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Alyssa M. Fitzgerald - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genetic structure and biogeographic history of the bicknell s Thrush gray cheeked Thrush species complex
The Auk, 2020Co-Authors: Alyssa M. Fitzgerald, Jason T. Weir, Joel Ralston, Ian G. Warkentin, Darroch M. Whitaker, Jeremy J. KirchmanAbstract:We examined species limits, admixture, and genetic structure among populations in the Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli)–Gray-cheeked Thrush (C. minimus) species complex to establish the geographic and temporal context of speciation in this group, which is a model system in ecology and a high conservation priority. We obtained mitochondrial ND2 sequences from 186 Bicknell's Thrushes, 77 Gray-cheeked Thrushes, and 55 individuals of their closest relative, the Veery (C. fuscescens), and genotyped a subset of individuals (n = 72) at 5,633 anonymous single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) loci. Between-species sequence divergence was an order of magnitude greater than divergence within each species, divergence was dated to the late Pleistocene (420 kbp) based on Bayesian coalescence estimation, and a coalescent model (IMa) revealed almost no gene flow between species based on ND2. SNP data were consistent with mitochondrial results and revealed low levels of admixture among species (3 of 37 Bicknell's Thrushes, no Gray-cheeked Thrushes, and no Veeries were >2% admixed). Species distribution models projected to the Last Glacial Maximum suggest that Bicknell's Thrush and Gray-cheeked Thrush resided in primarily allopatric refugia in the late Pleistocene, consistent with the genetic data that support reproductive isolation over an extended period of time. Our genetic data suggest that both species underwent demographic expansions, possibly as they expanded out of Pleistocene refugia into their current ranges. We conclude that Bicknell's Thrush and Gray-cheeked Thrush are 2 distinct species-level lineages despite low levels of Gray-cheeked Thrush introgression in Bicknell's Thrushes, and divergence has been maintained by a long history of allopatry in subtly different habitats. Their unique phylogeography among boreal forest birds indicates that either cryptic species breaks in eastern North America are still undiscovered, or another factor, such as divergent natural selection, high migratory connectivity, or interspecific competition, played a role in their divergence.
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Genetic structure and biogeographic history of the Bicknell’s Thrush/ Gray-cheeked Thrush species complex
The Auk, 2019Co-Authors: Alyssa M. Fitzgerald, Jason T. Weir, Joel Ralston, Ian G. Warkentin, Darroch M. Whitaker, Jeremy J. KirchmanAbstract:We examined species limits, admixture, and genetic structure among populations in the Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli)–Gray-cheeked Thrush (C. minimus) species complex to establish the geographic and temporal context of speciation in this group, which is a model system in ecology and a high conservation priority. We obtained mitochondrial ND2 sequences from 186 Bicknell's Thrushes, 77 Gray-cheeked Thrushes, and 55 individuals of their closest relative, the Veery (C. fuscescens), and genotyped a subset of individuals (n = 72) at 5,633 anonymous single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) loci. Between-species sequence divergence was an order of magnitude greater than divergence within each species, divergence was dated to the late Pleistocene (420 kbp) based on Bayesian coalescence estimation, and a coalescent model (IMa) revealed almost no gene flow between species based on ND2. SNP data were consistent with mitochondrial results and revealed low levels of admixture among species (3 of 37 Bicknell's Thrushes, no Gray-cheeked Thrushes, and no Veeries were >2% admixed). Species distribution models projected to the Last Glacial Maximum suggest that Bicknell's Thrush and Gray-cheeked Thrush resided in primarily allopatric refugia in the late Pleistocene, consistent with the genetic data that support reproductive isolation over an extended period of time. Our genetic data suggest that both species underwent demographic expansions, possibly as they expanded out of Pleistocene refugia into their current ranges. We conclude that Bicknell's Thrush and Gray-cheeked Thrush are 2 distinct species-level lineages despite low levels of Gray-cheeked Thrush introgression in Bicknell's Thrushes, and divergence has been maintained by a long history of allopatry in subtly different habitats. Their unique phylogeography among boreal forest birds indicates that either cryptic species breaks in eastern North America are still undiscovered, or another factor, such as divergent natural selection, high migratory connectivity, or interspecific competition, played a role in their divergence.
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Division within the North American boreal forest: Ecological niche divergence between the Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) and Gray-cheeked Thrush (C. minimus).
Ecology and evolution, 2017Co-Authors: Alyssa M. FitzgeraldAbstract:Sister species that diverged in allopatry in similar environments are expected to exhibit niche conservatism. Using ecological niche modeling and a multivariate analysis of climate and habitat data, I test the hypothesis that the Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) and Gray-cheeked Thrush (C. mimimus), sister species that breed in the North American boreal forest, show niche conservatism. Three tree species that are important components of breeding territories of both Thrush species were combined with climatic variables to create niche models consisting of abiotic and biotic components. Abiotic-only, abiotic+biotic, and biotic-only models were evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) criterion. Abiotic+biotic models had higher AUC scores and did not over-project Thrush distributions compared to abiotic-only or biotic-only models. From the abiotic+biotic models, I tested for niche conservatism or divergence by accounting for the differences in the availability of niche components by calculating (1) niche overlap from ecological niche models and (2) mean niche differences of environmental values at occurrence points. Niche background similarity tests revealed significant niche divergence in 10 of 12 comparisons, and multivariate tests revealed niche divergence along 2 of 3 niche axes. The Bicknell's Thrush breeds in warmer and wetter regions with a high abundance of balsam fir (Abies balsamea), whereas Gray-cheeked Thrush often co-occurs with black spruce (Picea mariana). Niche divergence, rather than conservatism, was the predominant pattern for these species, suggesting that ecological divergence has played a role in the speciation of the Bicknell's Thrush and Gray-cheeked Thrush. Furthermore, because niche models were improved by the incorporation of biotic variables, this study validates the inclusion of relevant biotic factors in ecological niche modeling to increase model accuracy.
L Laino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How social media meet patients questions: YouTube review for children oral Thrush.
Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents, 2018Co-Authors: D Di Stasio, A N Romano, R S Paparella, C Gentile, G Minervini, R Serpico, V Candotto, L LainoAbstract:YouTube is increasingly being used by patients to obtain health-related information. No studies have evaluated the content of YouTube videos on children oral Thrush. The aim of this work is to examine the quality of information offered by this platform about oral Thrush in children. Searching term oral Thrush in children (OTC) displayed a total of 2.790 results. Of the top 60 videos analyzed, 27 were excluded. The main source of upload was from generalist information YouTube® channels (GC) followed by healthcare professionals (HP), individual users (IU), and healthcare information channels (HC); usefulness of videos is successfully correlated with the number of visualization, number of likes and viewing rate and was interdependent with the number of visualizations, number of likes and VR. However, videos on the oral Thrush do not have satisfactory quality information. HP themselves, along with HC, do not seem to provide more appropriate information on COT, than GC or IU.
M Sibanyoni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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treatment of oral Thrush in hiv aids patients with lemon juice and lemon grass cymbopogon citratus and gentian violet
Phytomedicine, 2009Co-Authors: S C Wright, J E Maree, M SibanyoniAbstract:Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) in the treatment of oral Thrush in HIV/AIDS patients when compared with the control group using gentian violet aqueous solution 0.5%. Oral Thrush is a frequent complication of HIV infection. In the Moretele Hospice, due to financial constraints, the treatment routinely given to patients with oral Thrush is either lemon juice directly into the mouth or a lemon grass infusion made from lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) grown and dried at the hospice. These two remedies have been found to be very efficacious therefore are used extensively. Gentian violet, the first line medication for oral Thrush in South Africa, is not preferred by the primary health clinic patients due to the visible purple stain which leads them to being stigmatized as HIV-positive. Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus limon have known antifungal properties. Methods The study design was a randomised controlled trial. Ninety patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: gentian violet, lemon juice or lemon grass. Inclusion criteria included being HIV-positive with a diagnosis of oral Thrush. The study period was 11 days and patients were followed up every second day. International ethical principles were adhered to during the study. Results Of the 90 patients, 83 completed the study. In the intention-to-treat analysis, none of the p-values were significant therefore the null hypothesis could not be rejected. In the analysis of the participants who actually completed the trial, the lemon juice showed better results than the gentian violet aqueous solution 0.5% in the treatment of oral Thrush in an HIV-positive population (p Conclusions Though the patient population was small, the use of lemon juice and lemon grass for the treatment of oral candidiasis in an HIV population was validated by the randomised controlled trial.
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Treatment of oral Thrush in HIV/AIDS patients with lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and gentian violet.
Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 2008Co-Authors: S C Wright, J E Maree, M SibanyoniAbstract:The purpose of the study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) in the treatment of oral Thrush in HIV/AIDS patients when compared with the control group using gentian violet aqueous solution 0.5%. Oral Thrush is a frequent complication of HIV infection. In the Moretele Hospice, due to financial constraints, the treatment routinely given to patients with oral Thrush is either lemon juice directly into the mouth or a lemon grass infusion made from lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) grown and dried at the hospice. These two remedies have been found to be very efficacious therefore are used extensively. Gentian violet, the first line medication for oral Thrush in South Africa, is not preferred by the primary health clinic patients due to the visible purple stain which leads them to being stigmatized as HIV-positive. Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus limon have known antifungal properties. The study design was a randomised controlled trial. Ninety patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: gentian violet, lemon juice or lemon grass. Inclusion criteria included being HIV-positive with a diagnosis of oral Thrush. The study period was 11 days and patients were followed up every second day. International ethical principles were adhered to during the study. Of the 90 patients, 83 completed the study. In the intention-to-treat analysis, none of the p-values were significant therefore the null hypothesis could not be rejected. In the analysis of the participants who actually completed the trial, the lemon juice showed better results than the gentian violet aqueous solution 0.5% in the treatment of oral Thrush in an HIV-positive population (p<0.02). The null hypothesis in terms of the lemon grass and gentian violet could also be rejected on the basis of the Chi-square test and the likelihood ratio test (p<0.05). Though the patient population was small, the use of lemon juice and lemon grass for the treatment of oral candidiasis in an HIV population was validated by the randomised controlled trial.
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Treatment of oral Thrush in HIV/AIDS patients with lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and gentian violet
Phytomedicine, 2008Co-Authors: S C Wright, J E Maree, M SibanyoniAbstract:Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) in the treatment of oral Thrush in HIV/AIDS patients when compared with the control group using gentian violet aqueous solution 0.5%. Oral Thrush is a frequent complication of HIV infection. In the Moretele Hospice, due to financial constraints, the treatment routinely given to patients with oral Thrush is either lemon juice directly into the mouth or a lemon grass infusion made from lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) grown and dried at the hospice. These two remedies have been found to be very efficacious therefore are used extensively. Gentian violet, the first line medication for oral Thrush in South Africa, is not preferred by the primary health clinic patients due to the visible purple stain which leads them to being stigmatized as HIV-positive. Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus limon have known antifungal properties. Methods The study design was a randomised controlled trial. Ninety patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: gentian violet, lemon juice or lemon grass. Inclusion criteria included being HIV-positive with a diagnosis of oral Thrush. The study period was 11 days and patients were followed up every second day. International ethical principles were adhered to during the study. Results Of the 90 patients, 83 completed the study. In the intention-to-treat analysis, none of the p-values were significant therefore the null hypothesis could not be rejected. In the analysis of the participants who actually completed the trial, the lemon juice showed better results than the gentian violet aqueous solution 0.5% in the treatment of oral Thrush in an HIV-positive population (p Conclusions Though the patient population was small, the use of lemon juice and lemon grass for the treatment of oral candidiasis in an HIV population was validated by the randomised controlled trial.
Christopher C. Rimmer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Patterns of blood mercury variation in two long-distance migratory Thrushes on Mount Mansfield, Vermont
Ecotoxicology, 2019Co-Authors: Christopher C. Rimmer, Kent P. Mcfarland, John D. Lloyd, David C. Evers, Oksana P. LaneAbstract:We investigated mercury (Hg) blood concentrations in Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) and Swainson’s Thrush (C. ustulatus) , congeneric long-distance migratory songbirds, from 2000−2017 at a montane forest site in north-central Vermont. We analyzed variation in blood Hg of both species using mixed-effects models, incorporating atmospheric wet Hg deposition data from a nearby sampling location. Although Hg deposition varied among years and seasonally, we detected no temporal trend in either atmospheric deposition or blood Hg, nor evidence of a relationship between the two. Sampling date had the strongest effect on blood Hg concentration, which declined seasonally, followed by age and sex of the individual. The data did not support an effect of species. We believe that the absence of a clear relationship between local atmospheric deposition and Thrush blood Hg concentrations suggests that Hg cycling dynamics, mechanisms of transfer, and timing of uptake by montane forest biota are complex and poorly understood. The blood Hg concentrations of ~0.07–0.1 μg/g we documented in Bicknell’s and Swainson’s Thrush are below those found to negatively impact physiological or reproductive endpoints in other invertivorous terrestrial passerines. To better evaluate the validity of Bicknell’s Thrush as a bioindicator of MeHg availability in montane forest ecosystems, we recommend (1) effects-based investigations, (2) a more robust understanding of Hg and MeHg cycling, (3) more clear geospatial and temporal links between Hg deposition and biotic uptake, and (4) more thorough documentation of Hg burdens across the species’ annual cycle.
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Documentation of a hybrid Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) × Veery (C. fuscescens) using vocalization and genetic data
The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 2018Co-Authors: Ellen S. Martinsen, Kent P. Mcfarland, Christopher C. RimmerAbstract:ABSTRACT We combined data on morphology, behavior, and gene sequences to document the first known case of hybridization within the Thrush genus Catharus. During June 2008 at a montane forest site in south-central Vermont, we observed a male bird that repeatedly exhibited song characteristics of both Bicknell's Thrush (C. bicknelli) and Veery (C. fuscescens). Handheld examination determined the bird to be a yearling male with plumage characteristics predominantly of Veery and morphometric traits within the ranges of both Bicknell's Thrush and Veery. While the hybrid vocalized only with Bicknell's Thrush calls, its songs were reminiscent of both Veery and a mixture of Bicknell's Thrush and Veery. Mitochondrial DNA (NADH dehydrogenase 2 and cytochrome b genes) revealed the bird's mother to be a Veery, and nuclear data (β-fibrinogen 7 and myoglobin 2 introns) revealed DNA of both Veery and Bicknell's Thrush, supporting Bicknell's Thrush as the father of the hybrid. This hybridization is notable given that Bic...
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linking breeding and wintering grounds of bicknell s Thrushes using stable isotope analyses of feathers
The Auk, 2001Co-Authors: Keith A Hobson, Kent P. Mcfarland, Christopher C. Rimmer, Leonard I Wassenaar, James E GoetzAbstract:Abstract Previous studies have shown that natural abundance of deuterium (D), and to a lesser extent 13C, in feathers of migrant songbirds in North America can be used to infer geographic origins of molt. We used that approach to investigate whether Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) populations could be segregated on the breeding grounds at six sites in eastern North America to evaluate contributions from the breeding areas to wintering populations. Further, we tested our isotopic model using feathers from hatching-year migrant Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) and Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus) moving through southern Manitoba and Ontario and found that δD values were consistent with northerly boreal forest natal sites in northwestern and central Canada. Despite a strong latitudinal gradient in δD of average growing season precipitation over the breeding range, we found considerable overlap in δD values of Bicknell's Thrush among all breeding sites. No strong pattern in δ13C values of f...
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Distribution of Bicknell's Thrush in New England and New York
The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 1996Co-Authors: Jonathan L. Atwood, Kent P. Mcfarland, Christopher C. Rimmer, Sophia H. Tsai, Laura R. NagyAbstract:We conducted presence-absence surveys for Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bickcnelli) in Marine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont during the 1992-1995 breeding seasons. The species was found at 234 sites, of which 225 (96%) were dominated by varying mixtures of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and red spruce (Picea rub- ens). Ninety-one percent of the occupied sites were 2915 m (3000 ft) in elevation. Size of occupied habitat patches was generally small; 73% of occupied areas delimited by the 915 m elevation contour were less than 1000 ha in extent. A logistic regression model using independent variables describing vegetation, elevation, land area ?915 m located within 1 km of a site, and latitude successfully predicted Thrush presence. There was no conclusive evidence of widespread population declines of Bicknell's Thrush in the United States; we found the species at 63 of 73 sites (86%) known to have been occupied prior to 1992. However, the restricted breeding distribution and narrow habitat requirements of Bicknell's Thrush in the United States suggest that it is vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation, and that continued efforts to document the species' status and ecology are warranted. Received 26 Jan. 1996, accepted 18 May 1996. Bicknell's Thrush (Catharus bicknelli), until recently considered a sub- species of the Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus) (Ouellet 1993, American Ornithologists' Union 1995), breeds from southern Quebec and the Maritime Provinces south to the higher elevations of New England and New York (Wallace 1939, Ouellet 1993). Suitable nesting habitat of this species in the United States has been described as dense forests of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and red spruce (Picea rubens) occurring near
D Di Stasio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How social media meet patients questions: YouTube review for children oral Thrush.
Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents, 2018Co-Authors: D Di Stasio, A N Romano, R S Paparella, C Gentile, G Minervini, R Serpico, V Candotto, L LainoAbstract:YouTube is increasingly being used by patients to obtain health-related information. No studies have evaluated the content of YouTube videos on children oral Thrush. The aim of this work is to examine the quality of information offered by this platform about oral Thrush in children. Searching term oral Thrush in children (OTC) displayed a total of 2.790 results. Of the top 60 videos analyzed, 27 were excluded. The main source of upload was from generalist information YouTube® channels (GC) followed by healthcare professionals (HP), individual users (IU), and healthcare information channels (HC); usefulness of videos is successfully correlated with the number of visualization, number of likes and viewing rate and was interdependent with the number of visualizations, number of likes and VR. However, videos on the oral Thrush do not have satisfactory quality information. HP themselves, along with HC, do not seem to provide more appropriate information on COT, than GC or IU.
