Tin Oxides

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B V R Chowdari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • anodic properties of Tin Oxides with pyrochlore structure for lithium ion batteries
    Journal of Power Sources, 2006
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, G Subba V Rao, B V R Chowdari
    Abstract:

    Abstract Mixed Tin Oxides, M 2 Sn 2 O 7 (M = Y, Nd), with cubic pyrochlore structure were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM. Galvanostatic cycling versus Li metal in the voltage range, 0.005–1.0 V at the current density of 60 mA g −1 showed that the first-discharge capacities are 913 and 722 mA hg −1 whereas the first-charge capacities are 350 and 265 (±3) mA hg −1 , for M = Y and Nd, respectively. The corresponding number of moles of recyclable Li are 3.4 and 3.2 for M = Y and Nd. Crystal structure destruction occurs during the first-discharge leading to the formation of nano-particles of Sn-metal and finally Li 4.4 Sn in a matrix of Li–M–O. After 50 cycles, both compounds showed a capacity-retention of 89 (±1)% of the 10th cycle reversible capacity. The coulombic efficiency is ∼98%. The average charge and discharge voltages in both compounds are 0.5 and 0.25 V, respectively. Cyclic voltammograms complement the galvanostatic results and showed that a good operaTing voltage range is 0.005–1.0 V. The electrodic performances of M 2 Sn 2 O 7 have been compared with those exhibited by other crystalline ternary Tin Oxides.

  • Tin Oxides with hollandite structure as anodes for lithium ion batteries
    Chemistry of Materials, 2005
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, J Plevert, G Subba V Rao, B V R Chowdari, Timothy J White
    Abstract:

    Tin Oxides, K2(M,Sn)8O16 (M = Li, Mg, Fe, or Mn), possessing the hollandite crystal structure have been synthesized and characterized by a variety of techniques, and their electrochemical behavior was studied. The compounds K2(Li2/3Sn22/3)O16 (K−Li), K2(Mn2Sn6)O16 (K−Mn), and K2(Fe2Sn6)O16 (K−Fe) are new phases. Rietveld refinement of the powder X-ray diffraction data showed that these Sn-hollandites exhibit a simple tetragonal structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on (K−Li) and (K−Mg) confirm formal valencies of the ions in the compounds. Galvanostatic cycling versus Li metal in the voltage range of 0.005−1.0 V at the current density of 60 mA/g showed the first cycle charge capacities of 602, 505, 481, and 418 (± 3) mAh/g for (K−Li), (K−Mg), (K−Fe), and (K−Mn), respectively. These values correspond to 3.7−3.0 mol of recyclable Li/mol of Sn. At the end of 50 cycles, (K−Li) and (K−Fe) performed better and retained 78 and 83% of the initial capacity. The (K−Li) also showed good rate capability. The Co...

  • anodic behaviour and x ray photoelectron spectroscopy of ternary Tin Oxides
    Journal of Power Sources, 2005
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, G Subba V Rao, K M Shaju, B V R Chowdari
    Abstract:

    Abstract The compounds SrSnO3, BaSnO3 and Ca2SnO4 have been synthesized by solid-state and/or sol–gel methods, characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their electrochemical properties studied as cathodes versus Li metal in the range 0.005–1.0 V. ASnO3 (A = Sr, Ba), adopt the perovskite structure whereas Ca2SnO4 has the Sr2PbO4 structure. The discharge capacities (mAh g−1) (moles of equivalent Li) on the 20th cycle at a current rate of 30 mA g−1 are: SrSnO3 (solid-state) (144 (1.4)), SrSnO3 (sol–gel) (222 (2.1)), BaSnO3 (solid-state) (190 (2.2)), BaSnO3 (sol–gel) (156 (1.8)) and Ca2SnO4 (247 (2.4)). The SrSnO3 (sol–gel) with nano-particle morphology displays better galvanostatic cycling performance than SrSnO3 (solid-state). The cycling behaviour of SrSnO3 and BaSnO3 is inferior to that of Ca2SnO4 and CaSnO3, which demonstrates that ‘Ca’ is superior as a matrix element than Sr or Ba. The inferior electrochemical performance of Ca2SnO4 in comparison to CaSnO3 reveals that the higher Ca:Sn ratio in the former is not advantageous and the perovskite structure is preferable to that of Sr2PbO4 structure. The coulombic efficiencies are >98% in all cases. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) compliments the observed cycling behaviour.

  • iron Tin Oxides with cafe2o4 structure as anodes for li ion batteries
    Journal of Power Sources, 2003
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, G Subba V Rao, K M Shaju, B V R Chowdari
    Abstract:

    Abstract To investigate the effect of matrix, counter ions and cycling conditions on the properties of mixed iron Oxides, CaFe2O4, Li0.5Ca0.5(Fe1.5Sn0.5)O4 and NaFeSnO4 have been synthesized and their electrochemical performance studied. CaFe2O4 shows a reversible capacity of ∼200 mAh g−1 at 60 mA g−1 and 12–50 cycles in the range 0.005–3.0 V, but shows slight capacity fading when the upper voltage is reduced to 2.5 V. Li0.5Ca0.5(Fe1.5Sn0.5)O4 gives a reversible capacity of ∼450 mAh g−1 in the voltage range 0.005–3.0 V at a current density of 60 mA g−1 over 5–30 cycles and shows slight capacity-fading up to 50 cycles. NaFeSnO4 displays drastic capacity-fading on cycling to 3.0 V, but has very good cycling performance (310–340 mAh g−1 for to 4–110 cycles) on cycling between 0.005 and 1.0 V at 60 mA g−1. The mechanism of operation of the electrodes, as well as the beneficial effects of the presence of Ca ions and cycling up to a 3.0 V cut-off in the Ca-ferrites, are discussed.

Neeraj Sharma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • anodic properties of Tin Oxides with pyrochlore structure for lithium ion batteries
    Journal of Power Sources, 2006
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, G Subba V Rao, B V R Chowdari
    Abstract:

    Abstract Mixed Tin Oxides, M 2 Sn 2 O 7 (M = Y, Nd), with cubic pyrochlore structure were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM. Galvanostatic cycling versus Li metal in the voltage range, 0.005–1.0 V at the current density of 60 mA g −1 showed that the first-discharge capacities are 913 and 722 mA hg −1 whereas the first-charge capacities are 350 and 265 (±3) mA hg −1 , for M = Y and Nd, respectively. The corresponding number of moles of recyclable Li are 3.4 and 3.2 for M = Y and Nd. Crystal structure destruction occurs during the first-discharge leading to the formation of nano-particles of Sn-metal and finally Li 4.4 Sn in a matrix of Li–M–O. After 50 cycles, both compounds showed a capacity-retention of 89 (±1)% of the 10th cycle reversible capacity. The coulombic efficiency is ∼98%. The average charge and discharge voltages in both compounds are 0.5 and 0.25 V, respectively. Cyclic voltammograms complement the galvanostatic results and showed that a good operaTing voltage range is 0.005–1.0 V. The electrodic performances of M 2 Sn 2 O 7 have been compared with those exhibited by other crystalline ternary Tin Oxides.

  • Tin Oxides with hollandite structure as anodes for lithium ion batteries
    Chemistry of Materials, 2005
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, J Plevert, G Subba V Rao, B V R Chowdari, Timothy J White
    Abstract:

    Tin Oxides, K2(M,Sn)8O16 (M = Li, Mg, Fe, or Mn), possessing the hollandite crystal structure have been synthesized and characterized by a variety of techniques, and their electrochemical behavior was studied. The compounds K2(Li2/3Sn22/3)O16 (K−Li), K2(Mn2Sn6)O16 (K−Mn), and K2(Fe2Sn6)O16 (K−Fe) are new phases. Rietveld refinement of the powder X-ray diffraction data showed that these Sn-hollandites exhibit a simple tetragonal structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on (K−Li) and (K−Mg) confirm formal valencies of the ions in the compounds. Galvanostatic cycling versus Li metal in the voltage range of 0.005−1.0 V at the current density of 60 mA/g showed the first cycle charge capacities of 602, 505, 481, and 418 (± 3) mAh/g for (K−Li), (K−Mg), (K−Fe), and (K−Mn), respectively. These values correspond to 3.7−3.0 mol of recyclable Li/mol of Sn. At the end of 50 cycles, (K−Li) and (K−Fe) performed better and retained 78 and 83% of the initial capacity. The (K−Li) also showed good rate capability. The Co...

  • anodic behaviour and x ray photoelectron spectroscopy of ternary Tin Oxides
    Journal of Power Sources, 2005
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, G Subba V Rao, K M Shaju, B V R Chowdari
    Abstract:

    Abstract The compounds SrSnO3, BaSnO3 and Ca2SnO4 have been synthesized by solid-state and/or sol–gel methods, characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their electrochemical properties studied as cathodes versus Li metal in the range 0.005–1.0 V. ASnO3 (A = Sr, Ba), adopt the perovskite structure whereas Ca2SnO4 has the Sr2PbO4 structure. The discharge capacities (mAh g−1) (moles of equivalent Li) on the 20th cycle at a current rate of 30 mA g−1 are: SrSnO3 (solid-state) (144 (1.4)), SrSnO3 (sol–gel) (222 (2.1)), BaSnO3 (solid-state) (190 (2.2)), BaSnO3 (sol–gel) (156 (1.8)) and Ca2SnO4 (247 (2.4)). The SrSnO3 (sol–gel) with nano-particle morphology displays better galvanostatic cycling performance than SrSnO3 (solid-state). The cycling behaviour of SrSnO3 and BaSnO3 is inferior to that of Ca2SnO4 and CaSnO3, which demonstrates that ‘Ca’ is superior as a matrix element than Sr or Ba. The inferior electrochemical performance of Ca2SnO4 in comparison to CaSnO3 reveals that the higher Ca:Sn ratio in the former is not advantageous and the perovskite structure is preferable to that of Sr2PbO4 structure. The coulombic efficiencies are >98% in all cases. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) compliments the observed cycling behaviour.

  • iron Tin Oxides with cafe2o4 structure as anodes for li ion batteries
    Journal of Power Sources, 2003
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, G Subba V Rao, K M Shaju, B V R Chowdari
    Abstract:

    Abstract To investigate the effect of matrix, counter ions and cycling conditions on the properties of mixed iron Oxides, CaFe2O4, Li0.5Ca0.5(Fe1.5Sn0.5)O4 and NaFeSnO4 have been synthesized and their electrochemical performance studied. CaFe2O4 shows a reversible capacity of ∼200 mAh g−1 at 60 mA g−1 and 12–50 cycles in the range 0.005–3.0 V, but shows slight capacity fading when the upper voltage is reduced to 2.5 V. Li0.5Ca0.5(Fe1.5Sn0.5)O4 gives a reversible capacity of ∼450 mAh g−1 in the voltage range 0.005–3.0 V at a current density of 60 mA g−1 over 5–30 cycles and shows slight capacity-fading up to 50 cycles. NaFeSnO4 displays drastic capacity-fading on cycling to 3.0 V, but has very good cycling performance (310–340 mAh g−1 for to 4–110 cycles) on cycling between 0.005 and 1.0 V at 60 mA g−1. The mechanism of operation of the electrodes, as well as the beneficial effects of the presence of Ca ions and cycling up to a 3.0 V cut-off in the Ca-ferrites, are discussed.

G Subba V Rao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • anodic properties of Tin Oxides with pyrochlore structure for lithium ion batteries
    Journal of Power Sources, 2006
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, G Subba V Rao, B V R Chowdari
    Abstract:

    Abstract Mixed Tin Oxides, M 2 Sn 2 O 7 (M = Y, Nd), with cubic pyrochlore structure were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and SEM. Galvanostatic cycling versus Li metal in the voltage range, 0.005–1.0 V at the current density of 60 mA g −1 showed that the first-discharge capacities are 913 and 722 mA hg −1 whereas the first-charge capacities are 350 and 265 (±3) mA hg −1 , for M = Y and Nd, respectively. The corresponding number of moles of recyclable Li are 3.4 and 3.2 for M = Y and Nd. Crystal structure destruction occurs during the first-discharge leading to the formation of nano-particles of Sn-metal and finally Li 4.4 Sn in a matrix of Li–M–O. After 50 cycles, both compounds showed a capacity-retention of 89 (±1)% of the 10th cycle reversible capacity. The coulombic efficiency is ∼98%. The average charge and discharge voltages in both compounds are 0.5 and 0.25 V, respectively. Cyclic voltammograms complement the galvanostatic results and showed that a good operaTing voltage range is 0.005–1.0 V. The electrodic performances of M 2 Sn 2 O 7 have been compared with those exhibited by other crystalline ternary Tin Oxides.

  • Tin Oxides with hollandite structure as anodes for lithium ion batteries
    Chemistry of Materials, 2005
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, J Plevert, G Subba V Rao, B V R Chowdari, Timothy J White
    Abstract:

    Tin Oxides, K2(M,Sn)8O16 (M = Li, Mg, Fe, or Mn), possessing the hollandite crystal structure have been synthesized and characterized by a variety of techniques, and their electrochemical behavior was studied. The compounds K2(Li2/3Sn22/3)O16 (K−Li), K2(Mn2Sn6)O16 (K−Mn), and K2(Fe2Sn6)O16 (K−Fe) are new phases. Rietveld refinement of the powder X-ray diffraction data showed that these Sn-hollandites exhibit a simple tetragonal structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on (K−Li) and (K−Mg) confirm formal valencies of the ions in the compounds. Galvanostatic cycling versus Li metal in the voltage range of 0.005−1.0 V at the current density of 60 mA/g showed the first cycle charge capacities of 602, 505, 481, and 418 (± 3) mAh/g for (K−Li), (K−Mg), (K−Fe), and (K−Mn), respectively. These values correspond to 3.7−3.0 mol of recyclable Li/mol of Sn. At the end of 50 cycles, (K−Li) and (K−Fe) performed better and retained 78 and 83% of the initial capacity. The (K−Li) also showed good rate capability. The Co...

  • anodic behaviour and x ray photoelectron spectroscopy of ternary Tin Oxides
    Journal of Power Sources, 2005
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, G Subba V Rao, K M Shaju, B V R Chowdari
    Abstract:

    Abstract The compounds SrSnO3, BaSnO3 and Ca2SnO4 have been synthesized by solid-state and/or sol–gel methods, characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their electrochemical properties studied as cathodes versus Li metal in the range 0.005–1.0 V. ASnO3 (A = Sr, Ba), adopt the perovskite structure whereas Ca2SnO4 has the Sr2PbO4 structure. The discharge capacities (mAh g−1) (moles of equivalent Li) on the 20th cycle at a current rate of 30 mA g−1 are: SrSnO3 (solid-state) (144 (1.4)), SrSnO3 (sol–gel) (222 (2.1)), BaSnO3 (solid-state) (190 (2.2)), BaSnO3 (sol–gel) (156 (1.8)) and Ca2SnO4 (247 (2.4)). The SrSnO3 (sol–gel) with nano-particle morphology displays better galvanostatic cycling performance than SrSnO3 (solid-state). The cycling behaviour of SrSnO3 and BaSnO3 is inferior to that of Ca2SnO4 and CaSnO3, which demonstrates that ‘Ca’ is superior as a matrix element than Sr or Ba. The inferior electrochemical performance of Ca2SnO4 in comparison to CaSnO3 reveals that the higher Ca:Sn ratio in the former is not advantageous and the perovskite structure is preferable to that of Sr2PbO4 structure. The coulombic efficiencies are >98% in all cases. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) compliments the observed cycling behaviour.

  • iron Tin Oxides with cafe2o4 structure as anodes for li ion batteries
    Journal of Power Sources, 2003
    Co-Authors: Neeraj Sharma, G Subba V Rao, K M Shaju, B V R Chowdari
    Abstract:

    Abstract To investigate the effect of matrix, counter ions and cycling conditions on the properties of mixed iron Oxides, CaFe2O4, Li0.5Ca0.5(Fe1.5Sn0.5)O4 and NaFeSnO4 have been synthesized and their electrochemical performance studied. CaFe2O4 shows a reversible capacity of ∼200 mAh g−1 at 60 mA g−1 and 12–50 cycles in the range 0.005–3.0 V, but shows slight capacity fading when the upper voltage is reduced to 2.5 V. Li0.5Ca0.5(Fe1.5Sn0.5)O4 gives a reversible capacity of ∼450 mAh g−1 in the voltage range 0.005–3.0 V at a current density of 60 mA g−1 over 5–30 cycles and shows slight capacity-fading up to 50 cycles. NaFeSnO4 displays drastic capacity-fading on cycling to 3.0 V, but has very good cycling performance (310–340 mAh g−1 for to 4–110 cycles) on cycling between 0.005 and 1.0 V at 60 mA g−1. The mechanism of operation of the electrodes, as well as the beneficial effects of the presence of Ca ions and cycling up to a 3.0 V cut-off in the Ca-ferrites, are discussed.

Haoqing Xu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • growth model of the Tin anodizing process and the capacitive performance of porous Tin Oxides
    Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2020
    Co-Authors: Puying Li, Mingfei He, Hao Huang, Zongrong Ying, Haoqing Xu
    Abstract:

    Nanoporous Tin oxide layers were fabricated in NaOH during potentiostatic anodization at low potential. With the potential increasing, the nanochannel became fragmentized and the stacked morphology formed. The total anodizing current was separated into ionic current and electronic current to explain the various morphologies of nanotubes. Ionic current determines ion migration and oxide growth. Electronic current determines oxygen evolution, porous structure formation and oxide volume expansion. The conTinuous decline of the total current-time curve at 8 V was explained by a capacitor model. Through the cyclic voltammetry, it was proposed that stacked morphology exhibits a high specific capacitance (11.36 mF cm-2). Extending the annealing time can increase the crystallinity, thus improving the capacitive performance. Stacked morphology allows electrolytes to permeate the entire portion of the nanochannel more evenly, increasing the effective surface area of the electrode in the electrochemical process and ...

  • growth model of the Tin anodizing process and the capacitive performance of porous Tin Oxides
    The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 2020
    Co-Authors: Puying Li, Mingfei He, Hao Huang, Zongrong Ying, Haoqing Xu
    Abstract:

    Nanoporous Tin oxide layers were fabricated in NaOH during potentiostatic anodization at a low potential. With increasing potential, the nanochannel became fragmentized and a stacked morphology was formed. The total anodizing current was separated into ionic current and electronic current to explain the various morphologies of nanotubes. The ionic current determines ion migration and oxide growth. The electronic current determines oxygen evolution, porous structure formation, and oxide volume expansion. The conTinuous decline of the total current–time curve at 8 V was explained by a capacitor model. Through cyclic voltammetry, it was proposed that the stacked morphology exhibits a high specific capacitance (11.36 mF cm–²). Extending the annealing time can increase the crystallinity, thus improving the capacitive performance. The stacked morphology allows electrolytes to permeate the entire portion of the nanochannel more evenly, increasing the effective surface area of the electrode in the electrochemical process and thus improving the capacitive properties. The formation of a stacked morphology is related to the intense release of oxygen gas.

Paul A Midgley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • electronic structure of Tin Oxides by electron energy loss spectroscopy and real space multiple scattering calculations
    Physical Review B, 2005
    Co-Authors: M S Moreno, R F Egerton, J J Rehr, Paul A Midgley
    Abstract:

    The electronic structure of the Tin Oxides SnO and $\mathrm{Sn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is studied using the fine structure of the $\mathrm{Sn}\text{--}{M}_{4,5}$ and oxygen $K$-edges measured by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The experimental results are compared with real-space multiple scattering calculations. It is observed that both edges are overlapped. The calculations reveal that the observed fine structure is due largely to the oxygen states, and that it can be used to fingerprint each phase. The calculated densities of states are similar for both compounds and suggest a covalent nature. The structures appearing within the first $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ above the threshold arise from a covalent mixing of mainly O $2p$ and Sn $5s\text{\ensuremath{-}}p$. For SnO the oxygen edge is satisfactorily reproduced. Discrepancies in the predicted energy position of the features in the EELS of $\mathrm{Sn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are briefly discussed.

  • differentiation of Tin Oxides using electron energy loss spectroscopy
    Physical Review B, 2004
    Co-Authors: M S Moreno, R F Egerton, Paul A Midgley
    Abstract:

    Fil: Moreno, Mario Sergio Jesus. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgenTina. Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Centro Atomico Bariloche; ArgenTina

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