene accumulation in needles without changes in Terpene composition, much less than the 10- and 40-fold increases in monoTerpenes and diTerpenes, respectively, observed in wood tissue after MeJA treatment (D. Martin, D. Tholl, J. Gershenzon, J. Bohlmann [2002] Plant Physiol 129: 1003–1018). At the same time, MeJA triggered a 5-fold increase in total Terpene emission from foliage, with a shift in composition to a blend dominated by oxygenated monoTerpenes (e.g. linalool) and sesquiTerpenes [e.g. ( E )-β-farnesene] that also included methyl salicylate. The rate of linalool emission increased more than 100-fold and that of sesquiTerpenes increased more than 30-fold. Emission of these compounds followed a pronounced diurnal rhythm with the maximum amount released during the light period. The major MeJA-induced volatile Terpenes appear to be synthesized de novo after treatment, rather than being released from stored Terpene pools, because they are almost completely absent from needle oleoresin and are the major products of Terpene synthase activity measured after MeJA treatment. Based on precedents in other species, the induced emission of Terpenes from Norway spruce foliage may have ecological and physiological significance.

Joan Llusià - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Terpene arms race in the seiridium cardinale cupressus sempervirens pathosystem
    Scientific Reports, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ander Achoteguicastells, Sara Barberini, Mabrouk Bouneb, Sauro Simoni, Marco Michelozzi, Joan Llusià, Gianni Della Rocca, Roberto Danti, Josep Peñuelas
    Abstract:

    The canker-causing fungus Seiridium cardinale is the major threat to Cupressus sempervirens worldwide. We investigated the production of Terpenes by canker-resistant and susceptible cypresses inoculated with S. cardinale, the effect of these Terpenes on fungal growth, and the defensive biotransformation of the Terpenes conducted by the fungus. All infected trees produced de novo Terpenes and strongly induced terpenic responses, but the responses were stronger in the canker-resistant than the susceptible trees. In vitro tests for the inhibition of fungal growth indicated that the Terpene concentrations of resistant trees were more inhibitory than those of susceptible trees. The highly induced and de novo Terpenes exhibited substantial inhibition (more than a fungicide reference) and had a high concentration-dependent inhibition, whereas the most abundant Terpenes had a low concentration-dependent inhibition. S. cardinale biotransformed three Terpenes and was capable of detoxifying them even outside the fungal mycelium, in its immediate surrounding environment. Our results thus indicated that Terpenes were key defences efficiently used by C. sempervirens, but also that S. cardinale is ready for the battle.

  • Strong Induction of Minor Terpenes in Italian Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, in Response to Infection by the Fungus Seiridium cardinale
    Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Ander Achotegui-castells, Sara Barberini, Joan Llusià, Roberto Danti, Gianni Della Rocca, Josep Peñuelas
    Abstract:

    Seiridium cardinale , the main fungal pathogen responsible for cypress bark canker, is the largest threat to cypresses worldwide. The Terpene response of canker-resistant clones of Italian cypress, Cupressus sempervirens , to two differently aggressive isolates of S. cardinale was studied. Phloem Terpene concentrations, foliar Terpene concentrations, as well as foliar Terpene emission rates were analyzed 1, 10, 30, and 90 days after artificial inoculation with fungal isolates. The phloem surrounding the inoculation point exhibited de novo production of four oxygenated monoTerpenes and two unidentified Terpenes. The concentrations of several constitutive mono- and diTerpenes increased strongly (especially α-thujene, sabinene, terpinolene, terpinen-4-ol, oxygenated monoTerpenes, manool, and two unidentified diTerpenes) as the infection progressed. The proportion of minor Terpenes in the infected cypresses increased markedly from the first day after inoculation (from 10 % in the control to 30–50 % in the infected treatments). Foliar concentrations showed no clear trend, but emission rates peaked at day 10 in infected trees, with higher δ-3-carene (15-fold) and total monoTerpene (10-fold) emissions than the control. No substantial differences were found among cypresses infected by the two fungal isolates. These results suggest that cypresses activate several direct and indirect chemical defense mechanisms after infection by S. cardinale .

  • needle Terpene concentrations and emissions of two coexisting subspecies of scots pine attacked by the pine processionary moth thaumetopoea pityocampa
    Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ander Achoteguicastells, Joan Llusià, Jose A Hodar, Josep Peñuelas
    Abstract:

    Mediterranean pine forests are often attacked by caterpillars of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lep., Thau- metopoidae), one of the most important defoliators in the Mediterranean region causing large economic losses and ecological effects. The needle Terpene concentrations and emissions may play a key role in the defense of pines. We studied two subspecies of Pinus sylvestris, nevadensis (an endemic and relict subspecies) and iberica, with different levels of caterpillar attack in Sierra Nevada mountains (Spain). GC-MS analyses showed large total concentra- tions of Terpenes (6 to 39 mg g -1 of dry weight) in the needles of both subspecies under field conditions. Con- centrations were 25 % higher in ''Non-Attacked Trees'' (NATs) of the iberica than in the nevadensis subspecies. The branches of NATs had Terpene concentrations 20 % higher than those of ''Attacked Branches of attacked trees'' (ABs). Within attacked trees, the ''Non-Attacked Bran- ches'' (NABs) also had Terpene concentrations 20 % higher than those of ABs. Mainly a-pinene and germacrene D had higher concentrations in NATs and NABs than in ABs. Some Terpenes had higher concentrations in NABs than in NATs, indicating possible systemic reactions. In subsp. nevadensis, the percentage of monoTerpenes relative to total Terpenes was higher in ABs than in other attack states. The rates of emission in nevadensis (standardized to 30 C) were ca. three times higher in ABs than in NABs and NATs. These results suggest that the lower Terpene con- centrations and high percentages of monoTerpenes in ABs were produced by a combination of emission losses and Terpene induction in response to herbivorous attack.

  • drought warming and soil fertilization effects on leaf volatile Terpene concentrations in pinus halepensis and quercus ilex
    Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2009
    Co-Authors: Josepsalvador Blanch, Josep Peñuelas, Jordi Sardans, Joan Llusià
    Abstract:

    The changes in foliar concentrations of volatile Terpenes in response to water stress, fertilization and tem- perature were analyzed in Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex. The most abundant Terpenes found in both species were a-pinene and D 3 -carene. b-Pinene and myrcene were also abundant in both species. P. halepensis concentrations were much greater than those of Q. ilex in agreement with the lack of storage in the latter species (15205.60 ± 1140.04 vs. 0.54 ± 0.08 l gg -1 (d.m.)). The drought treatment (reduction to 1/3 of full watering) significantly increased the total Terpene concentrations in both species (54% in P. halepensis and 119% in Q. ilex). The fertil- ization treatment (addition of either 250 kg N ha -1 or 250 kg P ha -1 or both) had no significant effects on ter- pene foliar concentrations. The Terpene concentrations increased from 0.25 l gg -1 (d.m.) at 30C to 0.70 l gg -1 (d.m.) at 40 Ci nQ. ilex (the non-storing species) and from 2,240 l gg -1 (d.m.) at 30C to 15,621 l gg -1 (d.m.) at 40 Ci nP. halepensis (the storing species). Both species presented negative relationship between Terpene concen- trations and relative water contents (RWC). The results of this study show that higher Terpene concentrations can be expected in the warmer and drier conditions predicted for the next decades in the Mediterranean region.

  • effects of carbon dioxide water supply and seasonality on Terpene content and emission by rosmarinus officinalis
    Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1997
    Co-Authors: Josep Peñuelas, Joan Llusià
    Abstract:

    Rosmarinus officinalis L. plants were grown under carbon dioxide concentrations of 350 and 700 μmol/mol (atmospheric CO2 and elevated CO2) and under two levels of irrigation (high water and low water) from October 1, 1994 to May 31, 1996. Elevated CO2 led to increasingly larger monthly growth rates than the atmospheric CO2 treatments. The increase was 9.5% in spring 1995, 23% in summer 1995, and 53% in spring 1996 in the high-water treatments, whereas in low-water treatments the growth response to elevated CO2 was constrained until the second year spring, when there was a 47% increase. The Terpene concentration was slightly larger in the elevated CO2 treatments than in atmospheric CO2 treatments and reached a maximum 37% difference in spring 1996. There was no significant effect of water treatment, likely as a result of a mild low water treatment for a Mediterranean plant. Terpene concentration increased throughout the period of study, indicating possible age effects. The most abundant Terpenes were α-pinene, cineole, camphor, borneol, and verbenone, which represented about 75% of the total. No significant differences were found in the Terpene composition of the plants in the different treatments or seasons. The emission of volatile Terpenes was much larger in spring (about 75 μg/dry wt/hr) than in autumn (about 10 μg/dry wt/hr), partly because of higher temperature and partly because of seasonal effect, but no significant difference was found because of CO2 or water treatment. The main Terpene emitted was α-pinene, which represented about 50% of the total. There was no clear correlation between content and emission, either quantitatively or qualitatively. More volatile Terpenes were proportionally more important in the total emission than in total content and in autumn than in spring.

Sheba Goklany - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • molecular diversity of Terpene synthases in the liverwort marchantia polymorpha
    The Plant Cell, 2016
    Co-Authors: Santosh Kumar, Chase Kempinski, Xun Zhuang, Ayla Norris, Sibongile Mafu, Stephen A Bell, Stephen Eric Nybo, Scott Kinison, Zuodong Jiang, Sheba Goklany
    Abstract:

    Marchantia polymorpha is a basal terrestrial land plant, which like most liverworts accumulates structurally diverse Terpenes believed to serve in deterring disease and herbivory. Previous studies have suggested that the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways, present in evolutionarily diverged plants, are also operative in liverworts. However, the genes and enzymes responsible for the chemical diversity of Terpenes have yet to be described. In this study, we resorted to a HMMER search tool to identify 17 putative Terpene synthase genes from M. polymorpha transcriptomes. Functional characterization identified four diTerpene synthase genes phylogenetically related to those found in diverged plants and nine rather unusual monoTerpene and sesquiTerpene synthase-like genes. The presence of separate monofunctional diTerpene synthases for ent-copalyl diphosphate and ent-kaurene biosynthesis is similar to orthologs found in vascular plants, pushing the date of the underlying gene duplication and neofunctionalization of the ancestral diTerpene synthase gene family to >400 million years ago. By contrast, the mono- and sesquiTerpene synthases represent a distinct class of enzymes, not related to previously described plant Terpene synthases and only distantly so to microbial-type Terpene synthases. The absence of a Mg2+ binding, aspartate-rich, DDXXD motif places these enzymes in a noncanonical family of Terpene synthases.

Roberto Danti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Terpene arms race in the seiridium cardinale cupressus sempervirens pathosystem
    Scientific Reports, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ander Achoteguicastells, Sara Barberini, Mabrouk Bouneb, Sauro Simoni, Marco Michelozzi, Joan Llusià, Gianni Della Rocca, Roberto Danti, Josep Peñuelas
    Abstract:

    The canker-causing fungus Seiridium cardinale is the major threat to Cupressus sempervirens worldwide. We investigated the production of Terpenes by canker-resistant and susceptible cypresses inoculated with S. cardinale, the effect of these Terpenes on fungal growth, and the defensive biotransformation of the Terpenes conducted by the fungus. All infected trees produced de novo Terpenes and strongly induced terpenic responses, but the responses were stronger in the canker-resistant than the susceptible trees. In vitro tests for the inhibition of fungal growth indicated that the Terpene concentrations of resistant trees were more inhibitory than those of susceptible trees. The highly induced and de novo Terpenes exhibited substantial inhibition (more than a fungicide reference) and had a high concentration-dependent inhibition, whereas the most abundant Terpenes had a low concentration-dependent inhibition. S. cardinale biotransformed three Terpenes and was capable of detoxifying them even outside the fungal mycelium, in its immediate surrounding environment. Our results thus indicated that Terpenes were key defences efficiently used by C. sempervirens, but also that S. cardinale is ready for the battle.

  • Strong Induction of Minor Terpenes in Italian Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, in Response to Infection by the Fungus Seiridium cardinale
    Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Ander Achotegui-castells, Sara Barberini, Joan Llusià, Roberto Danti, Gianni Della Rocca, Josep Peñuelas
    Abstract:

    Seiridium cardinale , the main fungal pathogen responsible for cypress bark canker, is the largest threat to cypresses worldwide. The Terpene response of canker-resistant clones of Italian cypress, Cupressus sempervirens , to two differently aggressive isolates of S. cardinale was studied. Phloem Terpene concentrations, foliar Terpene concentrations, as well as foliar Terpene emission rates were analyzed 1, 10, 30, and 90 days after artificial inoculation with fungal isolates. The phloem surrounding the inoculation point exhibited de novo production of four oxygenated monoTerpenes and two unidentified Terpenes. The concentrations of several constitutive mono- and diTerpenes increased strongly (especially α-thujene, sabinene, terpinolene, terpinen-4-ol, oxygenated monoTerpenes, manool, and two unidentified diTerpenes) as the infection progressed. The proportion of minor Terpenes in the infected cypresses increased markedly from the first day after inoculation (from 10 % in the control to 30–50 % in the infected treatments). Foliar concentrations showed no clear trend, but emission rates peaked at day 10 in infected trees, with higher δ-3-carene (15-fold) and total monoTerpene (10-fold) emissions than the control. No substantial differences were found among cypresses infected by the two fungal isolates. These results suggest that cypresses activate several direct and indirect chemical defense mechanisms after infection by S. cardinale .