Triallate

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William E. Dyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Two Recessive Gene Inheritance for Triallate Resistance in Avena fatua L.
    The Journal of heredity, 2002
    Co-Authors: Anthony J. Kern, T. M. Myers, M. Jasieniuk, B. G. Murray, Bruce D. Maxwell, William E. Dyer
    Abstract:

    Extensive use of the preemergence herbicide Triallate over the last three decades has selected for resistant (R) Avena fatua L. populations in several areas of the United States and Canada. R plants are also cross-resistant to the unrelated pyrazolium herbicide difenzoquat. We made reciprocal crosses between inbred R and susceptible (S) lines to determine the genetic basis of Triallate resistance. Seeds from parental lines and F(2) populations were treated with soil applications of 0.275, 0.55, or 1.1 kg/ha Triallate in the greenhouse and plant heights recorded after 37 days. Surviving F(2) plants were selfed and the resulting F(3) families were screened with 1.1 kg/ha Triallate. In the F(2) populations, assortment of S and R phenotypes fit a 15:1 segregation ratio, suggesting that resistance was controlled by the two independently segregating recessive genes TRR1 and TRR2. None of the 912 F(3) progeny from 51 R F(2) individuals was susceptible to Triallate treatment, further supporting a two-gene mode of inheritance. There was a possible maternal effect on susceptibility at the highest Triallate rate tested.

  • fatty acid and wax biosynthesis in susceptible and Triallate resistant avena fatua l
    Pesticide Science, 1997
    Co-Authors: Anthony J. Kern, Larry L. Jackson, William E. Dyer
    Abstract:

    The recent characterization of Triallate-resistant lines of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) deficient in Triallate sulfoxidation provides an experimental system to investigate and differentiate the effects of Triallate and Triallate sulfoxide on wax and lipid biosynthesis. Greenhouse applications of Triallate dramatically reduced epicuticular wax deposition in susceptible (S) but not resistant (R) wild oats. Triallate treatment had no effect on in-vivo concentrations of C 12 to C 26 fatty acids and fatty alcohols in R plants, while elongated fatty acid fractions (C > 18) were significantly reduced in S plants. In contrast, treatment with Triallate sulfoxide reduced in-vivo concentrations of elongated fatty acids equally in R and S, supporting the hypothesis that Triallate sulfoxide is more inhibitory than Triallate towards fatty acid elongases. Although de-novo synthesis of short-chain fatty acids was not affected by Triallate or Triallate sulfoxide in R or S plants, synthesis of elongated fatty acid fractions was dramatically reduced in S plants by Triallate. Fatty acid biosynthesis in R and S plants was equally sensitive to Triallate sulfoxide. The results support the idea that in-vivo Triallate sulfoxidation is necessary for herbicidal activity, and confirm that reduced rates of Triallate sulfoxidation confer resistance in R wild oats.

  • Fatty acid and wax biosynthesis in susceptible and Triallate‐resistant Avena fatua L.
    Pesticide Science, 1997
    Co-Authors: Anthony J. Kern, Larry L. Jackson, William E. Dyer
    Abstract:

    The recent characterization of Triallate-resistant lines of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) deficient in Triallate sulfoxidation provides an experimental system to investigate and differentiate the effects of Triallate and Triallate sulfoxide on wax and lipid biosynthesis. Greenhouse applications of Triallate dramatically reduced epicuticular wax deposition in susceptible (S) but not resistant (R) wild oats. Triallate treatment had no effect on in-vivo concentrations of C 12 to C 26 fatty acids and fatty alcohols in R plants, while elongated fatty acid fractions (C > 18) were significantly reduced in S plants. In contrast, treatment with Triallate sulfoxide reduced in-vivo concentrations of elongated fatty acids equally in R and S, supporting the hypothesis that Triallate sulfoxide is more inhibitory than Triallate towards fatty acid elongases. Although de-novo synthesis of short-chain fatty acids was not affected by Triallate or Triallate sulfoxide in R or S plants, synthesis of elongated fatty acid fractions was dramatically reduced in S plants by Triallate. Fatty acid biosynthesis in R and S plants was equally sensitive to Triallate sulfoxide. The results support the idea that in-vivo Triallate sulfoxidation is necessary for herbicidal activity, and confirm that reduced rates of Triallate sulfoxidation confer resistance in R wild oats.

  • Triallate Resistance inAvena fatuaL. Is Due to Reduced Herbicide Activation
    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 1996
    Co-Authors: Anthony J. Kern, Dwight M. Peterson, Erica K. Miller, Corey C. Colliver, William E. Dyer
    Abstract:

    Abstract Extensive use of Triallate, a preemergence herbicide used for wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) control in cereal crops, has selected for resistant (R) wild oat populations. Triallate is thought to be activated via metabolic sulfoxidation to create the more potent Triallate sulfoxide. Treatment of R and susceptible (S) wild oat lines with [1-14C]Triallate showed that Triallate is metabolized to the same primary endproduct, 2,3,3-trichloropropene sulfonic acid, in both types. However, the rate of Triallate metabolism was more than 12-fold slower in R than in S plants. Dose–response studies indicated that although R plants were 6- to 20-fold more resistant than S plants to Triallate treatment, both types were equally sensitive toin vitrosynthesized Triallate sulfoxide. In addition, [1-14C]Triallate sulfoxide was metabolized to the same endproducts and at the same rate in R and S plants. The data indicate that resistance is conferred by a reduced rate of Triallate sulfoxidation and represent the first documented case of herbicide resistance in plants conferred by reduced metabolism.

  • CHARACTERIZATION OF WILD OAT (AVENA FATUA L.) POPULATIONS AND AN INBRED LINE WITH MULTIPLE HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
    Weed Science, 1996
    Co-Authors: Anthony J. Kern, Bruce D. Maxwell, Corey T. Colliver, Peter K. Fay, William E. Dyer
    Abstract:

    Repeated use of the preemergence herbicide Triallate has selected for wild oat populations that are resistant (R) to field use rates. Field collections and an inbred R line were shown in greenhouse and petri dish dose response experiments to be 6- to 20-fold more tolerant to Triallate than susceptible (S) lines. R populations and the inbred line were also resistant (8-fold) to the related thiocarbamate herbicide diallate, as well as to the chemically unrelated postemergence herbicide difenzoquat (60-fold).14C-Triallate uptake and translocation patterns were similar between R and S lines for the first 24 h after application. However, translocation of radioactivity was more rapid in S lines than R lines from 24 through 60 h after application.14C-difenzoquat uptake was the same in R and S lines 12 h after application, but was 10 to 20% higher in R lines than S lines by 24 through 96 h after application. Similarly, translocation of radioactivity after14C-difenzoquat application was 7 to 14% greater in R than S lines after 12 h, although translocated radioactivity amounts were not significantly different between R and S lines. The relatively minor differences in Triallate and difenzoquat uptake and translocation patterns between R and S lines are most likely not of sufficient magnitude to explain the observed resistance levels.

Anthony J. Kern - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Two Recessive Gene Inheritance for Triallate Resistance in Avena fatua L.
    The Journal of heredity, 2002
    Co-Authors: Anthony J. Kern, T. M. Myers, M. Jasieniuk, B. G. Murray, Bruce D. Maxwell, William E. Dyer
    Abstract:

    Extensive use of the preemergence herbicide Triallate over the last three decades has selected for resistant (R) Avena fatua L. populations in several areas of the United States and Canada. R plants are also cross-resistant to the unrelated pyrazolium herbicide difenzoquat. We made reciprocal crosses between inbred R and susceptible (S) lines to determine the genetic basis of Triallate resistance. Seeds from parental lines and F(2) populations were treated with soil applications of 0.275, 0.55, or 1.1 kg/ha Triallate in the greenhouse and plant heights recorded after 37 days. Surviving F(2) plants were selfed and the resulting F(3) families were screened with 1.1 kg/ha Triallate. In the F(2) populations, assortment of S and R phenotypes fit a 15:1 segregation ratio, suggesting that resistance was controlled by the two independently segregating recessive genes TRR1 and TRR2. None of the 912 F(3) progeny from 51 R F(2) individuals was susceptible to Triallate treatment, further supporting a two-gene mode of inheritance. There was a possible maternal effect on susceptibility at the highest Triallate rate tested.

  • fatty acid and wax biosynthesis in susceptible and Triallate resistant avena fatua l
    Pesticide Science, 1997
    Co-Authors: Anthony J. Kern, Larry L. Jackson, William E. Dyer
    Abstract:

    The recent characterization of Triallate-resistant lines of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) deficient in Triallate sulfoxidation provides an experimental system to investigate and differentiate the effects of Triallate and Triallate sulfoxide on wax and lipid biosynthesis. Greenhouse applications of Triallate dramatically reduced epicuticular wax deposition in susceptible (S) but not resistant (R) wild oats. Triallate treatment had no effect on in-vivo concentrations of C 12 to C 26 fatty acids and fatty alcohols in R plants, while elongated fatty acid fractions (C > 18) were significantly reduced in S plants. In contrast, treatment with Triallate sulfoxide reduced in-vivo concentrations of elongated fatty acids equally in R and S, supporting the hypothesis that Triallate sulfoxide is more inhibitory than Triallate towards fatty acid elongases. Although de-novo synthesis of short-chain fatty acids was not affected by Triallate or Triallate sulfoxide in R or S plants, synthesis of elongated fatty acid fractions was dramatically reduced in S plants by Triallate. Fatty acid biosynthesis in R and S plants was equally sensitive to Triallate sulfoxide. The results support the idea that in-vivo Triallate sulfoxidation is necessary for herbicidal activity, and confirm that reduced rates of Triallate sulfoxidation confer resistance in R wild oats.

  • Fatty acid and wax biosynthesis in susceptible and Triallate‐resistant Avena fatua L.
    Pesticide Science, 1997
    Co-Authors: Anthony J. Kern, Larry L. Jackson, William E. Dyer
    Abstract:

    The recent characterization of Triallate-resistant lines of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) deficient in Triallate sulfoxidation provides an experimental system to investigate and differentiate the effects of Triallate and Triallate sulfoxide on wax and lipid biosynthesis. Greenhouse applications of Triallate dramatically reduced epicuticular wax deposition in susceptible (S) but not resistant (R) wild oats. Triallate treatment had no effect on in-vivo concentrations of C 12 to C 26 fatty acids and fatty alcohols in R plants, while elongated fatty acid fractions (C > 18) were significantly reduced in S plants. In contrast, treatment with Triallate sulfoxide reduced in-vivo concentrations of elongated fatty acids equally in R and S, supporting the hypothesis that Triallate sulfoxide is more inhibitory than Triallate towards fatty acid elongases. Although de-novo synthesis of short-chain fatty acids was not affected by Triallate or Triallate sulfoxide in R or S plants, synthesis of elongated fatty acid fractions was dramatically reduced in S plants by Triallate. Fatty acid biosynthesis in R and S plants was equally sensitive to Triallate sulfoxide. The results support the idea that in-vivo Triallate sulfoxidation is necessary for herbicidal activity, and confirm that reduced rates of Triallate sulfoxidation confer resistance in R wild oats.

  • Triallate Resistance inAvena fatuaL. Is Due to Reduced Herbicide Activation
    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 1996
    Co-Authors: Anthony J. Kern, Dwight M. Peterson, Erica K. Miller, Corey C. Colliver, William E. Dyer
    Abstract:

    Abstract Extensive use of Triallate, a preemergence herbicide used for wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) control in cereal crops, has selected for resistant (R) wild oat populations. Triallate is thought to be activated via metabolic sulfoxidation to create the more potent Triallate sulfoxide. Treatment of R and susceptible (S) wild oat lines with [1-14C]Triallate showed that Triallate is metabolized to the same primary endproduct, 2,3,3-trichloropropene sulfonic acid, in both types. However, the rate of Triallate metabolism was more than 12-fold slower in R than in S plants. Dose–response studies indicated that although R plants were 6- to 20-fold more resistant than S plants to Triallate treatment, both types were equally sensitive toin vitrosynthesized Triallate sulfoxide. In addition, [1-14C]Triallate sulfoxide was metabolized to the same endproducts and at the same rate in R and S plants. The data indicate that resistance is conferred by a reduced rate of Triallate sulfoxidation and represent the first documented case of herbicide resistance in plants conferred by reduced metabolism.

  • CHARACTERIZATION OF WILD OAT (AVENA FATUA L.) POPULATIONS AND AN INBRED LINE WITH MULTIPLE HERBICIDE RESISTANCE
    Weed Science, 1996
    Co-Authors: Anthony J. Kern, Bruce D. Maxwell, Corey T. Colliver, Peter K. Fay, William E. Dyer
    Abstract:

    Repeated use of the preemergence herbicide Triallate has selected for wild oat populations that are resistant (R) to field use rates. Field collections and an inbred R line were shown in greenhouse and petri dish dose response experiments to be 6- to 20-fold more tolerant to Triallate than susceptible (S) lines. R populations and the inbred line were also resistant (8-fold) to the related thiocarbamate herbicide diallate, as well as to the chemically unrelated postemergence herbicide difenzoquat (60-fold).14C-Triallate uptake and translocation patterns were similar between R and S lines for the first 24 h after application. However, translocation of radioactivity was more rapid in S lines than R lines from 24 through 60 h after application.14C-difenzoquat uptake was the same in R and S lines 12 h after application, but was 10 to 20% higher in R lines than S lines by 24 through 96 h after application. Similarly, translocation of radioactivity after14C-difenzoquat application was 7 to 14% greater in R than S lines after 12 h, although translocated radioactivity amounts were not significantly different between R and S lines. The relatively minor differences in Triallate and difenzoquat uptake and translocation patterns between R and S lines are most likely not of sufficient magnitude to explain the observed resistance levels.

Maria T Tabernero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • volatilisation of Triallate as affected by soil texture and air velocity
    Chemosphere, 2001
    Co-Authors: Julian Atienza, Maria T Tabernero, Javier Alvarezbenedi, M Sanz
    Abstract:

    The rate of volatilisation of the formulated herbicide Triallate was investigated in a wind tunnel under controlled wind-speed conditions. An experimental set-up is described which allows the monitoring of wind speed (w.s.), soil-water content, and the temperature of air and soil. A system controlling soil-water content is also described. The influence of air velocity and soil texture was investigated measuring the cumulative volatilisation losses of Triallate from soil. The herbicide volatilisation losses after application ranged from 40% at 3 m/s to 53% at 9 m/s for loam soil and from 60% at 3 m/s to 73% at 9 m/s for sandy soil.

  • influence of temperature on the volatilization of Triallate and terbutryn from two soils
    Pest Management Science, 2000
    Co-Authors: Maria T Tabernero, Julian Atienza, Javier Alvarezbenedi, Andres Herguedas
    Abstract:

    The rate of volatilization of the formulated herbicides Triallate and terbutryn was studied in a volatilization chamber under controlled laboratory conditions using two soils with sand and loam textures, respectively. The influence of the most relevant experimental variables was investigated by measuring the amount of volatilized herbicides after their incorporation to the soils. The effect of soil temperature was studied in the range from 5 °C to 25 °C. Initial soil water content was fixed at field capacity depending on the physical characteristics of each soil. The volatilized herbicide was trapped in C18 cartridges during different time intervals and analyzed by HPLC. The volatilization losses for Triallate ranged from 7 to 58%, whereas the losses for terbutryn ranged from 1 to 6%. Sorption and volatilization resulted in two coupled effects of major importance in these experiments: the sorption process was favoured as temperature decreased, whereas volatilization increased as temperature increased. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

A. Herguedas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Andres Herguedas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • influence of temperature on the volatilization of Triallate and terbutryn from two soils
    Pest Management Science, 2000
    Co-Authors: Maria T Tabernero, Julian Atienza, Javier Alvarezbenedi, Andres Herguedas
    Abstract:

    The rate of volatilization of the formulated herbicides Triallate and terbutryn was studied in a volatilization chamber under controlled laboratory conditions using two soils with sand and loam textures, respectively. The influence of the most relevant experimental variables was investigated by measuring the amount of volatilized herbicides after their incorporation to the soils. The effect of soil temperature was studied in the range from 5 °C to 25 °C. Initial soil water content was fixed at field capacity depending on the physical characteristics of each soil. The volatilized herbicide was trapped in C18 cartridges during different time intervals and analyzed by HPLC. The volatilization losses for Triallate ranged from 7 to 58%, whereas the losses for terbutryn ranged from 1 to 6%. Sorption and volatilization resulted in two coupled effects of major importance in these experiments: the sorption process was favoured as temperature decreased, whereas volatilization increased as temperature increased. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

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