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G L Morgan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a comparison of two combinations of xylazine ketamine administered intramuscularly to alpacas and of reversal with Tolazoline
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2008Co-Authors: Tulio M Prado, William R Dubois, Jeff C H Ko, Ronald E Mandsager, G L MorganAbstract:Abstract Objective To evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of two doses of intramuscular (IM) xylazine/ketamine in alpacas, and to determine if Tolazoline would reduce the anesthetic recovery time. Study design Prospective randomized crossover study. Animals Six castrated male alpacas. Methods Each alpaca received a low dose (LD) (0.8 mg kg −1 xylazine and 8 mg kg −1 ketamine IM) and high dose (HD) (1.2 mg kg −1 xylazine and 12 mg kg −1 ketamine IM) with a minimum of one week between trials. Time to sedation, duration of lateral recumbency and analgesia, pulse rate, respiratory rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, blood-gases, and the electrocardiogram were monitored and recorded during anesthesia. With each treatment three alpacas were randomly selected to receive Tolazoline (2 mg kg −1 IM) after 30 minutes of lateral recumbency. Results Onset of sedation, lateral recumbency and analgesia was rapid with both treatments. The HD was able to provide ≥30 minutes of anesthesia in five of six alpacas. The LD provided ≥30 minutes of anesthesia in three of six alpacas. Respiratory depression and hypoxemia occurred with the HD treatment during the first 10 minutes of lateral recumbency: two animals were severely hypoxemic and received nasal oxygen for 5 minutes. Heart rate decreased, but there were no significant changes in arterial blood pressure. Tolazoline significantly shortened the duration of recumbency with the HD. Conclusions The HD provided more consistent clinical effects in alpacas than the LD. Intramuscular Tolazoline shortened the duration of lateral recumbency in alpacas anesthetized with the HD combination. Clinical relevance Both doses of the combination were effective in providing restraint in alpacas and the duration of restraint was dose dependent. Supplemental oxygen should be available if using the HD and IM administration of Tolazoline will shorten the recovery time.
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A comparison of two combinations of xylazine–ketamine administered intramuscularly to alpacas and of reversal with Tolazoline
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2008Co-Authors: Tulio M Prado, William R Dubois, Jeff C H Ko, Ronald E Mandsager, G L MorganAbstract:Abstract Objective To evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of two doses of intramuscular (IM) xylazine/ketamine in alpacas, and to determine if Tolazoline would reduce the anesthetic recovery time. Study design Prospective randomized crossover study. Animals Six castrated male alpacas. Methods Each alpaca received a low dose (LD) (0.8 mg kg −1 xylazine and 8 mg kg −1 ketamine IM) and high dose (HD) (1.2 mg kg −1 xylazine and 12 mg kg −1 ketamine IM) with a minimum of one week between trials. Time to sedation, duration of lateral recumbency and analgesia, pulse rate, respiratory rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, blood-gases, and the electrocardiogram were monitored and recorded during anesthesia. With each treatment three alpacas were randomly selected to receive Tolazoline (2 mg kg −1 IM) after 30 minutes of lateral recumbency. Results Onset of sedation, lateral recumbency and analgesia was rapid with both treatments. The HD was able to provide ≥30 minutes of anesthesia in five of six alpacas. The LD provided ≥30 minutes of anesthesia in three of six alpacas. Respiratory depression and hypoxemia occurred with the HD treatment during the first 10 minutes of lateral recumbency: two animals were severely hypoxemic and received nasal oxygen for 5 minutes. Heart rate decreased, but there were no significant changes in arterial blood pressure. Tolazoline significantly shortened the duration of recumbency with the HD. Conclusions The HD provided more consistent clinical effects in alpacas than the LD. Intramuscular Tolazoline shortened the duration of lateral recumbency in alpacas anesthetized with the HD combination. Clinical relevance Both doses of the combination were effective in providing restraint in alpacas and the duration of restraint was dose dependent. Supplemental oxygen should be available if using the HD and IM administration of Tolazoline will shorten the recovery time.
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a comparison of two intramuscular doses of xylazine ketamine combination and Tolazoline reversal in llamas
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2003Co-Authors: William R Dubois, Tulio M Prado, Jeff C H Ko, Ronald E Mandsager, G L MorganAbstract:Abstract Objective To evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of two doses of intramuscular xylazine/ketamine in llamas, and to determine if an intramuscular injection of Tolazoline would shorten the anesthesia recovery time. Study design Prospective randomized study. Animals Six castrated male llamas. Methods Each llama received a low dose (LD) (0.4 mg kg −1 xylazine and 4 mg kg −1 ketamine) and high dose (HD) (0.8 mg kg −1 xylazine and 8 mg kg −1 ketamine). Time to sedation, duration of lateral recumbency and analgesia, pulse, respiratory rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, blood gases, and the electrocardiogram were monitored and recorded during anesthesia. Three llamas in each treatment were randomized to receive intramuscular Tolazoline (2 mg kg −1 ) after 30 minutes of lateral recumbency. Results Onset of sedation, lateral recumbency, and analgesia was rapid with both treatments. The HD was able to provide at least 30 minutes of anesthesia in all six llamas. The LD provided only 30 minutes of anesthesia in two out of six llamas. Respiratory depression and hypoxemia were seen in the HD treatment during the first 10 minutes of lateral recumbency. Two llamas were severely hypoxemic during this period and were given nasal oxygen for five minutes. Heart rate decreased, but there were no significant changes in blood pressure. Tolazoline significantly shortened the duration of recumbency in the HD treatment. Conclusions The HD provided more consistent clinical effects in llamas than did the LD. Intramuscular Tolazoline shortens the duration of lateral recumbency in llamas anesthetized with this combination. Clinical relevance Both doses appear to be very effective in providing restraint in llamas. The LD may be used for procedures requiring a short period of anesthesia or restraint. The HD could be used when a longer duration of anesthesia is desired. Supplemental oxygen should be available if using the HD. Tolazoline (IM) shortened the recovery time with this combination in llamas.
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A comparison of two intramuscular doses of xylazine–ketamine combination and Tolazoline reversal in llamas
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2003Co-Authors: William R Dubois, Tulio M Prado, Jeff C H Ko, Ronald E Mandsager, G L MorganAbstract:Abstract Objective To evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of two doses of intramuscular xylazine/ketamine in llamas, and to determine if an intramuscular injection of Tolazoline would shorten the anesthesia recovery time. Study design Prospective randomized study. Animals Six castrated male llamas. Methods Each llama received a low dose (LD) (0.4 mg kg −1 xylazine and 4 mg kg −1 ketamine) and high dose (HD) (0.8 mg kg −1 xylazine and 8 mg kg −1 ketamine). Time to sedation, duration of lateral recumbency and analgesia, pulse, respiratory rate, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, blood gases, and the electrocardiogram were monitored and recorded during anesthesia. Three llamas in each treatment were randomized to receive intramuscular Tolazoline (2 mg kg −1 ) after 30 minutes of lateral recumbency. Results Onset of sedation, lateral recumbency, and analgesia was rapid with both treatments. The HD was able to provide at least 30 minutes of anesthesia in all six llamas. The LD provided only 30 minutes of anesthesia in two out of six llamas. Respiratory depression and hypoxemia were seen in the HD treatment during the first 10 minutes of lateral recumbency. Two llamas were severely hypoxemic during this period and were given nasal oxygen for five minutes. Heart rate decreased, but there were no significant changes in blood pressure. Tolazoline significantly shortened the duration of recumbency in the HD treatment. Conclusions The HD provided more consistent clinical effects in llamas than did the LD. Intramuscular Tolazoline shortens the duration of lateral recumbency in llamas anesthetized with this combination. Clinical relevance Both doses appear to be very effective in providing restraint in llamas. The LD may be used for procedures requiring a short period of anesthesia or restraint. The HD could be used when a longer duration of anesthesia is desired. Supplemental oxygen should be available if using the HD. Tolazoline (IM) shortened the recovery time with this combination in llamas.
Sisinthy Shivaji - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tolazoline antagonises ketamine–xylazine anaesthesia in an endangered Black buck (Antilope cervicapra)
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2009Co-Authors: Sadanand D. Sontakke, Govindaswamy Umapathy, Manoj S. Patil, Sisinthy ShivajiAbstract:Seventy-seven anaesthetic events were carried out in 22 captive adult Black bucks ( Antilope cervicapra ) of either sex with a combination of 2 mg kg^−1 ketamine hydrochloride with 0.25 mg kg^−1 xylazine hydrochloride using a dart delivered from a blowpipe. Randomised anaesthetised animals received an intravenous injection of either yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 or 0.25 mg kg^−1) or Tolazoline hydrochloride (1 or 2 mg kg^−1) after 30–40 min of anaesthesia to antagonise the anaesthetic effects. Ketamine–xylazine induced smooth, rapid and reliable anaesthesia within 5–7 min of darting with no clinical adverse effects and causalities during or post-anaesthesia. Yohimbine failed to antagonise the anaesthetic effects of ketamine–xylazine in the Black buck. On the other hand, Tolazoline was found to be very effective in hastening recovery in dose-dependent manner within 0.5–1.5 min. This study documents the first report of ketamine–xylazine anaesthesia and its antagonism by Tolazoline in captive Black buck.
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Tolazoline antagonises ketamine xylazine anaesthesia in an endangered black buck antilope cervicapra
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2009Co-Authors: Sadanand D. Sontakke, Govindaswamy Umapathy, Manoj S. Patil, Sisinthy ShivajiAbstract:Seventy-seven anaesthetic events were carried out in 22 captive adult Black bucks (Antilope cervicapra) of either sex with a combination of 2 mg kg−1 ketamine hydrochloride with 0.25 mg kg−1 xylazine hydrochloride using a dart delivered from a blowpipe. Randomised anaesthetised animals received an intravenous injection of either yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 or 0.25 mg kg−1) or Tolazoline hydrochloride (1 or 2 mg kg−1) after 30–40 min of anaesthesia to antagonise the anaesthetic effects. Ketamine–xylazine induced smooth, rapid and reliable anaesthesia within 5–7 min of darting with no clinical adverse effects and causalities during or post-anaesthesia. Yohimbine failed to antagonise the anaesthetic effects of ketamine–xylazine in the Black buck. On the other hand, Tolazoline was found to be very effective in hastening recovery in dose-dependent manner within 0.5–1.5 min. This study documents the first report of ketamine–xylazine anaesthesia and its antagonism by Tolazoline in captive Black buck.
Scott W Erickson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effect of detomidine and its antagonism with Tolazoline on stress related hormones metabolites physiologic responses and behavior in awake ponies
Veterinary Surgery, 1997Co-Authors: Gwendolyn L Carroll, Nora S Matthews, S M Hartsfield, Margaret R Slater, Thomas H Champney, Scott W EricksonAbstract:Six ponies were used to investigate the effect of Tolazoline antagonism of detomidine on physiological responses, behavior, epinephrine, norepinephrine, Cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acids in awake ponies. Each pony had a catheter inserted into a jugular vein 1 hour before beginning the study. Awake ponies were administered detomidine (0.04 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) followed 20 minutes later by either Tolazoline (4.0 mg/kg IV) or saline. Blood samples were drawn from the catheter 5 minutes before detomidine administration (baseline), 5 minutes after detomidine administration, 20 minutes after detomidine administration which was immediately before the administration of Tolazoline or saline (time [T] = 0), and at 5, 30, and 60 minutes after injections of Tolazoline or saline (T = 5, 30, and 60 minutes, respectively). Compared with heart rate at T = 0, Tolazoline antagonism increased heart rate 45% at 5 minutes. There was no difference in heart rate between treatments at 30 minutes. Blood pressure remained stable after Tolazoline, while it decreased over time after saline. Compared with concentrations at T = 0, Tolazoline antagonism of detomidine in awake ponies resulted in a 55% increase in Cortisol at 30 minutes and a 52% increase in glucose at 5 minutes. The change in free fatty acids was different for Tolazoline and saline over time. Free fatty acids decreased after detomidine administration. Free fatty acids did not change after saline administration. After Tolazoline administration, free fatty acids increased transiently. Tolazoline tended to decrease sedation and analgesia at 15 and 60 minutes postantagonism. Antagonism of detomidine-induced physiological and behavioral effects with Tolazoline in awake ponies that were not experiencing pain appears to precipitate a stress response as measured by Cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acids. If antagonism of an α-agonist is contemplated, the potential effect on hormones and metabolites should be considered.
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The Effect of Detomidine and its Antagonism With Tolazoline on Stress‐Related Hormones, Metabolites, Physiologic Responses, and Behavior in Awake Ponies
Veterinary Surgery, 1997Co-Authors: Gwendolyn L Carroll, Nora S Matthews, S M Hartsfield, Margaret R Slater, Thomas H Champney, Scott W EricksonAbstract:Six ponies were used to investigate the effect of Tolazoline antagonism of detomidine on physiological responses, behavior, epinephrine, norepinephrine, Cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acids in awake ponies. Each pony had a catheter inserted into a jugular vein 1 hour before beginning the study. Awake ponies were administered detomidine (0.04 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) followed 20 minutes later by either Tolazoline (4.0 mg/kg IV) or saline. Blood samples were drawn from the catheter 5 minutes before detomidine administration (baseline), 5 minutes after detomidine administration, 20 minutes after detomidine administration which was immediately before the administration of Tolazoline or saline (time [T] = 0), and at 5, 30, and 60 minutes after injections of Tolazoline or saline (T = 5, 30, and 60 minutes, respectively). Compared with heart rate at T = 0, Tolazoline antagonism increased heart rate 45% at 5 minutes. There was no difference in heart rate between treatments at 30 minutes. Blood pressure remained stable after Tolazoline, while it decreased over time after saline. Compared with concentrations at T = 0, Tolazoline antagonism of detomidine in awake ponies resulted in a 55% increase in Cortisol at 30 minutes and a 52% increase in glucose at 5 minutes. The change in free fatty acids was different for Tolazoline and saline over time. Free fatty acids decreased after detomidine administration. Free fatty acids did not change after saline administration. After Tolazoline administration, free fatty acids increased transiently. Tolazoline tended to decrease sedation and analgesia at 15 and 60 minutes postantagonism. Antagonism of detomidine-induced physiological and behavioral effects with Tolazoline in awake ponies that were not experiencing pain appears to precipitate a stress response as measured by Cortisol, glucose, and free fatty acids. If antagonism of an α-agonist is contemplated, the potential effect on hormones and metabolites should be considered.
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antagonism of detomidine with Tolazoline in isoflurane anaesthetised ponies
Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia, 1995Co-Authors: Nora S Matthews, Scott W Erickson, Gwendolyn S Light, S M HartsfieldAbstract:SUMMARY The effects of Tolazoline (4.0 mg/kg iv) antagonism of detomidine (0.02 mg/kg iv) were evaluated in isoflurane-anaesthetised, ventilated ponies. Each of 6 ponies received both Tolazoline and saline treatment during separate anaesthetic episodes only (no surgery was performed). Detomidine administration produced an increase in blood pressure, decrease in heart rate and decrease in PaO2 Tolazoline treatment transiently increased heart rate while blood pressure returned to baseline after both treatments. Arterial oxygenation decreased further after Tolazoline treatment while oxgenation recovered towards baseline with saline treatment. No other cardiopulmonary effects were detected. Recovery from anaesthesia tended to be more rapid when detomidine was antagonized. The potential benefit of antagonizing detomidine-induced bradycardia with Tolazoline, during isoflurane anaesthesia should be weighed against the potential to produce a decrease in arterial oxygenation. The mechanism for this effect is not clear.
Sailaja Geddam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Diazonium Ion Cascade from the Nitrosation of Tolazoline, An Imidazoline-Containing Drug
Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2008Co-Authors: Richard N. Loeppky, Charles L. Barnes, Sailaja GeddamAbstract:Tolazoline (1-benzylimidazoline), a representative imidazoline-containing drug, reacts readily with nitrite in acetic acid to produce a complex product mixture. Fourteen compounds have been identified as products of this transformation when an 8-fold excess of HNO 2 is used. The products, which include N-nitrosoamides, esters, alcohols, and phenylacetic acid, are rationalized as arising from a cascade of reactive diazonium ions. N-NitrosoTolazoline can be isolated from the nitrosation reaction in good yield when the mixture is extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 as the transformation progresses. It nitrosates much more rapidly (50 x) than Tolazoline to give, among other products, the oxime [1-(N-nitroso-2-imidazolinyl)benzylidene]hydroxylamine, which can also be produced in good yield from the reaction of Tolazoline with isopropyl nitrite. At low substrate and nitrite concentrations, the main reaction products are N-nitrosoTolazoline, its decomposition product N-2-hydroxy-ethylphenylacetamide, the above-mentioned oxime, phenyl acetic acid, and 2-hydroxyethyl phenylacetate. The Tolazoline nitrosation rate in three buffer systems has been determined at pH 3.4 and 37 °C (k obs = 6.25 x 10 -5 s -1 in 0.5 M acetate buffer with a 10 * [NO 2 -] = 250 mM). Because N-nitrosoTolazoline exhibits the chemical properties of a direct-acting mutagen and carcinogen, we have used the rate data to estimate its level of formation at nitrite concentrations
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a diazonium ion cascade from the nitrosation of Tolazoline an imidazoline containing drug
Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2008Co-Authors: Richard N. Loeppky, Charles L. Barnes, Sailaja GeddamAbstract:Tolazoline (1-benzylimidazoline), a representative imidazoline-containing drug, reacts readily with nitrite in acetic acid to produce a complex product mixture. Fourteen compounds have been identified as products of this transformation when an 8-fold excess of HNO 2 is used. The products, which include N-nitrosoamides, esters, alcohols, and phenylacetic acid, are rationalized as arising from a cascade of reactive diazonium ions. N-NitrosoTolazoline can be isolated from the nitrosation reaction in good yield when the mixture is extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 as the transformation progresses. It nitrosates much more rapidly (50 x) than Tolazoline to give, among other products, the oxime [1-(N-nitroso-2-imidazolinyl)benzylidene]hydroxylamine, which can also be produced in good yield from the reaction of Tolazoline with isopropyl nitrite. At low substrate and nitrite concentrations, the main reaction products are N-nitrosoTolazoline, its decomposition product N-2-hydroxy-ethylphenylacetamide, the above-mentioned oxime, phenyl acetic acid, and 2-hydroxyethyl phenylacetate. The Tolazoline nitrosation rate in three buffer systems has been determined at pH 3.4 and 37 °C (k obs = 6.25 x 10 -5 s -1 in 0.5 M acetate buffer with a 10 * [NO 2 -] = 250 mM). Because N-nitrosoTolazoline exhibits the chemical properties of a direct-acting mutagen and carcinogen, we have used the rate data to estimate its level of formation at nitrite concentrations <3 mM. Cursory examination of the nitrosation chemistry of oxymetazoline, a related drug, is primarily focused at its electron-rich aromatic ring.
Sadanand D. Sontakke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tolazoline antagonises ketamine–xylazine anaesthesia in an endangered Black buck (Antilope cervicapra)
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2009Co-Authors: Sadanand D. Sontakke, Govindaswamy Umapathy, Manoj S. Patil, Sisinthy ShivajiAbstract:Seventy-seven anaesthetic events were carried out in 22 captive adult Black bucks ( Antilope cervicapra ) of either sex with a combination of 2 mg kg^−1 ketamine hydrochloride with 0.25 mg kg^−1 xylazine hydrochloride using a dart delivered from a blowpipe. Randomised anaesthetised animals received an intravenous injection of either yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 or 0.25 mg kg^−1) or Tolazoline hydrochloride (1 or 2 mg kg^−1) after 30–40 min of anaesthesia to antagonise the anaesthetic effects. Ketamine–xylazine induced smooth, rapid and reliable anaesthesia within 5–7 min of darting with no clinical adverse effects and causalities during or post-anaesthesia. Yohimbine failed to antagonise the anaesthetic effects of ketamine–xylazine in the Black buck. On the other hand, Tolazoline was found to be very effective in hastening recovery in dose-dependent manner within 0.5–1.5 min. This study documents the first report of ketamine–xylazine anaesthesia and its antagonism by Tolazoline in captive Black buck.
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Tolazoline antagonises ketamine xylazine anaesthesia in an endangered black buck antilope cervicapra
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2009Co-Authors: Sadanand D. Sontakke, Govindaswamy Umapathy, Manoj S. Patil, Sisinthy ShivajiAbstract:Seventy-seven anaesthetic events were carried out in 22 captive adult Black bucks (Antilope cervicapra) of either sex with a combination of 2 mg kg−1 ketamine hydrochloride with 0.25 mg kg−1 xylazine hydrochloride using a dart delivered from a blowpipe. Randomised anaesthetised animals received an intravenous injection of either yohimbine hydrochloride (0.125 or 0.25 mg kg−1) or Tolazoline hydrochloride (1 or 2 mg kg−1) after 30–40 min of anaesthesia to antagonise the anaesthetic effects. Ketamine–xylazine induced smooth, rapid and reliable anaesthesia within 5–7 min of darting with no clinical adverse effects and causalities during or post-anaesthesia. Yohimbine failed to antagonise the anaesthetic effects of ketamine–xylazine in the Black buck. On the other hand, Tolazoline was found to be very effective in hastening recovery in dose-dependent manner within 0.5–1.5 min. This study documents the first report of ketamine–xylazine anaesthesia and its antagonism by Tolazoline in captive Black buck.
