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Gerd Brunner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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extraction of caffeine Theobromine and cocoa butter from brazilian cocoa beans using supercritical co2 and ethane
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2002Co-Authors: Rahoma S. Mohamed, Marleny D.a. Saldaña, Paulo Mazzafera, Carsten Zetzl, Gerd BrunnerAbstract:Supercritical extraction using ethane and CO2, acceptable solvents for food products, was explored for the recovery of the methylxanthines caffeine and Theobromine and cocoa butter from cocoa beans using a high-pressure apparatus. Continuous extraction of cocoa beans was performed at 343.2 K using CO2 at pressures of 20 and 40 MPa and ethane at pressures of 15.2, 24.8, and 28.3 MPa. The extraction yields of cocoa butter obtained with ethane were much higher than those obtained with CO2 because of the higher solubility of this fat in ethane. A pronounced effect of pressure on the extraction of methylxanthines and cocoa butter was observed for both solvents. Extraction curves revealed the greater facility of these solvents to extract cocoa butter followed by caffeine and Theobromine. This behavior suggests a range of possible conditions under which the extraction and isolation of cocoa butter, caffeine, and Theobromine from cocoa beans can be achieved. The methylxanthines in cocoa beans were slightly more s...
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extraction of methylxanthines from guarana seeds mate leaves and cocoa beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Marleny D.a. Saldaña, Rahoma S. Mohamed, Carsten Zetzl, Gerd BrunnerAbstract:New experimental data on the extraction of caffeine from guarana seeds and mate tea leaves, and Theobromine from cocoa beans, with supercritical CO2 were obtained using a high-pressure extraction apparatus. The effect of the addition of ethanol to carbon dioxide on the extraction efficiency was also investigated. Caffeine extraction yields of 98% of the initial caffeine content in both wet ground guarana seeds and mate tea leaves were obtained. Extractions of caffeine from guarana seeds and mate tea leaves also exhibited a retrograde behavior for the two temperatures considered in this work. In the removal of Theobromine from cocoa beans, a much smaller extraction yield was obtained with longer extraction periods and consequently larger solvent requirements. The results of this study confirm the higher selectivity of CO2 for caffeine in comparison with that for Theobromine, and also the influence of other components in each particular natural product on the extraction of methylxanthines. The effect of the...
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measurements of solubilities of xanthines in supercritical carbon dioxide methanol
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 1995Co-Authors: Monika Johannsen, Gerd BrunnerAbstract:Solubilities of the xanthines caffeine, theophylline, and Theobromine in different supercritical (carbon dioxide + methanol) mixtures were measured at 313 K and 22 MPa. The solubilities of Theobromine in supercritical carbon dioxide + methanol were also measured at 333 K and 22 MPa. The determination of solubilities has been performed by using a static analytical method with direct coupling of an equilibrium cell to a supercritical fluid chromatographic system. The solubility of all xanthines was enhanced by adding methanol to the fluid. For example, with 0.1 mass fraction of methanol in the fluid mixture the solubility of every xanthine increases by 1 order of magnitude. Although the chemical structures of the xanthines are very similar, their solubilities in supercritical carbon dioxide mixtures, as in pure carbon dioxide, vary substantially. The solubilities of caffeine in CO 2 are 1 order of magnitude higher than those of theophylline and 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of Theobromine.
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solubilities of the xanthines caffeine theophylline and Theobromine in supercritical carbon dioxide
Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1994Co-Authors: Monika Johannsen, Gerd BrunnerAbstract:Abstract Johannsen, M. and Brunner, G., 1994. Solubilities of the xanthines caffeine, theophylline and Theobromine in supercritical carbon dioxide. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 95: 215-226. An apparatus for the experimental determination of the equilibrium solubilities of solids in dense gases is described. Determination of solubilities has been performed by using a static analytical method with direct coupling of an equilibrium cell to a supercritical fluid Chromatographic (SFC) system. The solubilities of caffeine, theophylline and Theobromine in supercritical carbon dioxide were measured at different temperatures (313, 333 and 353 K) and over a pressure range of 20–35 MPa. Although the chemical structures of the xanthines are very similar, their solubilities in supercritical carbon dioxide vary substantially. The solubilities of caffeine in CO2 are one order of magnitude higher than those of theophylline and two orders of magnitude higher than those of Theobromine. Solubility values obtained in this work are compared with published data. Reasons for observed differences are discussed.
Paulo Mazzafera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Molecular and biochemical characterization of caffeine synthase and purine alkaloid concentration in guarana fruit
Phytochemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Flávia Camila Schimpl, Eduardo Kiyota, Juliana Lischka Sampaio Mayer, José Francisco De Carvalho Gonçalves, José Ferreira Da Silva, Paulo MazzaferaAbstract:Guarana seeds have the highest caffeine concentration among plants accumulating purine alkaloids, but in contrast with coffee and tea, practically nothing is known about caffeine metabolism in this Amazonian plant. In this study, the levels of purine alkaloids in tissues of five guarana cultivars were determined. Theobromine was the main alkaloid that accumulated in leaves, stems, inflorescences and pericarps of fruit, while caffeine accumulated in the seeds and reached levels from 3.3% to 5.8%. In all tissues analysed, the alkaloid concentration, whether Theobromine or caffeine, was higher in young/immature tissues, then decreasing with plant development/maturation. Caffeine synthase activity was highest in seeds of immature fruit. A nucleotide sequence (PcCS) was assembled with sequences retrieved from the EST database REALGENE using sequences of caffeine synthase from coffee and tea, whose expression was also highest in seeds from immature fruit. The PcCS has 1083bp and the protein sequence has greater similarity and identity with the caffeine synthase from cocoa (BTS1) and tea (TCS1). A recombinant PcCS allowed functional characterization of the enzyme as a bifunctional CS, able to catalyse the methylation of 7-methylxanthine to Theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), and Theobromine to caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), respectively. Among several substrates tested, PcCS showed higher affinity for Theobromine, differing from all other caffeine synthases described so far, which have higher affinity for paraxanthine. When compared to previous knowledge on the protein structure of coffee caffeine synthase, the unique substrate affinity of PcCS is probably explained by the amino acid residues found in the active site of the predicted protein.
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extraction of caffeine Theobromine and cocoa butter from brazilian cocoa beans using supercritical co2 and ethane
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2002Co-Authors: Rahoma S. Mohamed, Marleny D.a. Saldaña, Paulo Mazzafera, Carsten Zetzl, Gerd BrunnerAbstract:Supercritical extraction using ethane and CO2, acceptable solvents for food products, was explored for the recovery of the methylxanthines caffeine and Theobromine and cocoa butter from cocoa beans using a high-pressure apparatus. Continuous extraction of cocoa beans was performed at 343.2 K using CO2 at pressures of 20 and 40 MPa and ethane at pressures of 15.2, 24.8, and 28.3 MPa. The extraction yields of cocoa butter obtained with ethane were much higher than those obtained with CO2 because of the higher solubility of this fat in ethane. A pronounced effect of pressure on the extraction of methylxanthines and cocoa butter was observed for both solvents. Extraction curves revealed the greater facility of these solvents to extract cocoa butter followed by caffeine and Theobromine. This behavior suggests a range of possible conditions under which the extraction and isolation of cocoa butter, caffeine, and Theobromine from cocoa beans can be achieved. The methylxanthines in cocoa beans were slightly more s...
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Extraction of Purine Alkaloids from Maté (Ilex paraguariensis) Using Supercritical CO2
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1999Co-Authors: Marleny D.a. Saldaña, Rahoma S. Mohamed, Martin G. Baer, Paulo MazzaferaAbstract:Experimental data for the supercritical CO2 extraction of purine alkaloids (caffeine, Theobromine, and theophylline) from ground herbal mate tea (Ilex paraguaryensis) using a high-pressure apparatus are presented. Caffeine, theophylline, and Theobromine were identified in the extracted fractions using HPLC. Results indicated a much higher CO2 selectivity for caffeine in comparison with those for theophylline and Theobromine. Solubilities of pure compounds in carbon dioxide were also determined at 313.2, 323.2, 338.2, and 343.2 K, and pressures ranging from 14 to 24 MPa. Caffeine solubility exhibited a retrograde behavior with temperature while theophylline and Theobromine manifested a normal behavior at conditions explored in this study. Solubilities in binary CO2/purine alkaloid model systems were much higher than those obtained during extraction of mate tea, demonstrating the difficulty of using binary data in predicting complex multicomponent behavior. Keywords: Supercritical fractionation; mate tea; c...
Marleny D.a. Saldaña - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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extraction of caffeine Theobromine and cocoa butter from brazilian cocoa beans using supercritical co2 and ethane
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2002Co-Authors: Rahoma S. Mohamed, Marleny D.a. Saldaña, Paulo Mazzafera, Carsten Zetzl, Gerd BrunnerAbstract:Supercritical extraction using ethane and CO2, acceptable solvents for food products, was explored for the recovery of the methylxanthines caffeine and Theobromine and cocoa butter from cocoa beans using a high-pressure apparatus. Continuous extraction of cocoa beans was performed at 343.2 K using CO2 at pressures of 20 and 40 MPa and ethane at pressures of 15.2, 24.8, and 28.3 MPa. The extraction yields of cocoa butter obtained with ethane were much higher than those obtained with CO2 because of the higher solubility of this fat in ethane. A pronounced effect of pressure on the extraction of methylxanthines and cocoa butter was observed for both solvents. Extraction curves revealed the greater facility of these solvents to extract cocoa butter followed by caffeine and Theobromine. This behavior suggests a range of possible conditions under which the extraction and isolation of cocoa butter, caffeine, and Theobromine from cocoa beans can be achieved. The methylxanthines in cocoa beans were slightly more s...
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extraction of methylxanthines from guarana seeds mate leaves and cocoa beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Marleny D.a. Saldaña, Rahoma S. Mohamed, Carsten Zetzl, Gerd BrunnerAbstract:New experimental data on the extraction of caffeine from guarana seeds and mate tea leaves, and Theobromine from cocoa beans, with supercritical CO2 were obtained using a high-pressure extraction apparatus. The effect of the addition of ethanol to carbon dioxide on the extraction efficiency was also investigated. Caffeine extraction yields of 98% of the initial caffeine content in both wet ground guarana seeds and mate tea leaves were obtained. Extractions of caffeine from guarana seeds and mate tea leaves also exhibited a retrograde behavior for the two temperatures considered in this work. In the removal of Theobromine from cocoa beans, a much smaller extraction yield was obtained with longer extraction periods and consequently larger solvent requirements. The results of this study confirm the higher selectivity of CO2 for caffeine in comparison with that for Theobromine, and also the influence of other components in each particular natural product on the extraction of methylxanthines. The effect of the...
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Extraction of Purine Alkaloids from Maté (Ilex paraguariensis) Using Supercritical CO2
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1999Co-Authors: Marleny D.a. Saldaña, Rahoma S. Mohamed, Martin G. Baer, Paulo MazzaferaAbstract:Experimental data for the supercritical CO2 extraction of purine alkaloids (caffeine, Theobromine, and theophylline) from ground herbal mate tea (Ilex paraguaryensis) using a high-pressure apparatus are presented. Caffeine, theophylline, and Theobromine were identified in the extracted fractions using HPLC. Results indicated a much higher CO2 selectivity for caffeine in comparison with those for theophylline and Theobromine. Solubilities of pure compounds in carbon dioxide were also determined at 313.2, 323.2, 338.2, and 343.2 K, and pressures ranging from 14 to 24 MPa. Caffeine solubility exhibited a retrograde behavior with temperature while theophylline and Theobromine manifested a normal behavior at conditions explored in this study. Solubilities in binary CO2/purine alkaloid model systems were much higher than those obtained during extraction of mate tea, demonstrating the difficulty of using binary data in predicting complex multicomponent behavior. Keywords: Supercritical fractionation; mate tea; c...
Naotoshi Sugimoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chronic administration of Theobromine inhibits mtor signal in rats
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 2019Co-Authors: Naotoshi Sugimoto, Masanori Katakura, Kentaro Matsuzaki, Eri Sumiyoshi, Akihiro Yachie, Osamu ShidoAbstract:Theobromine is a caffeine derivative and the primary methylxanthine in Theobroma cacao. We have shown previously that Theobromine inhibits the Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal in vitro. In this study, we investigated whether orally administered Theobromine could inhibit mTOR activity in rats. mTOR is phosphorylated by Akt. Thus, the level of phosphorylated mTOR was used as an index of mTOR activity. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. The control group (CN) was fed a normal diet, while the Theobromine group (TB) was fed a diet supplemented with 0.05% Theobromine for 40 days. We measured body-weights and tissue weights, food and water intake, blood count, concentrations of Theobromine in the plasma, liver and brain, and the levels of phosphorylated mTOR in the liver and brain. Orally administered Theobromine did not affect the body-weights and tissue weights, food and water intake, and blood count as determined by comparison with levels in rats that were fed standard chow. Theobromine was detected in the plasma, liver and brain obtained from TB rats, but was not detected in tissues obtained from CN rats. The phosphorylated mTOR levels in the liver and brain were significantly lower in TB rats than in CN rats. The results suggest that oral Theobromine inhibits mTOR signalling in vivo.
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Theobromine up regulates cerebral brain derived neurotrophic factor and facilitates motor learning in mice
Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Mitsugu Yoneda, Naotoshi Sugimoto, Masanori Katakura, Kentaro Matsuzaki, Akihiro Yachie, Hayate Tanigami, Takako Ohnoshosaku, Osamu ShidoAbstract:Theobromine, which is a caffeine derivative, is the primary methylxanthine produced by Theobroma cacao. Theobromine works as a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor to increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP activates the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), which is involved in a large variety of brain processes, including the induction of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF supports cell survival and neuronal functions, including learning and memory. Thus, cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways play an important role in learning and memory. Here, we investigated whether orally administered Theobromine could act as a PDE inhibitor centrally and affect cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways and learning behavior in mice. The mice were divided into two groups. The control group (CN) was fed a normal diet, whereas the Theobromine group (TB) was fed a diet supplemented with 0.05% Theobromine for 30 days. We measured the levels of Theobromine, phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (p-VASP), phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB), and BDNF in the brain. p-VASP was used as an index of cAMP increases. Moreover, we analyzed the performance of the mice on a three-lever motor learning task. Theobromine was detectable in the brains of TB mice. The brain levels of p-VASP, p-CREB, and BDNF were higher in the TB mice compared with those in the CN mice. In addition, the TB mice performed better on the three-lever task than the CN mice did. These results strongly suggested that orally administered Theobromine acted as a PDE inhibitor in the brain, and it augmented the cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways and motor learning in mice.
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Theobromine the primary methylxanthine found in theobroma cacao prevents malignant glioblastoma proliferation by negatively regulating phosphodiesterase 4 extracellular signal regulated kinase akt mammalian target of rapamycin kinase and nuclear factor kappa b
Nutrition and Cancer, 2014Co-Authors: Naotoshi Sugimoto, Shinji Miwa, Yoshiaki Hitomi, Hiroyuki Nakamura, Hiroyuki Tsuchiya, Akihiro YachieAbstract:Theobromine, a caffeine derivative, is the primary methylxanthine produced by Theobroma cacao. We previously showed that methylxanthines, including caffeine and theophylline, have antitumor and antiinflammatory effects, which are in part mediated by their inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE). A member of the PDE family, PDE4, is widely expressed in and promotes the growth of glioblastoma, the most common type of brain tumor. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Theobromine could exert growth inhibitory effects on U87-MG, a cell line derived from human malignant glioma. We show that Theobromine treatment elevates intracellular cAMP levels and increases the activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, whereas it attenuates p44/42 extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity and the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B signal pathways. It also inhibits cell proliferation. These results suggest that foods and beverages containing cocoa bean extracts, including Theobromine, might be extremely effective in preventing human glioblastoma.
Rahoma S. Mohamed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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extraction of caffeine Theobromine and cocoa butter from brazilian cocoa beans using supercritical co2 and ethane
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2002Co-Authors: Rahoma S. Mohamed, Marleny D.a. Saldaña, Paulo Mazzafera, Carsten Zetzl, Gerd BrunnerAbstract:Supercritical extraction using ethane and CO2, acceptable solvents for food products, was explored for the recovery of the methylxanthines caffeine and Theobromine and cocoa butter from cocoa beans using a high-pressure apparatus. Continuous extraction of cocoa beans was performed at 343.2 K using CO2 at pressures of 20 and 40 MPa and ethane at pressures of 15.2, 24.8, and 28.3 MPa. The extraction yields of cocoa butter obtained with ethane were much higher than those obtained with CO2 because of the higher solubility of this fat in ethane. A pronounced effect of pressure on the extraction of methylxanthines and cocoa butter was observed for both solvents. Extraction curves revealed the greater facility of these solvents to extract cocoa butter followed by caffeine and Theobromine. This behavior suggests a range of possible conditions under which the extraction and isolation of cocoa butter, caffeine, and Theobromine from cocoa beans can be achieved. The methylxanthines in cocoa beans were slightly more s...
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extraction of methylxanthines from guarana seeds mate leaves and cocoa beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Marleny D.a. Saldaña, Rahoma S. Mohamed, Carsten Zetzl, Gerd BrunnerAbstract:New experimental data on the extraction of caffeine from guarana seeds and mate tea leaves, and Theobromine from cocoa beans, with supercritical CO2 were obtained using a high-pressure extraction apparatus. The effect of the addition of ethanol to carbon dioxide on the extraction efficiency was also investigated. Caffeine extraction yields of 98% of the initial caffeine content in both wet ground guarana seeds and mate tea leaves were obtained. Extractions of caffeine from guarana seeds and mate tea leaves also exhibited a retrograde behavior for the two temperatures considered in this work. In the removal of Theobromine from cocoa beans, a much smaller extraction yield was obtained with longer extraction periods and consequently larger solvent requirements. The results of this study confirm the higher selectivity of CO2 for caffeine in comparison with that for Theobromine, and also the influence of other components in each particular natural product on the extraction of methylxanthines. The effect of the...
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Extraction of Purine Alkaloids from Maté (Ilex paraguariensis) Using Supercritical CO2
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 1999Co-Authors: Marleny D.a. Saldaña, Rahoma S. Mohamed, Martin G. Baer, Paulo MazzaferaAbstract:Experimental data for the supercritical CO2 extraction of purine alkaloids (caffeine, Theobromine, and theophylline) from ground herbal mate tea (Ilex paraguaryensis) using a high-pressure apparatus are presented. Caffeine, theophylline, and Theobromine were identified in the extracted fractions using HPLC. Results indicated a much higher CO2 selectivity for caffeine in comparison with those for theophylline and Theobromine. Solubilities of pure compounds in carbon dioxide were also determined at 313.2, 323.2, 338.2, and 343.2 K, and pressures ranging from 14 to 24 MPa. Caffeine solubility exhibited a retrograde behavior with temperature while theophylline and Theobromine manifested a normal behavior at conditions explored in this study. Solubilities in binary CO2/purine alkaloid model systems were much higher than those obtained during extraction of mate tea, demonstrating the difficulty of using binary data in predicting complex multicomponent behavior. Keywords: Supercritical fractionation; mate tea; c...
