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Rongya Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Rapid and Simple Detection of Trichosporon Asahii by Optimized Colony PCR
Hindawi Limited, 2019Co-Authors: Dequan Zhang, Yong Liao, Zhikuan Xia, Zhuoying Peng, Xin Yang, Rongya YangAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii is the major pathogen causing invasive Trichosporonosis. Conventional methods of its detection are time-consuming or costly and often require complex DNA extraction and purification steps, which hinders rapid clinical diagnosis. In this study, we evaluated colony PCR, which directly uses colonies or trace clinical samples as the template for amplification, for rapid detection of T. Asahii infection. Four methods, namely, direct colony, freeze-thaw, glass beads, and enzymolysis, were compared to select the best DNA extraction strategy. We subsequently designed and screened species-specific primers targeting the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) of the ribosomal DNA of T. Asahii and used them to detect mock infection clinical samples. The species-specific colony PCR based on glass beads proved advantageous, with short procedure time (154.8 ± 0.6 min), good sensitivity (detection limit, 102 CFU/mL), and specificity for T. Asahii, indicating that this method can be used for the rapid and simple identification of clinical samples of T. Asahii infection
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Expression of the ERG11 gene in fluconazole-resistant Trichosporon Asahii
Chinese Journal of Dermatology, 2017Co-Authors: Xiao Ding, Zhikuan Xia, Dequan Zhang, Rongya YangAbstract:Objective To investigate the role of the ERG11 gene in the drug resistance of Trichosporon Asahii (T.Asahii) , and to explore the relationship between the gene expression and drug concentrations. Methods Stable fluconazole-resistant strains of T.Asahii were induced in vitro following exposure to a series of concentrations of fluconazole. Fluconazole-sensitive and -resistant strains of T.Asahii were separately cultured in the medium containing fluconazole at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 μg/ml. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to determine the mRNA expression of ERG11 gene. Results In fluconazole-free medium, the fluconazole-resistant strain of T.Asahii showed significantly increased mRNA expression of the ERG11 gene compared with the fluconazole-sensitive strain (7.542 ± 5.311 vs. 1.014 ± 0.012, t= 3.002, P= 0.03) . Additionally, the mRNA expression of ERG11 gene was also significantly higher in the fluconazole-resistant strains than the fluconazole-sensitive strains in the culture medium containing fluconazole at different concentrations of 0.25 (9.183 ± 3.226 vs. 3.281 ± 2.068) , 0.5 (13.657 ± 5.428 vs. 3.459 ± 1.923) , 1 (15.292 ± 7.007 vs. 3.242 ± 2.530) , 2 (13.720 ± 8.550 vs. 3.651 ± 0.728) , 4 (13.949 ± 2.960 vs. 3.969 ± 1.924) and 8 (13.123 ± 6.429 vs. 3.824 ± 1.875) μg/ml (all P < 0.05) . However, no significant correlation was observed between the mRNA expression of ERG11 gene and fluconazole concentrations (fluconazole-resistant strains: rs= 0.229, P= 0.096; fluconazole-sensitive strains: rs= 0.166, P= 0.357) . Conclusion Overexpression of ERG11 gene is associated with fluconazole resistance in T.Asahii, but there is no correlation between the mRNA expression of ERG11 gene and fluconazole concentrations. Key words: Fluconazole; Drug resistance, fungal; Gene expression; Trichosporon Asahii; Genes, ERG11
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Study on Antioxidant Enzymatic Activities of Trichosporon Asahii
Indian journal of microbiology, 2016Co-Authors: Yangmei Zhang, Rongya Yang, Congmin WangAbstract:Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase are considered the most important antioxidant enzymes which protect fungus from the oxidant damage of reactive oxygen species. In this study, we collected 44 strains of Trichosporon Asahii (T. Asahii) from different sources and investigated their SOD and catalase activities. The results showed that the SOD and catalase activities of Clinical group were significantly higher than those of Environment group (p < 0.01). The SOD and catalase activities of T. Asahii in Internal passage group went up gradually after passage in mice, and were significantly higher in 5th generation of Internal passage group (p < 0.05). The SOD and catalase activities of Fluconazole-resistant group strains also increased after resistant induction, and the SOD and catalase activities were significantly higher in the 10th generation of Fluconazole-resistant group (p < 0.05). This implied that T. Asahii has stronger antioxidant ability. The strains of T. Asahii from different sources have different antioxidant abilities, which mainly manifest in the difference of antioxidant enzymatic activities. Clinical group strains have the strongest antioxidant capacity; Internal passage group strains and Fluconazole resistant group strains better; Environmental group strains the lowest. These results also suggested that the antioxidant defensive response of T. Asahii might be relevant to its infection mechanism and drug resistance mechanism.
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Susceptibilities of biofilm cells of the 15 Trichosporon Asahii isolates against NSAIDs alone and in combination with antifungal agents and the percentage of interpretation effects of each combination (n = 3).
2016Co-Authors: Suteng Yang, Yong Liao, Lin Cong, Rongya YangAbstract:Susceptibilities of biofilm cells of the 15 Trichosporon Asahii isolates against NSAIDs alone and in combination with antifungal agents and the percentage of interpretation effects of each combination (n = 3).
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Susceptibilities of planktonic cells of the 15 Trichosporon Asahii isolates against NSAIDs alone and in combination with antifungal agents and the percentage of interpretation effects of each combination (n = 3).
2016Co-Authors: Suteng Yang, Yong Liao, Lin Cong, Rongya YangAbstract:Susceptibilities of planktonic cells of the 15 Trichosporon Asahii isolates against NSAIDs alone and in combination with antifungal agents and the percentage of interpretation effects of each combination (n = 3).
Reiko Ikeda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hemagglutination ability and hemolytic activity of Trichosporon Asahii.
Medical mycology, 2018Co-Authors: Tomoe Ichikawa, Kota Uchiyama, Yuta Yoshizawa, Yuka Arai, Atsuyo Shimizu, Reiko IkedaAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii is a human fungal pathogen that causes deep-seated infections in immunocompromised patients. While the pathogenic mechanisms of T. Asahii remain unknown, our previous studies indicate that adherent colony morphologies were generated from parent strains, which may contribute to their pathogenicity. In the present study, we analyzed the hemolytic and hemagglutination activities of T. Asahii. We report that T. Asahii cells demonstrate hemagglutination and hemolytic activities, and that cell surface molecules play a role in the hemagglutination activity of adherent strains. These observations suggest that hemagglutination and hemolysis may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of T. Asahii.
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Growth Inhibition of an Opportunistic Yeast Pathogen Trichosporon Asahii by Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2017Co-Authors: Reiko Ikeda, Tomoe Ichikawa, Yuki Ogasawara, Kazuhiko Takatori, Miki Nakajima, Kazuko Harigaya, Miho Watanabe, Erika Okudaira, Hanari Yoshikawa, Kazuki YanagisawaAbstract:In the co-culture of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Trichosporon Asahii, a fungal pathogen, it was observed that live S. epidermidis inhibited the growth of T. Asahii. Soluble active anti-T. Asahii substances were speculated to be produced by S. epidermidis in culture medium. Using 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra and electron ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-negative-FAB-MS), we separated the active molecule and identified it as lactic acid. Commercially available L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid inhibited the growth of T. Asahii. These results show that metabolites from bacterial populations are involved in the interactions of pathogenic fungi. The use of antibacterial agents to treat primary diseases could lead to the disruption of normal microbial communities and could cause opportunistic infections such as Trichosporonosis.
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Cell surface hydrophobicity and colony morphology of Trichosporon Asahii clinical isolates
Yeast (Chichester England), 2016Co-Authors: Tomoe Ichikawa, Chihiro Hirata, Mizuki Takei, Naoyuki Tagami, Hiromi Murasawa, Reiko IkedaAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii is a pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast. Individual strains of T. Asahii have different colony morphologies. However, it is not clear whether cell surface phenotypes differ among the colony morphologies. Here we characterized the cell surface hydrophobicity and analysed the carbohydrate contents of the cell surface polysaccharides in T. Asahii clinical isolates with various colony morphologies. Among the three distinctive colony morphologies obtained from one clinical isolate, the white-type morphology exhibited higher hydrophobicity. The hydrophobicity of heat-killed T. Asahii cells was greatly reduced after periodate oxidation of the cell surface carbohydrates. Furthermore, the cell wall and extracellular polysaccharide components differed among the morphologies. Our results suggest that T. Asahii cell surface hydrophobicity is affected by cell surface carbohydrate composition. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Switching of colony morphology and adhesion activity of Trichosporon Asahii clinical isolates
Medical mycology, 2015Co-Authors: Tomoe Ichikawa, Nao Yoshiyama, Yuzuha Ohgane, Reiko IkedaAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii is a pathogenic yeast that causes Trichosporonosis, a deep-seated infection, in immunocompromised hosts. Pathogenic factors involved in this infection have not been investigated in detail, but morphological phenotype switching is thought to be important for T. Asahii pathogenesis. Therefore, we analyzed adhesion, which may be a key early step in T. Asahii infection, after morphological phenotype switching. T. Asahii clinical isolates show several colony morphologies. In this study, colonies showing white-farinose (W), off-white-smooth (O), off-white-rugose (OR), smooth (S), and yellowish-white (Y) morphologies were obtained from three isolates and compared in an adhesion assay performed in cell culture dishes. At least one type of colony morphology from each clinical isolate adhered strongly to the culture dish surface, although the colony type that displayed strong adherence varied among the strains. Thus, morphological phenotype switching altered the adhesion of T. Asahii strains.
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Genotyping and antifungal drug susceptibility of the pathogenic yeast Trichosporon Asahii isolated from Thai patients.
Mycopathologia, 2009Co-Authors: Nanthawan Mekha, Reiko Ikeda, Takashi Sugita, Akemi Nishikawa, Rinrapas Autthateinchai, Natteewan Poonwan, Pathom SawanpanyalertAbstract:Trichosporonosis due to Trichosporon Asahii is a life-threatening infection with a very poor prognosis. We analyzed the genotype of intergenic transcribed spacer (IGS) region 1 of the rRNA gene and determined the drug susceptibility of 101 T. Asahii isolates obtained from Thai patients to collect basic information on Trichosporonosis in Thailand. Of the five genotypes in the IGS region identified in this study, types 1 and 3 were predominant in Thailand. The distribution in Thailand differs from that in other countries, suggesting that there is a geographic substructure among T. Asahii clinical isolates. Voriconazole appeared to be the most active drug.
Takashi Sugita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genotyping and antifungal drug susceptibility of the pathogenic yeast Trichosporon Asahii isolated from Thai patients.
Mycopathologia, 2009Co-Authors: Nanthawan Mekha, Reiko Ikeda, Takashi Sugita, Akemi Nishikawa, Rinrapas Autthateinchai, Natteewan Poonwan, Pathom SawanpanyalertAbstract:Trichosporonosis due to Trichosporon Asahii is a life-threatening infection with a very poor prognosis. We analyzed the genotype of intergenic transcribed spacer (IGS) region 1 of the rRNA gene and determined the drug susceptibility of 101 T. Asahii isolates obtained from Thai patients to collect basic information on Trichosporonosis in Thailand. Of the five genotypes in the IGS region identified in this study, types 1 and 3 were predominant in Thailand. The distribution in Thailand differs from that in other countries, suggesting that there is a geographic substructure among T. Asahii clinical isolates. Voriconazole appeared to be the most active drug.
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Quantitative PCR assay used to monitor serum Trichosporon Asahii DNA concentrations in disseminated Trichosporonosis
The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2008Co-Authors: Yoichiro Tsuji, Takashi Sugita, Issei Tokimatsu, Masatoshi Nozaki, Daisuke Kobayashi, Kohsuke Imai, Kazuhiro Kogawa, Shigeaki NonoyamaAbstract:A bone marrow transplant recipient with disseminated Trichosporonosis was successfully treated with voriconazole. Quantitative PCR assay results for Trichosporon Asahii DNA in the sera were well correlated with the patient's clinical course. Based on the in vitro susceptibility test, the organism was susceptible to voriconazole.
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Granuloma associated with Trichosporon Asahii infection in the lung: Unusual pathological findings and PCR detection of Trichosporon DNA.
Medical mycology, 2007Co-Authors: Masamitsu Nakajima, Takashi Sugita, Yoshiki MikamiAbstract:We describe the first case of a Trichosporon Asahii infection of the lung characterized by an epithelioid granuloma with multinucleated giant cells. The patient died of respiratory failure due to lung fibrosis and lung cancer. Autopsy showed primary lung cancer with metastasis, lung fibrosis, and a focal infectious lesion containing the filamentous and yeast forms of a fungus. From its shape the fungus was judged to be Trichosporon, but unusual pathological findings revealed an epithelioid granuloma with multinucleated giant cells surrounding the hyphae and yeast cells. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using the specific Trichosporon spp. monoclonal antibodies and DNA identificationn was done by the PCR. The results showed this case to be a localized Trichosporon Asahii infection. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) due to Trichosporon spp. with its pathological finding of inflammation with granuloma is common, but infections with granulomatous inflammation are extremely rare. This case suggests t...
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Isolation of Trichosporon Asahii from environmental materials
Medical mycology, 2000Co-Authors: Takashi Sugita, Tomoe Ichikawa, Reiko Ikeda, Akemi Nishikawa, Takako ShinodaAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii is the most clinically important pathogenic yeast in the genus Trichosporon, as this species causes both deep-seated infection and summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis. We isolated 29 T. Asahii colonies from environmental samples using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) medium. Our results suggest that T. Asahii is common in nature.
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Identification of Trichosporon Asahii by PCR Based on Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions
Journal of clinical microbiology, 1998Co-Authors: Takashi Sugita, Akemi Nishikawa, Takako ShinodaAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii is a major causative agent of deep-seated Trichosporonosis, which has a high mortality rate. To detect T. Asahii, we have developed specific oligonucleotide primers based on the internal transcribed spacer regions of this organism's genome. Amplification products were selectively obtained from only T. Asahii DNA; the DNAs of other Trichosporon species, as well as those of medically relevant yeasts such as Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Malassezia furfur, were not amplified. This detection system will be useful as a microbiological tool for the diagnosis of Trichosporonosis.
Tomoe Ichikawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hemagglutination ability and hemolytic activity of Trichosporon Asahii.
Medical mycology, 2018Co-Authors: Tomoe Ichikawa, Kota Uchiyama, Yuta Yoshizawa, Yuka Arai, Atsuyo Shimizu, Reiko IkedaAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii is a human fungal pathogen that causes deep-seated infections in immunocompromised patients. While the pathogenic mechanisms of T. Asahii remain unknown, our previous studies indicate that adherent colony morphologies were generated from parent strains, which may contribute to their pathogenicity. In the present study, we analyzed the hemolytic and hemagglutination activities of T. Asahii. We report that T. Asahii cells demonstrate hemagglutination and hemolytic activities, and that cell surface molecules play a role in the hemagglutination activity of adherent strains. These observations suggest that hemagglutination and hemolysis may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of T. Asahii.
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Growth Inhibition of an Opportunistic Yeast Pathogen Trichosporon Asahii by Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2017Co-Authors: Reiko Ikeda, Tomoe Ichikawa, Yuki Ogasawara, Kazuhiko Takatori, Miki Nakajima, Kazuko Harigaya, Miho Watanabe, Erika Okudaira, Hanari Yoshikawa, Kazuki YanagisawaAbstract:In the co-culture of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Trichosporon Asahii, a fungal pathogen, it was observed that live S. epidermidis inhibited the growth of T. Asahii. Soluble active anti-T. Asahii substances were speculated to be produced by S. epidermidis in culture medium. Using 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra and electron ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry (HR-negative-FAB-MS), we separated the active molecule and identified it as lactic acid. Commercially available L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid inhibited the growth of T. Asahii. These results show that metabolites from bacterial populations are involved in the interactions of pathogenic fungi. The use of antibacterial agents to treat primary diseases could lead to the disruption of normal microbial communities and could cause opportunistic infections such as Trichosporonosis.
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Cell surface hydrophobicity and colony morphology of Trichosporon Asahii clinical isolates
Yeast (Chichester England), 2016Co-Authors: Tomoe Ichikawa, Chihiro Hirata, Mizuki Takei, Naoyuki Tagami, Hiromi Murasawa, Reiko IkedaAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii is a pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast. Individual strains of T. Asahii have different colony morphologies. However, it is not clear whether cell surface phenotypes differ among the colony morphologies. Here we characterized the cell surface hydrophobicity and analysed the carbohydrate contents of the cell surface polysaccharides in T. Asahii clinical isolates with various colony morphologies. Among the three distinctive colony morphologies obtained from one clinical isolate, the white-type morphology exhibited higher hydrophobicity. The hydrophobicity of heat-killed T. Asahii cells was greatly reduced after periodate oxidation of the cell surface carbohydrates. Furthermore, the cell wall and extracellular polysaccharide components differed among the morphologies. Our results suggest that T. Asahii cell surface hydrophobicity is affected by cell surface carbohydrate composition. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Switching of colony morphology and adhesion activity of Trichosporon Asahii clinical isolates
Medical mycology, 2015Co-Authors: Tomoe Ichikawa, Nao Yoshiyama, Yuzuha Ohgane, Reiko IkedaAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii is a pathogenic yeast that causes Trichosporonosis, a deep-seated infection, in immunocompromised hosts. Pathogenic factors involved in this infection have not been investigated in detail, but morphological phenotype switching is thought to be important for T. Asahii pathogenesis. Therefore, we analyzed adhesion, which may be a key early step in T. Asahii infection, after morphological phenotype switching. T. Asahii clinical isolates show several colony morphologies. In this study, colonies showing white-farinose (W), off-white-smooth (O), off-white-rugose (OR), smooth (S), and yellowish-white (Y) morphologies were obtained from three isolates and compared in an adhesion assay performed in cell culture dishes. At least one type of colony morphology from each clinical isolate adhered strongly to the culture dish surface, although the colony type that displayed strong adherence varied among the strains. Thus, morphological phenotype switching altered the adhesion of T. Asahii strains.
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Structural studies of a cell wall polysaccharide of Trichosporon Asahii containing antigen II
European journal of biochemistry, 2001Co-Authors: Tomoe Ichikawa, Reiko Ikeda, Akemi Nishikawa, Takako ShinodaAbstract:The structure of a cell-wall polysaccharide containing antigen II from Trichosporon Asahii was investigated. A purified glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) antigen was found to contain O-acetyl groups that contribute to the serological reactivity. The structure of GXM was analyzed by partial acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, controlled Smith degradation, NMR studies, and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. GXM has an alpha-(1-->3)-D-mannan backbone with a beta-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid residue bound to O-2 of a mannopyranosyl residue and the same number of beta-D-xylopyranosyl residues as mannose. Side chains of beta-D-xylopyranosyl-D-xylopyranose, forming a nonreducing terminus, and beta-D-xylopyranosyl residues were attached to O-2, O-4, and O-6 of the mannose residues.
Yong Liao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Rapid and Simple Detection of Trichosporon Asahii by Optimized Colony PCR
Hindawi Limited, 2019Co-Authors: Dequan Zhang, Yong Liao, Zhikuan Xia, Zhuoying Peng, Xin Yang, Rongya YangAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii is the major pathogen causing invasive Trichosporonosis. Conventional methods of its detection are time-consuming or costly and often require complex DNA extraction and purification steps, which hinders rapid clinical diagnosis. In this study, we evaluated colony PCR, which directly uses colonies or trace clinical samples as the template for amplification, for rapid detection of T. Asahii infection. Four methods, namely, direct colony, freeze-thaw, glass beads, and enzymolysis, were compared to select the best DNA extraction strategy. We subsequently designed and screened species-specific primers targeting the intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) of the ribosomal DNA of T. Asahii and used them to detect mock infection clinical samples. The species-specific colony PCR based on glass beads proved advantageous, with short procedure time (154.8 ± 0.6 min), good sensitivity (detection limit, 102 CFU/mL), and specificity for T. Asahii, indicating that this method can be used for the rapid and simple identification of clinical samples of T. Asahii infection
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Differences in expression of Ras1, Rac1 and Rho1 genes between yeast and hyphal phases of Trichosporon Asahii
Chinese Journal of Dermatology, 2017Co-Authors: Shanshan Chen, Yong Liao, Jianfeng Zhou, Ruili Wang, Xuelian LyuAbstract:Objective To investigate differences in the expression of Ras1, Rac1 and Rho1 genes between yeast and hyphal phases of Trichosporon Asahii (T.Asahii) , and to explore their roles in the formation of hyphae. Methods The yeast phase and hyphal phase of T.Asahii were cultured and served as yeast phase group and hyphal phase group respectively. Total RNA was extracted from the 2 groups, and real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) was performed to measure the mRNA expression of Ras1, Rac1 and Rho1. Results The hyphal formation rate was significantly lower in the yeast phase group than in the hyphal phase group (0.40% ± 0.53% vs. 99.33% ± 0.57%, t= 13.93, P < 0.05) . When the mRNA expression of Ras1, Rac1 and Rho1 in the yeast phase group was all set as 1, that in the hyphal phase group was 25.17 ± 10.99, 16.81 ± 7.80, 42.61 ± 18.50, respectively, with significant differences between the two groups in the three parameters (t= 3.81, 3.51, 3.90, respectively, all P < 0.05) . Conclusion Ras1, Rac1 and Rho1 genes may participate in the regulation of hyphal formation in T. Asahii. Key words: Trichosporon; Monomeric GTP-binding proteins; Trichosporon Asahii; Ras1; Rac1; Rho1; Yeast phase; Hyphal phase
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Susceptibilities of biofilm cells of the 15 Trichosporon Asahii isolates against NSAIDs alone and in combination with antifungal agents and the percentage of interpretation effects of each combination (n = 3).
2016Co-Authors: Suteng Yang, Yong Liao, Lin Cong, Rongya YangAbstract:Susceptibilities of biofilm cells of the 15 Trichosporon Asahii isolates against NSAIDs alone and in combination with antifungal agents and the percentage of interpretation effects of each combination (n = 3).
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Susceptibilities of planktonic cells of the 15 Trichosporon Asahii isolates against NSAIDs alone and in combination with antifungal agents and the percentage of interpretation effects of each combination (n = 3).
2016Co-Authors: Suteng Yang, Yong Liao, Lin Cong, Rongya YangAbstract:Susceptibilities of planktonic cells of the 15 Trichosporon Asahii isolates against NSAIDs alone and in combination with antifungal agents and the percentage of interpretation effects of each combination (n = 3).
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Efficacy of Ethanol against Trichosporon Asahii Biofilm in vitro
Medical mycology, 2015Co-Authors: Yong Liao, Suteng Yang, Hui Zhao, Jianfeng Zhou, Rongya YangAbstract:Trichosporon Asahii (T. Asahii) can cause invasive infections, particularly catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs). T. Asahii biofilm, which is resistant to the most common clinical antifungal agents, may play an important role in these life-threatening infections. This study focused on the effects of ethanol on the different phases of T. Asahii biofilm formation. At the concentrations clinically used, ethanol killed T. Asahii planktonic cells (MIC90 = 15% and m-MIC90 = 15%) and biofilm (SMIC90 = 50%), and exposure to 25% ethanol for 12 h or to 50% ethanol for 8 h completely inhibited biofilm development and eradicated mature T. Asahii biofilm. Thus, our results showed that ethanol effectively inhibited the main phases of T. Asahii biofilm formation. This study reveals a new potential strategy to prevent and treat T. Asahii biofilm-related CR-BSIs.
