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Michael K. Skinner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of transient embryonic in vivo exposure to the endocrine disruptor methoxychlor on embryonic and postnatal Testis development
Journal of Andrology, 2003Co-Authors: Andrea S. Cupp, Mehmet Uzumcu, Hiroetsu Suzuki, Kristen A Dirks, Brigette Phillips, Michael K. SkinnerAbstract:The current study was designed to examine the effects of a transient embryonic exposure to the pesticide methoxychlor, an endocrine disruptor, on in vivo rat Testis development and function. Gestating female rats were transiently administered methoxychlor (MXC) from embryonic day 7 (E7; EO = plug date) through E15. Embryonic testes were collected at E16 and postnatal (PO = day of birth) testes at P4, P10, P17-20, and P60. Seminiferous cords formed in testes from MXC exposed males. However, at E16, there was a decrease in the area of cords and an increase in interstitial area in MXC exposed testes when compared with controls. At all postnatal ages collected, there did not appear to be differences in seminiferous cord/tubule area, interstitial area, or number of seminiferous cords/tubules between untreated controls and males exposed to MXC. Exposure to the endocrine disruptor also had no effect on the postnatal organ weights of a variety of different organs, nor were testosterone levels altered. Interestingly, there were reductions in the number of germ cells in testes from MXC-exposed males at P17-P20 when compared with untreated controls. Furthermore, there was a twofold increase in apoptotic cells in tubules from pubertal P17-P20-MXC exposed males when compared with untreated controls. Testes were collected from adult P60 males to determine if early embryonic and postnatal alterations in germ cell numbers or Testis cellular composition had compromised spermatogenesis. In adult P60 MXC exposed testes there were no gross morphological changes in Testis structure or cellular composition over that of controls. However, there was an increase in apoptotic cell number in elongating spermatids in MXC exposed testes. Four P60 males that were exposed to MXC during gestation and 4 control males were bred with unexposed females to determine their ability to produce offspring. All MXC exposed males were capable of impregnating females and had normal litter size and pup weights. Combined observations demonstrated that exposure to MXC during gestation at a critical stage of Testis development (ie, sex determination) affects embryonic Testis cellular composition, germ cell numbers, and germ cell survival. While alterations in these parameters does not affect the ability of males to produce offspring, there appears to be a reduced spermatogenic capacity associated with MXC treatment. Therefore, transient embryonic exposure to an endocrine disruptor (methoxychlor) during gestation can influence the germline and fertility in adult males.
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Testis developmental phenotypes in neurotropin receptor trka and trkc null mutations role in formation of seminiferous cords and germ cell survival
Biology of Reproduction, 2002Co-Authors: Andrea S. Cupp, Lino Tessarollo, Michael K. SkinnerAbstract:The objective of the present study was to determine if the neurotropin receptors trkC and trkA are involved in embryonic Testis development. These receptors bind neurotropin 3 and nerve growth factor, respectively. The hypothesis tested was that the absence of trkC or trkA receptors will have detrimental effects on Testis development and morphology. The trkA and trkC homozygote knockout (KO) mice generally die either at or shortly after birth. Therefore, heterozygote mice were mated to obtain homozygote gene KO mice at Embryonic Day (E) 13, E14, E17, and E19 of gestation, with E0 being the plug date. Gonads from approximately 80 embryos were collected and fixed, and each embryo was genotyped. To determine gonadal characteristics for each genotype, the number of germ cells, number of seminiferous cords, seminiferous cord area, and interstitial area were calculated at each developmental age. Germ cell numbers varied in trkA gene KO mice from those of wild-type mice at each age evaluated. In trkC gene KO mice, differences were detected in germ cell numbers when compared to wild-type mice at E17 and E19. At E19, germ cell numbers were reduced in both trkA and trkC gene KO mice when compared to wild-type animals. Apoptosis was evaluated in testes of wild-type, trkC gene KO, and trkA gene KO mice to determine if the alteration in germ cell numbers at each developmental age was influenced by different patterns of germ cell survival or apoptosis. No differences were found in germ cell apoptosis during embryonic Testis development. Interestingly, trkA gene KO mice that survived to Postnatal Day 19 had a 10-fold increase in germ cell apoptosis when compared to germ cells in wild-type mice. Evaluation of other morphological Testis parameters demonstrated that trkC KO testes had reduced interstitial area at E13, reduced number of seminiferous cords at E14, and reduced seminiferous cord area at E19. The trkA gene KO testes had a reduction in the number of seminiferous cords at E14. Histology of both trkA and trkC gene KO testes demonstrated that these gonads appear to be developmentally delayed when compared to their wild-type Testis counterparts at E13 during Testis development. The current study demonstrates that both trkA and trkC neurotropin receptors influence germ cell numbers during Testis development and events such as seminiferous cord formation.
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transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression and action during pubertal development of the seminiferous tubule
Molecular Endocrinology, 1992Co-Authors: Brian P Mullaney, Michael K. SkinnerAbstract:The potential role of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) as a mediator of cell-cell interactions in the growth and development of the Testis was examined. Developing rat testes were collected, and preparations of mesenchymal-derived peritubular cells and epithelial-like Sertoli cells were isolated from prepubertal, midpubertal, and late pubertal rat testes. The developmental expression of TGF-alpha and its receptor, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), in whole Testis and isolated cell types was determined using a nuclease protection assay. TGF-alpha and EGFR gene expression were predominant early in Testis development and decreased during pubertal development. TGF-alpha expression was greatest in prepubertal peritubular cells. Sertoli cell TGF-alpha expression remained relatively constant during development, with a slight decline at the later pubertal stages. EGFR gene expression was predominant in peritublar cells throughout development. A low level of EGFR expression was detected in S...
Waldemar S Costa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ANATOMIC ASPECTS OF EPIDIDYMIS AND TUNICA VAGINALIS IN PATIENTS WITH TESTICULAR TORSION
2015Co-Authors: Tunica Vaginalis, Luciano A Favorito, Andre G Cavalcante, In Testicular, Torsionpediatric Urology, Waldemar S CostaAbstract:Objective: To analyze the morphology of epididymis and tunica vaginalis as well as their anatomical anomalies in patients with testicular torsion. Materials and Methods: We studied 25 patients (50 testes) aged between 12 and 23 years (mean 15.6). Torsion length ranged from 2 hours to 2 days (mean 8 hours). Epididymal anatomy was classified in 6 groups: Type I- epididymis united to the Testis by its head and tail; Type II- epididymis totally united to the Testis; Type III- disjunction of epididymal tail; Type IV- disjunction of epididy-mal head; Type V- total disjunction between Testis and epididymis, and Type VI- epididymal atresia. The type of torsion was classified in 3 groups: Group A – intravaginal torsion; Group B – extravaginal torsion and Group C – torsion due to long mesorchium. Results: Of the 50 analyzed testes, 40 (80%) presented bell clapper deformity (with 21 pre-senting intravaginal torsion); 8 testes (16%) had long mesorchium (4 with torsion), and only 2 (4%) presented normal anatomy in the tunica vaginalis. The most frequently found anatomical relationship between Testis and epididymis was Type I- 38 cases (76%); Type II relationship was found in 6 cases (12%) and Type III relationship was found in 6 cases (12%). Conclusions: Intravaginal torsion is the most frequent type, and torsion due to long mesor-chium is associated with cryptorchism. The most frequently found anatomical relation between Testis and epididymis in the study group was Type I. Key words: Testis; epididymis; spermatic cord torsion; cryptorchidism Int Braz J Urol. 2004; 30: 420-
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anatomic aspects of epididymis and tunica vaginalis in patients with testicular torsion
International Braz J Urol, 2004Co-Authors: Luciano A Favorito, Andre G Cavalcante, Waldemar S CostaAbstract:Objective: To analyze the morphology of epididymis and tunica vaginalis as well as their anatomical anomalies in patients with testicular torsion. Materials and Methods: We studied 25 patients (50 testes) aged between 12 and 23 years (mean 15.6). Torsion length ranged from 2 hours to 2 days (mean 8 hours). Epididymal anatomy was classified in 6 groups: Type I - epididymis united to the Testis by its head and tail; Type II - epididymis totally united to the Testis; Type III - disjunction of epididymal tail; Type IV - disjunction of epididymal head; Type V - total disjunction between Testis and epididymis, and Type VI - epididymal atresia. The type of torsion was classified in 3 groups: Group A – intravaginal torsion; Group B – extravaginal torsion and Group C – torsion due to long mesorchium. Results: Of the 50 analyzed testes, 40 (80%) presented bell clapper deformity (with 21 presenting intravaginal torsion); 8 testes (16%) had long mesorchium (4 with torsion), and only 2 (4%) presented normal anatomy in the tunica vaginalis. The most frequently found anatomical relationship between Testis and epididymis was Type I - 38 cases (76%); Type II relationship was found in 6 cases (12%) and Type III relationship was found in 6 cases (12%). Conclusions: Intravaginal torsion is the most frequent type, and torsion due to long mesorchium is associated with cryptorchism. The most frequently found anatomical relation between Testis and epididymis in the study group was Type I.
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proximal insertion of gubernaculum Testis in normal human fetuses and in boys with cryptorchidism
The Journal of Urology, 2000Co-Authors: Luciano A Favorito, Valter Javaroni, Luiz E M Cardoso, Francisco J B Sampaio, Waldemar S CostaAbstract:Purpose: We determine how the proximal gubernaculum Testis is attached to the Testis and epididymis in human fetuses, and compare these data with findings in boys who had undergone surgery for cryptorchidism.Materials and Methods: We analyzed 280 testes and epididymides with the gubernacula of 140 well preserved, fresh human fetuses ranging from 10 to 35 weeks after conception with no detectable congenital malformations and 36 undescended testes of 28 boys 2 to 15 years old (mean age 6.8) who had undergone surgery for cryptorchidism. In both groups the different conformations of the relationship among the proximal gubernaculum, Testis and epididymis were classified according to a system used for patients with cryptorchidism. In group A the gubernaculum is attached to the Testis and epididymis, in group B the gubernaculum is attached only to the Testis with a tail disjunction epididymal anomaly, in group C the gubernaculum is attached only to the Testis with total disjunction of the epididymis, in group D ...
Ralph L Brinster - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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stem cell and niche development in the postnatal rat Testis
Developmental Biology, 2003Co-Authors: Buom-yong Ryu, Mary R Avarbock, Kyle E. Orwig, Ralph L BrinsterAbstract:Adult tissue stem cells self-renew and differentiate in a way that exactly meets the biological demand of the dependent tissue. We evaluated spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) activity in the developing rat Testis and the quality and accessibility of the stem cell niche in wild type, and two busulfan-treated models of rat pup recipient testes using an SSC transplantation technique as a functional assay. While our results revealed a 69-fold increase in stem cell activity during rat Testis development from neonate to adult, only moderate changes in SSC concentration were observed, and stem cells from neonate, pup, and adult donor testes produce spermatogenic colonies of similar size. Analysis of the stem cell niche in recipient rat testes demonstrated that pup testes support high levels of donor stem cell engraftment when endogenous germ cells are removed or compromised by busulfan treatment. Fertility was established when rat pup donor Testis cells were transplanted into fetal- or pup-busulfan-treated recipient rat pup testes, and the donor genotype was transmitted to subsequent generations. These results provide insight into stem cell/niche interactions in the rat Testis and demonstrate that techniques originally developed in mice can be extended to other species for regenerative medicine and germline modification.
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germ cell transplantation from large domestic animals into mouse testes
Molecular Reproduction and Development, 2000Co-Authors: Ina Dobrinski, Mary R Avarbock, Ralph L BrinsterAbstract:Donor-derived spermatogenesis after spermatogonial transplantation to recipient animals could serve as a novel approach to manipulate the male germ line in species where current methods of genetic modification are still inefficient. The objective of the present study was to investigate germ cell transplantation from boars, bulls, and stallions, which are economically important domestic animals, to mouse recipients. Donor Testis cells (fresh, cryopreserved, or cultured for 1 month) were transplanted into testes of immunodeficient recipient mice in which endogenous spermatogenesis had been destroyed. Recipient testes were analyzed from 1 to > 12 months after transplantation for the presence of donor germ cells by donor-specific immunohistochemistry. Donor cells were present in most recipient testes with species-dependent differences in pattern and extent of colonization. Porcine donor germ cells formed chains and networks of round cells connected by intercellular bridges but later stages of donor-derived spermatogenesis were not observed. Transplanted bovine Testis cells initially appeared similar but then developed predominantly into fibrous tissue within recipient seminiferous tubules. Few equine germ cells proliferated in mouse testes with no obvious difference between cells recovered from a scrotal or a cryptorchid donor Testis. The pattern of colonization after transplantation of cultured cells did not resemble spermatogonial proliferation. These results indicate that fresh or cryopreserved germ cells from large animals can colonize the mouse Testis but do not differentiate beyond the stage of spermatogonial expansion. Species-specific differences in the compatibility of large animal donors and mouse recipients were detected which cannot be predicted solely on the basis of phylogenetic distance between donor and recipient species. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 57:270–279, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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transplantation of germ cells from rabbits and dogs into mouse testes
Biology of Reproduction, 1999Co-Authors: Ina Dobrinski, Mary R Avarbock, Ralph L BrinsterAbstract:: Spermatogonial stem cells of a fertile mouse transplanted into the seminiferous tubules of an infertile mouse can develop spermatogenesis and transmit the donor haplotype to progeny of the recipient mouse. When Testis cells from rats or hamsters were transplanted to the testes of immunodeficient mice, complete rat or hamster spermatogenesis occurred in the recipient mouse testes, albeit with lower efficiency for the hamster. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of increasing phylogenetic distance between donor and recipient animals on the outcome of spermatogonial transplantation. Testis cells were collected from donor rabbits and dogs and transplanted into testes of immunodeficient recipient mice in which endogenous spermatogenesis had been destroyed. In separate experiments, rabbit or dog Testis cells were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen or cultured for 1 mo before transplantation to mice. Recipient testes were analyzed, using donor-specific polyclonal antibodies, from 1 to >12 mo after transplantation for the presence of donor germ cells. In addition, the presence of canine cells in recipient testes was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for canine alpha-satellite DNA. Donor germ cells were present in the testes of all but one recipient. Donor germ cells predominantly formed chains and networks of round cells connected by intercellular bridges, but later stages of donor-derived spermatogenesis were not observed. The pattern of colonization after transplantation of cultured cells did not resemble spermatogonial proliferation. These results indicate that fresh and cryopreserved germ cells can colonize the mouse Testis but do not differentiate beyond the stage of spermatogonial expansion.
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rat spermatogenesis in mouse Testis
Nature, 1996Co-Authors: David E Clouthier, Mary R Avarbock, Shanna D Maika, Robert E Hammer, Ralph L BrinsterAbstract:RECENTLY, transplantation of mouse donor spermatogonial stem cells from a fertile Testis to an infertile recipient mouse Testis was described1,2. The donor cells established spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the host, and normal spermatozoa were produced. In the most successful transplants, the recipient mice were fertile and sired up to 80 per cent of progeny from donor cells2. Here we examine the feasibility of transplanting spermatogonial stem cells from other species to the mouse seminiferous tubule to generate spermatogenesis. Marked Testis cells from transgenic rats were transplanted to the testes of immunodeficient mice, and in all of 10 recipient mice (in 19 of 20 testes), rat spermatogenesis occurred. Epididymides of eight mice were examined, and the three from mice with the longest transplants (≥ 110 days) contained rat spermatozoa with normal morphology. The generation of rat spermatogenesis in mouse testes suggests that spermatogonial stem cells of many species could be transplanted, and opens the possibility of xenogeneic spermatogenesis for other species.
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germline transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1994Co-Authors: Ralph L Brinster, Mary R AvarbockAbstract:Abstract Spermatogenesis is a complex, highly organized, very efficient process that is based upon the capacity of stem cell spermatogonia simultaneously to undergo self-renewal and to provide progeny that differentiate into mature spermatozoa. We report here that Testis-derived cells transplanted into the Testis of an infertile mouse will colonize seminiferous tubules and initiate spermatogenesis in > 70% of recipients. Testis-derived cells from newborn mice were less effective in colonizing recipient testes than cells from 5- to 15- or 21- to 28-day-old mice. Increasing the number of Sertoli cells in the donor cell population did not increase the efficiency of colonization. Unmodified embryonic stem cells were not able to substitute for Testis-derived cells in colonizing testes but instead formed tumors in syngeneic as well as nonsyngeneic hosts. Finally, with recipients that maintained endogenous spermatogenesis, Testis cell transplantation yielded mice in which up to 80% of progeny were sired by donor-derived spermatozoa. The technique of spermatogonial cell transplantation should provide a means to generate germline modifications in a variety of species following development of spermatogonial culture techniques and should have additional applications in biology, medicine, and agriculture.
Alexander I Agoulnik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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left sided cryptorchidism in mice with wilms tumour 1 gene deletion in gubernaculum Testis
The Journal of Pathology, 2013Co-Authors: Elena M Kaftanovskaya, Giselle Neukirchner, Alexander I Agoulnik, Vicki HuffAbstract:A significant number of patients with germline mutations in the Wilms' tumour 1 ( WT1) gene, a transcriptional factor essential for early renal and gonadal development, display cryptorchidism or non-scrotal Testis position. We show here that WT1 is expressed during development in the mouse gubernacular ligament connecting the Testis to the abdominal wall. Conditional inactivation of Wt1 in the gubernaculum (GU-WT1KO animals) resulted in abnormal differentiation of the gubernacula during development and, in about 40% of adult males, unilateral, always left-sided, cryptorchidism. At birth the right Testis was positioned above the processus vaginalis and eventually moved into the developing scrotal pouch. In affected mutants the left Testis was displaced from the normal position and the left processus vaginalis failed to form. The analysis of testicular descent at different stages of postnatal development suggests that unilateral cryptorchidism might be caused by asymmetry in the positions of the abdominal organs providing a higher degree of mobility for the left Testis. Spermatogenesis in GU-WT1KO animals was blocked in cryptorchid testes located in a high pararenal position, but was maintained in testes located in a low abdominal position. Conditional inactivation of both Wt1 and androgen receptor (Ar) genes in the gubernaculum led to a bilateral asymmetrical cryptorchidism in all mutant males, with the left Testis again located higher than the right one. The malformations induced by WT1 and AR deficiency in the gubernaculum and processus vaginalis, in combination with mechanical constraints on Testis descent, determine the final position of the testes. In summary, our data indicate that WT1 is directly involved in gubernaculum differentiation. Taken together, the results of the study underline the complex nature of testicular descent, with an involvement in this process of several genetic factors and developmental events. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luciano A Favorito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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relationship between undescended Testis position and prevalence of testicular appendices epididymal anomalies and patency of processus vaginalis
BioMed Research International, 2017Co-Authors: Luciano A Favorito, Helce R Juliojunior, Francisco J B SampaioAbstract:Objectives. To assess the incidence of testicular appendices (Tas), epididymal anomalies (EAs), and processus vaginalis (PV) patency in patients with undescended Testis (UT) according to testicular position and to compare them with human fetuses. Methods. We studied 85 patients (108 testes) with cryptorchidism and compared the features with those of 15 fetuses (30 testes) with scrotal testes. We analyzed the relationships among the Testis and epididymis, patency of PV, and the presence of TAs. We used the Chi-square test for statistical analysis ( ). Results. In 108 UT, 72 (66.66%) had PV patent, 67 (62.03%) had TAs, and 39 (36.12%) had EAs. Of the 108 UT, 14 were abdominal (12.96%; 14 had PV patency, 9 TAs, and 7 EAs); 81 were inguinal (75%; 52 had PV patency, 45 TAs, and 31 EAs), and 13 were suprascrotal (12.03%; 6 had PV patency, 13 TAs, and 1 EAs). The patency of PV was more frequently associated with EAs ( ). The EAs had a higher prevalence in UT compared with fetuses ( ). Conclusions. Undescended Testis has a higher risk of anatomical anomalies and the testes situated in abdomen and inguinal canal have a higher risk of presenting patency of PV and EAs.
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Relationship between Undescended Testis Position and Prevalence of Testicular Appendices, Epididymal Anomalies, and Patency of Processus Vaginalis
Hindawi Limited, 2017Co-Authors: Luciano A Favorito, Helce Riberio Julio-junior, Francisco J. SampaioAbstract:Objectives. To assess the incidence of testicular appendices (Tas), epididymal anomalies (EAs), and processus vaginalis (PV) patency in patients with undescended Testis (UT) according to testicular position and to compare them with human fetuses. Methods. We studied 85 patients (108 testes) with cryptorchidism and compared the features with those of 15 fetuses (30 testes) with scrotal testes. We analyzed the relationships among the Testis and epididymis, patency of PV, and the presence of TAs. We used the Chi-square test for statistical analysis (p
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ANATOMIC ASPECTS OF EPIDIDYMIS AND TUNICA VAGINALIS IN PATIENTS WITH TESTICULAR TORSION
2015Co-Authors: Tunica Vaginalis, Luciano A Favorito, Andre G Cavalcante, In Testicular, Torsionpediatric Urology, Waldemar S CostaAbstract:Objective: To analyze the morphology of epididymis and tunica vaginalis as well as their anatomical anomalies in patients with testicular torsion. Materials and Methods: We studied 25 patients (50 testes) aged between 12 and 23 years (mean 15.6). Torsion length ranged from 2 hours to 2 days (mean 8 hours). Epididymal anatomy was classified in 6 groups: Type I- epididymis united to the Testis by its head and tail; Type II- epididymis totally united to the Testis; Type III- disjunction of epididymal tail; Type IV- disjunction of epididy-mal head; Type V- total disjunction between Testis and epididymis, and Type VI- epididymal atresia. The type of torsion was classified in 3 groups: Group A – intravaginal torsion; Group B – extravaginal torsion and Group C – torsion due to long mesorchium. Results: Of the 50 analyzed testes, 40 (80%) presented bell clapper deformity (with 21 pre-senting intravaginal torsion); 8 testes (16%) had long mesorchium (4 with torsion), and only 2 (4%) presented normal anatomy in the tunica vaginalis. The most frequently found anatomical relationship between Testis and epididymis was Type I- 38 cases (76%); Type II relationship was found in 6 cases (12%) and Type III relationship was found in 6 cases (12%). Conclusions: Intravaginal torsion is the most frequent type, and torsion due to long mesor-chium is associated with cryptorchism. The most frequently found anatomical relation between Testis and epididymis in the study group was Type I. Key words: Testis; epididymis; spermatic cord torsion; cryptorchidism Int Braz J Urol. 2004; 30: 420-
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anatomic aspects of epididymis and tunica vaginalis in patients with testicular torsion
International Braz J Urol, 2004Co-Authors: Luciano A Favorito, Andre G Cavalcante, Waldemar S CostaAbstract:Objective: To analyze the morphology of epididymis and tunica vaginalis as well as their anatomical anomalies in patients with testicular torsion. Materials and Methods: We studied 25 patients (50 testes) aged between 12 and 23 years (mean 15.6). Torsion length ranged from 2 hours to 2 days (mean 8 hours). Epididymal anatomy was classified in 6 groups: Type I - epididymis united to the Testis by its head and tail; Type II - epididymis totally united to the Testis; Type III - disjunction of epididymal tail; Type IV - disjunction of epididymal head; Type V - total disjunction between Testis and epididymis, and Type VI - epididymal atresia. The type of torsion was classified in 3 groups: Group A – intravaginal torsion; Group B – extravaginal torsion and Group C – torsion due to long mesorchium. Results: Of the 50 analyzed testes, 40 (80%) presented bell clapper deformity (with 21 presenting intravaginal torsion); 8 testes (16%) had long mesorchium (4 with torsion), and only 2 (4%) presented normal anatomy in the tunica vaginalis. The most frequently found anatomical relationship between Testis and epididymis was Type I - 38 cases (76%); Type II relationship was found in 6 cases (12%) and Type III relationship was found in 6 cases (12%). Conclusions: Intravaginal torsion is the most frequent type, and torsion due to long mesorchium is associated with cryptorchism. The most frequently found anatomical relation between Testis and epididymis in the study group was Type I.
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proximal insertion of gubernaculum Testis in normal human fetuses and in boys with cryptorchidism
The Journal of Urology, 2000Co-Authors: Luciano A Favorito, Valter Javaroni, Luiz E M Cardoso, Francisco J B Sampaio, Waldemar S CostaAbstract:Purpose: We determine how the proximal gubernaculum Testis is attached to the Testis and epididymis in human fetuses, and compare these data with findings in boys who had undergone surgery for cryptorchidism.Materials and Methods: We analyzed 280 testes and epididymides with the gubernacula of 140 well preserved, fresh human fetuses ranging from 10 to 35 weeks after conception with no detectable congenital malformations and 36 undescended testes of 28 boys 2 to 15 years old (mean age 6.8) who had undergone surgery for cryptorchidism. In both groups the different conformations of the relationship among the proximal gubernaculum, Testis and epididymis were classified according to a system used for patients with cryptorchidism. In group A the gubernaculum is attached to the Testis and epididymis, in group B the gubernaculum is attached only to the Testis with a tail disjunction epididymal anomaly, in group C the gubernaculum is attached only to the Testis with total disjunction of the epididymis, in group D ...
