Triarylmethane

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Wenhu Dua - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Sung Soo Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Heike Wulff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • modulators of small and intermediate conductance calcium activated potassium channels and their therapeutic indications
    Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2007
    Co-Authors: Heike Wulff, Aaron Kolskiandreaco, Ananthakrishnan Sankaranarayanan, Jeanmarc Sabatier, Vikram G Shakkottai
    Abstract:

    Calcium-activated potassium channels modulate calcium signaling cascades and membrane potential in both excitable and non-excitable cells. In this article we will review the physiological properties, the structure activity relationships of the existing peptide and small molecule modulators and the therapeutic importance of the three small-conductance channels KCa2.1-KCa2.3 (a.k.a. SK1-SK3) and the intermediate-conductance channel KCa3.1 (a.k.a. IKCa1). The apamin-sensitive KCa2 channels contribute to the medium afterhyperpolarization and are crucial regulators of neuronal excitability. Based on behavioral studies with apamin and on observations made in several transgenic mouse models, KCa2 channels have been proposed as targets for the treatment of ataxia, epilepsy, memory disorders and possibly schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. In contrast, KCa3.1 channels are found in lymphocytes, erythrocytes, fibroblasts, proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelium and intestinal and airway epithelia and are therefore regarded as targets for various diseases involving these tissues. Since two classes of potent and selective small molecule KCa3.1 blocker, Triarylmethanes and cyclohexadienes, have been identified, several of these postulates have already been validated in animal models. The Triarylmethane ICA-17043 is currently in phase III clinical trials for sickle cell anemia while another Triarylmethane, TRAM-34, has been shown to prevent vascular restenosis in rats and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Experiments showing that a cyclohexadiene KCa3.1 blocker reduces infarct volume in a rat subdural hematoma model further suggest KCa3.1 as a target for the treatment of traumatic and possibly ischemic brain injury. Taken together KCa2 and KCa3.1 channels constitute attractive new targets for several diseases that currently have no effective therapies.

  • delineation of the clotrimazole tram 34 binding site on the intermediate conductance calcium activated potassium channel ikca1
    Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Heike Wulff, George A Gutman, Michael D Cahalan, George K Chandy
    Abstract:

    Abstract Selective and potent Triarylmethane blockers of the intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, IKCa1, have therapeutic use in sickle cell disease and secretory diarrhea and as immunosuppressants. Clotrimazole, a membrane-permeant Triarylmethane, blocked IKCa1 with equal affinity when applied externally or internally, whereas a membrane-impermeant derivative TRAM-30 blocked the channel only when applied to the cytoplasmic side, indicating an internal drug-binding site. Introduction of the S5-P-S6 region of the Triarylmethane-insensitive small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel SKCa3 into IKCa1 rendered the channel resistant to Triarylmethanes. Replacement of Thr250 or Val275 in IKCa1 with the corresponding SKCa3 residues selectively abolished Triarylmethane sensitivity without affecting the affinity of the channel for tetraethylammonium, charybdotoxin, and nifedipine. Introduction of these two residues into SKCa3 rendered the channel sensitive to Triarylmethanes. In a molecular model of IKCa1, Thr250 and Val275 line a water-filled cavity just below the selectivity filter. Structure-activity studies suggest that the side chain methyl groups of Thr250 and Val275 may lock the Triarylmethanes in place via hydrophobic interactions with the π-electron clouds of the phenyl rings. The heterocyclic moiety may project into the selectivity filter and obstruct the ion-conducting pathway from the inside.

Subramaniapillai Selva Ganesan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Yixi Leng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.