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Gerd Leuchs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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risk analysis of Trojan Horse attacks on practical quantum key distribution systems
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2015Co-Authors: Nitin Jain, Birgit Stiller, Imran Khan, Vadim Makarov, Christoph Marquardt, Gerd LeuchsAbstract:An eavesdropper Eve may probe a quantum key distribution (QKD) system by sending a bright pulse from the quantum channel into the system and analyzing the back-reflected pulses. Such Trojan-Horse attacks can breach the security of the QKD system, if appropriate safeguards are not installed or if they can be fooled by the Eve. We present a risk analysis of such attacks based on extensive spectral measurements, such as transmittance, reflectivity, and detection sensitivity of some critical components used in a typical QKD systems. Our results indicate the existence of wavelength regimes, where the attacker gains considerable advantage as compared to launching an attack at 1550 nm. We also propose countermeasures to reduce the risk of such attacks.
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Trojan Horse attacks threaten the security of practical quantum cryptography
New Journal of Physics, 2014Co-Authors: Nitin Jain, Imran Khan, Vadim Makarov, Christoph Marquardt, Elena Anisimova, Gerd LeuchsAbstract:A quantum key distribution (QKD) system may be probed by an eavesdropper Eve by sending in bright light from the quantum channel and analyzing the back-reflections. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a setup for mounting such a Trojan-Horse attack. We show it in operation against the quantum cryptosystem Clavis2 from ID Quantique, as a proof-of-principle. With just a few back-reflected photons, Eve discerns Bobʼs (secret) basis choice, and thus the raw key bit in the Scarani–Acin–Ribordy–Gisin 2004 protocol, with higher than 90% probability. This would clearly breach the security of the cryptosystem. Unfortunately, Eveʼs bright pulses have a side effect of causing a high level of afterpulsing in Bobʼs single-photon detectors, resulting in a large quantum bit error rate that effectively protects this system from our attack. However, in a Clavis2-like system equipped with detectors with less-noisy but realistic characteristics, an attack strategy with positive leakage of the key would exist. We confirm this by a numerical simulation. Both the eavesdropping setup and strategy can be generalized to attack most of the current QKD systems, especially if they lack proper safeguards. We also propose countermeasures to prevent such attacks.
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Trojan Horse attacks threaten the security of practical quantum cryptography
arXiv: Quantum Physics, 2014Co-Authors: Nitin Jain, Imran Khan, Vadim Makarov, Christoph Marquardt, Elena Anisimova, Gerd LeuchsAbstract:A quantum key distribution system may be probed by an eavesdropper Eve by sending in bright light from the quantum channel and analyzing the back-reflections. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a setup for mounting such a Trojan-Horse attack. We show it in operation against the quantum cryptosystem Clavis2 from ID~Quantique, as a proof-of-principle. With just a few back-reflected photons, Eve discerns Bob's secret basis choice, and thus the raw key bit in the Scarani-Ac\'in-Ribordy-Gisin 2004 protocol, with higher than 90% probability. This would clearly breach the security of the cryptosystem. Unfortunately in Clavis2 Eve's bright pulses have a side effect of causing high level of afterpulsing in Bob's single-photon detectors, resulting in a high quantum bit error rate that effectively protects this system from our attack. However, in a Clavis2-like system equipped with detectors with less-noisy but realistic characteristics, an attack strategy with positive leakage of the key would exist. We confirm this by a numerical simulation. Both the eavesdropping setup and strategy can be generalized to attack most of the current QKD systems, especially if they lack proper safeguards. We also propose countermeasures to prevent such attacks.
William M Pardridge - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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delivery of biologics across the blood brain barrier with molecular Trojan Horse technology
BioDrugs, 2017Co-Authors: William M PardridgeAbstract:Biologics are potential new therapeutics for many diseases of the central nervous system. Biologics include recombinant lysosomal enzymes, neurotrophins, decoy receptors, and therapeutic antibodies. These are large molecule drugs that do not cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). All classes of biologics have been tested, without success, in clinical trials of brain disease over the last 25 years. In none of these past clinical trials was the biologic re-engineered to enable transport across the BBB. If the biologic does not cross the BBB, the drug cannot reach the target site in brain, and success in a clinical trial is not expected. Biologics can be re-engineered for BBB transport with the use of molecular Trojan Horse technology. A BBB molecular Trojan Horse is a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against an endogenous BBB receptor transporter, such as the insulin receptor or transferrin receptor. The receptor-specific MAb penetrates the brain via transport on the endogenous BBB receptor. The MAb acts as a molecular Trojan Horse to deliver across the BBB the biologic pharmaceutical that is genetically fused to the MAb. The lead Trojan Horse is a MAb against the human insulin receptor (HIR), and HIRMAb-derived fusion proteins have entered clinical trials for the treatment of brain disease.
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blood brain barrier molecular Trojan Horse enables imaging of brain uptake of radioiodinated recombinant protein in the rhesus monkey
Bioconjugate Chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Ruben J Boado, Rachita K Sumbria, Eric Kawai Hui, William M PardridgeAbstract:Recombinant proteins are large molecule drugs that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, BBB-penetration of protein therapeutics is enabled by re-engineering the recombinant protein as IgG fusion proteins. The IgG domain is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against an endogenous BBB receptor-mediated transport system, such as the human insulin receptor (HIR), and acts as a molecular Trojan Horse to ferry the fused protein across the BBB. In the present study, a recombinant lysosomal enzyme, iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS), is fused to the HIRMAb, and BBB penetration of the IDS alone vs the HIRMAb-IDS fusion protein is compared in the Rhesus monkey. Recombinant IDS and the HIRMAb-IDS fusion protein were radiolabeled with indirect iodination with the [125I]-Bolton-Hunter reagent and with direct iodination with Iodogen/[125I]-idodine. IDS and the HIRMAb-IDS fusion protein have comparable plasma pharmacokinetics and uptake by peripheral organs. IDS does not cross the BBB. The HIRMAb-IDS fusion protein cr...
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brain protection from stroke with intravenous tnfα decoy receptor Trojan Horse fusion protein
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2012Co-Authors: Rachita K Sumbria, Ruben J Boado, William M PardridgeAbstract:Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is produced in brain in response to acute cerebral ischemia, and promotes neuronal apoptosis. Biologic TNF inhibitors (TNFIs), such as the etanercept, cannot be developed as new stroke treatments because these large molecule drugs do not cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). A BBB-penetrating biologic TNFI was engineered by fusion of the type II human TNF receptor (TNFR) to each heavy chain of a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR), designated as cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion protein. The cTfRMAb domain of the fusion protein acts as a molecular Trojan Horse to deliver the fused TNFR across the BBB. Etanercept or the cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion protein (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously in adult mice subjected to 1-hour reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion up to 90 minutes after the occlusion. Neuroprotection was assessed at 24 hours or 7 days after occlusion. The cTfRMAb-TNFR fusion protein treatment caused a significant 45%, 48%, 42%, and 54% reduction in hemispheric, cortical, and subcortical stroke volumes, and neural deficit, respectively. Intravenous etanercept had no therapeutic effect. Biologic TNFIs can be reengineered for BBB penetration, and the IgG-TNFR fusion protein is therapeutic after delayed intravenous administration in experimental stroke.
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reversal of lysosomal storage in brain of adult mps i mice with intravenous Trojan Horse iduronidase fusion protein
Molecular Pharmaceutics, 2011Co-Authors: Ruben J Boado, Eric Kawai Hui, Qinghui Zhou, William M PardridgeAbstract:A mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type I, which is null for the lysosomal enzyme, α-l-iduronidase (IDUA), is treated with intravenous, receptor-mediated enzyme replacement therapy of the brain. Murine IDUA, which does not cross the blood–brain barrier, is re-engineered for targeting to the brain as an IgG-enzyme fusion protein. The amino terminus of mature IDUA is fused to the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain of a chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the murine transferrin receptor (TfR), and this fusion protein is designated cTfRMAb-IDUA. The cTfRMAb part of the fusion protein acts as a molecular Trojan Horse to ferry the fused IDUA across the BBB and neuronal cell membrane via transport on the TfR. The IDUA enzyme activity of the fusion protein, 776 ± 79 units/μg protein, is comparable to recombinant IDUA. MPSI null mice, 6–8 months of age, were treated iv twice a week for 8 weeks with either saline or 1 mg/kg cTfRMAb-IDUA. The glycosoaminoglycan levels in liver, spleen, heart, and ...
R G Pizzone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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nuclear astrophysics and the Trojan Horse method
European Physical Journal A, 2016Co-Authors: C Spitaleri, L Lamia, M La Cognata, A M Mukhamedzhanov, R G PizzoneAbstract:In this review, we discuss the new recent results of the Trojan Horse Method that is used to determine reaction rates for nuclear processes in several astrophysical scenarios. The theory behind this technique is shortly presented. This is followed by an overview of some new experiments that have been carried out using this indirect approach.
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measurement of the 10 kev resonance in theb10 p α0 be7reaction via the Trojan Horse method
Physical Review C, 2014Co-Authors: C Spitaleri, L Lamia, R G Pizzone, M La Cognata, S M R Puglia, S Romano, V Crucilla, G G Rapisarda, M L Sergi, Gimenez M Del SantoAbstract:The $^{10}\mathrm{B}(p,{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0})^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ bare nucleus astrophysical $S(E)$ factor has been measured for the first time at energies from about 100 keV down to about 5 keV by means of the Trojan Horse method (THM). In this energy region, the $S(E)$ factor is strongly dominated by the 8.699 MeV $^{11}\mathrm{C}$ level (${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$), producing an $s$-wave resonance centered at about 10 keV in the entrance channel. Up to now, only the high--energy tail of this resonance has been measured, while the low-energy trend is extrapolated from the available direct data. The THM has been applied to the quasifree $^{2}\mathrm{H}(^{10}\mathrm{B},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$)n reaction induced at a boron-beam energy of 24.5 MeV. An accurate analysis leads to the determination of the $^{10}\mathrm{B}(p,{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0})^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ $S(E)$ factor and of the corresponding electron screening potential ${U}_{e}$, thus giving for the first time an independent evaluation of it.
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big bang nucleosynthesis revisited via Trojan Horse method measurements
The Astrophysical Journal, 2014Co-Authors: R G Pizzone, L Lamia, C Spitaleri, R Sparta, C A Bertulani, M La Cognata, J Lalmansingh, A M Mukhamedzhanov, A TuminoAbstract:Nuclear reaction rates are among the most important input for understanding the primordial nucleosynthesis and therefore for a quantitative description of the early Universe. An up-to-date compilation of direct cross sections of 2 H(d,p) 3 H, 2 H(d,n) 3 He, 7 Li(p, ) 4 He and 3 He(d,p) 4 He reactions is given. These are among the most uncertain cross sections used and input for Big Bang nucleosynthesis calculations. Their measurements through the Trojan Horse Method (THM) are also reviewed and compared with direct data. The reaction rates and the corresponding recommended errors in this work were used as input for primordial nucleosynthesis calculations to evaluate their impact on the 2 H, 3;4 He and 7 Li primordial abundances, which are then compared
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big bang nucleosynthesis revisited via Trojan Horse method measurements
arXiv: Nuclear Experiment, 2014Co-Authors: R G Pizzone, L Lamia, C Spitaleri, R Sparta, C A Bertulani, M La Cognata, J Lalmansingh, A M Mukhamedzhanov, A TuminoAbstract:Nuclear reaction rates are among the most important input for understanding the primordial nucleosynthesis and therefore for a quantitative description of the early Universe. An up-to-date compilation of direct cross sections of 2H(d,p)3H, 2H(d,n)3He, 7Li(p,alpha)4He and 3He(d,p)4He reactions is given. These are among the most uncertain cross sections used and input for Big Bang nucleosynthesis calculations. Their measurements through the Trojan Horse Method (THM) are also reviewed and compared with direct data. The reaction rates and the corresponding recommended errors in this work were used as input for primordial nucleosynthesis calculations to evaluate their impact on the 2H, 3,4He and 7Li primordial abundances, which are then compared with observations.
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an updated 6li p α 3he reaction rate at astrophysical energies with the Trojan Horse method
The Astrophysical Journal, 2013Co-Authors: L Lamia, C Spitaleri, R G Pizzone, M La Cognata, A Tumino, E Tognelli, S Deglinnocenti, P Prada G Moroni, L L Pappalardo, M L SergiAbstract:The lithium problem influencing primordial and stellar nucleosynthesis is one of the most interesting unsolved issues in astrophysics. 6Li is the most fragile of lithium's stable isotopes and is largely destroyed in most stars during the pre-main-sequence (PMS) phase. For these stars, the convective envelope easily reaches, at least at its bottom, the relatively low 6Li ignition temperature. Thus, gaining an understanding of 6Li depletion also gives hints about the extent of convective regions. For this reason, charged-particle-induced reactions in lithium have been the subject of several studies. Low-energy extrapolations of these studies provide information about both the zero-energy astrophysical S(E) factor and the electron screening potential, Ue . Thanks to recent direct measurements, new estimates of the 6Li(p, ?)3He bare-nucleus S(E) factor and the corresponding Ue value have been obtained by applying the Trojan Horse method to the 2H(6Li, ? 3He)n reaction in quasi-free kinematics. The calculated reaction rate covers the temperature window 0.01 to 2T 9 and its impact on the surface lithium depletion in PMS models with different masses and metallicities has been evaluated in detail by adopting an updated version of the FRANEC evolutionary code.
A Tumino - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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big bang nucleosynthesis revisited via Trojan Horse method measurements
The Astrophysical Journal, 2014Co-Authors: R G Pizzone, L Lamia, C Spitaleri, R Sparta, C A Bertulani, M La Cognata, J Lalmansingh, A M Mukhamedzhanov, A TuminoAbstract:Nuclear reaction rates are among the most important input for understanding the primordial nucleosynthesis and therefore for a quantitative description of the early Universe. An up-to-date compilation of direct cross sections of 2 H(d,p) 3 H, 2 H(d,n) 3 He, 7 Li(p, ) 4 He and 3 He(d,p) 4 He reactions is given. These are among the most uncertain cross sections used and input for Big Bang nucleosynthesis calculations. Their measurements through the Trojan Horse Method (THM) are also reviewed and compared with direct data. The reaction rates and the corresponding recommended errors in this work were used as input for primordial nucleosynthesis calculations to evaluate their impact on the 2 H, 3;4 He and 7 Li primordial abundances, which are then compared
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big bang nucleosynthesis revisited via Trojan Horse method measurements
arXiv: Nuclear Experiment, 2014Co-Authors: R G Pizzone, L Lamia, C Spitaleri, R Sparta, C A Bertulani, M La Cognata, J Lalmansingh, A M Mukhamedzhanov, A TuminoAbstract:Nuclear reaction rates are among the most important input for understanding the primordial nucleosynthesis and therefore for a quantitative description of the early Universe. An up-to-date compilation of direct cross sections of 2H(d,p)3H, 2H(d,n)3He, 7Li(p,alpha)4He and 3He(d,p)4He reactions is given. These are among the most uncertain cross sections used and input for Big Bang nucleosynthesis calculations. Their measurements through the Trojan Horse Method (THM) are also reviewed and compared with direct data. The reaction rates and the corresponding recommended errors in this work were used as input for primordial nucleosynthesis calculations to evaluate their impact on the 2H, 3,4He and 7Li primordial abundances, which are then compared with observations.
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an updated 6li p α 3he reaction rate at astrophysical energies with the Trojan Horse method
The Astrophysical Journal, 2013Co-Authors: L Lamia, C Spitaleri, R G Pizzone, M La Cognata, A Tumino, E Tognelli, S Deglinnocenti, P Prada G Moroni, L L Pappalardo, M L SergiAbstract:The lithium problem influencing primordial and stellar nucleosynthesis is one of the most interesting unsolved issues in astrophysics. 6Li is the most fragile of lithium's stable isotopes and is largely destroyed in most stars during the pre-main-sequence (PMS) phase. For these stars, the convective envelope easily reaches, at least at its bottom, the relatively low 6Li ignition temperature. Thus, gaining an understanding of 6Li depletion also gives hints about the extent of convective regions. For this reason, charged-particle-induced reactions in lithium have been the subject of several studies. Low-energy extrapolations of these studies provide information about both the zero-energy astrophysical S(E) factor and the electron screening potential, Ue . Thanks to recent direct measurements, new estimates of the 6Li(p, ?)3He bare-nucleus S(E) factor and the corresponding Ue value have been obtained by applying the Trojan Horse method to the 2H(6Li, ? 3He)n reaction in quasi-free kinematics. The calculated reaction rate covers the temperature window 0.01 to 2T 9 and its impact on the surface lithium depletion in PMS models with different masses and metallicities has been evaluated in detail by adopting an updated version of the FRANEC evolutionary code.
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an updated 6 li p α 3 he reaction rate at astrophysical energies with the Trojan Horse method
The Astrophysical Journal, 2013Co-Authors: L Lamia, C Spitaleri, R G Pizzone, M La Cognata, A Tumino, E Tognelli, S Deglinnocenti, P Prada G Moroni, L L Pappalardo, M L SergiAbstract:The lithium problem influencing primordial and stellar nucleosynthesis is one of the most interesting unsolved issues in astrophysics. 6Li is the most fragile of lithium's stable isotopes and is largely destroyed in most stars during the pre-main-sequence (PMS) phase. For these stars, the convective envelope easily reaches, at least at its bottom, the relatively low 6Li ignition temperature. Thus, gaining an understanding of 6Li depletion also gives hints about the extent of convective regions. For this reason, charged-particle-induced reactions in lithium have been the subject of several studies. Low-energy extrapolations of these studies provide information about both the zero-energy astrophysical S(E) factor and the electron screening potential, Ue . Thanks to recent direct measurements, new estimates of the 6Li(p, ?)3He bare-nucleus S(E) factor and the corresponding Ue value have been obtained by applying the Trojan Horse method to the 2H(6Li, ? 3He)n reaction in quasi-free kinematics. The calculated reaction rate covers the temperature window 0.01 to 2T 9 and its impact on the surface lithium depletion in PMS models with different masses and metallicities has been evaluated in detail by adopting an updated version of the FRANEC evolutionary code.
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the Trojan Horse method in nuclear astrophysics
Physics of Atomic Nuclei, 2011Co-Authors: C Spitaleri, R G Pizzone, M La Cognata, A M Mukhamedzhanov, L D Blokhintsev, A TuminoAbstract:The study of energy production and nucleosynthesis in stars requires an increasingly precise knowledge of the nuclear reaction rates at the energies of interest. To overcome the experimental difficulties arising from the small cross sections at those energies and from the presence of the electron screening, the Trojan Horse Method has been introduced. The method provides a valid alternative path to measure unscreened low-energy cross sections of reactions between charged particles, and to retrieve information on the electron screening potential when ultra-low energy direct measurements are available.
C Spitaleri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the 3 3 he 5 5 he rightarrow alpha α alpha α reaction below the coulomb barrier via the Trojan Horse method
European Physical Journal A, 2021Co-Authors: C Spitaleri, C A Bertulani, A M Mukhamedzhanov, Stefan Typel, Toshitaka Kajino, M Lattuada, A Cvetinovic, S Messina, G L GuardoAbstract:For the first time in an application to nuclear astrophysics, a process induced by the unstable $$^5$$ He = ( $$^4$$ He-n) nucleus, the $$^3$$ He+ $$^5$$ He $$\rightarrow $$ 2 $$\alpha $$ reaction, has been studied through the Trojan Horse Method (THM). For that purpose, the quasi-free (QF) contribution of the $$^9$$ Be( $$^3$$ He, $$\alpha \alpha $$ ) $$^4$$ He reaction was selected at $$E_{^{3}\text{ He }}=4$$ MeV incident energy. The reaction was studied in a kinematically complete experiment following a recent publication (Spitaleri et al. in Eur Phys J A 56:18, 2020), where for the quasi free contribution the momentum distribution between $$\alpha $$ and $$^5$$ He particle cluster in the $$^9$$ Be nucleus in the ground state have been extracted. The angular distribution of the QF $$^3$$ He+ $$^5$$ He $$\rightarrow $$ 2 $$\alpha $$ reaction was measured at $$\theta _{cm}$$ = 78 $$^{\circ }$$ –115 $$^{\circ }$$ . The energy dependence of the differential cross section of the $$^3$$ He+ $$^5$$ He $$ \rightarrow $$ 2 $$\alpha $$ virtual reaction was extracted in the energy range $$E_{cm}$$ = 0–650 keV. The total cross section obtained from the Trojan-Horse method was normalized to absolute cross sections from a theoretical calculation in the energy range $$E_{cm}$$ =300–620 keV.
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assessing the near threshold cross section of the o 17 n α c 14 reaction by means of the Trojan Horse method
Physical Review C, 2017Co-Authors: G L Guardo, L Lamia, C Spitaleri, M Gulino, M La Cognata, X D Tang, R J Deboer, X Fang, V Z Goldberg, J MrazekAbstract:The study of the $^{17}\mathrm{O}(n,\ensuremath{\alpha})^{14}\mathrm{C}$ reaction has been performed by means of the Trojan Horse method (THM) applied to the quasifree $^{2}\mathrm{H}(^{17}\mathrm{O},\ensuremath{\alpha}^{14}\mathrm{C})^{1}\mathrm{H}$ reaction induced at a beam energy of 43.5 MeV. The THM allowed us to study the 8121-keV $^{18}\mathrm{O}^{*}$ resonant level, for which the previous THM investigation pointed out the ability of the method to overcome the centrifugal barrier suppression effects in the entrance channel. Here, in view of the developments of the method for resonant reactions, the detailed analysis of the performed experiment will be discussed, focusing on the extraction of the 8121-keV resonance strength for which no information is present in scientific literature. Moreover, the experimental results clearly show the excitation of the subthreshold level centered at $\ensuremath{-}6$ keV in the center-of-mass system, which is fundamental to determine the $^{17}\mathrm{O}(n,\ensuremath{\alpha})^{14}\mathrm{C}$ reaction rate of astrophysical interest. Finally, a new recommended reaction rate is presented for future astrophysical application.
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nuclear astrophysics and the Trojan Horse method
European Physical Journal A, 2016Co-Authors: C Spitaleri, L Lamia, M La Cognata, A M Mukhamedzhanov, R G PizzoneAbstract:In this review, we discuss the new recent results of the Trojan Horse Method that is used to determine reaction rates for nuclear processes in several astrophysical scenarios. The theory behind this technique is shortly presented. This is followed by an overview of some new experiments that have been carried out using this indirect approach.
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measurement of the 10 kev resonance in theb10 p α0 be7reaction via the Trojan Horse method
Physical Review C, 2014Co-Authors: C Spitaleri, L Lamia, R G Pizzone, M La Cognata, S M R Puglia, S Romano, V Crucilla, G G Rapisarda, M L Sergi, Gimenez M Del SantoAbstract:The $^{10}\mathrm{B}(p,{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0})^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ bare nucleus astrophysical $S(E)$ factor has been measured for the first time at energies from about 100 keV down to about 5 keV by means of the Trojan Horse method (THM). In this energy region, the $S(E)$ factor is strongly dominated by the 8.699 MeV $^{11}\mathrm{C}$ level (${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$), producing an $s$-wave resonance centered at about 10 keV in the entrance channel. Up to now, only the high--energy tail of this resonance has been measured, while the low-energy trend is extrapolated from the available direct data. The THM has been applied to the quasifree $^{2}\mathrm{H}(^{10}\mathrm{B},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}$ $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$)n reaction induced at a boron-beam energy of 24.5 MeV. An accurate analysis leads to the determination of the $^{10}\mathrm{B}(p,{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0})^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ $S(E)$ factor and of the corresponding electron screening potential ${U}_{e}$, thus giving for the first time an independent evaluation of it.
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big bang nucleosynthesis revisited via Trojan Horse method measurements
The Astrophysical Journal, 2014Co-Authors: R G Pizzone, L Lamia, C Spitaleri, R Sparta, C A Bertulani, M La Cognata, J Lalmansingh, A M Mukhamedzhanov, A TuminoAbstract:Nuclear reaction rates are among the most important input for understanding the primordial nucleosynthesis and therefore for a quantitative description of the early Universe. An up-to-date compilation of direct cross sections of 2 H(d,p) 3 H, 2 H(d,n) 3 He, 7 Li(p, ) 4 He and 3 He(d,p) 4 He reactions is given. These are among the most uncertain cross sections used and input for Big Bang nucleosynthesis calculations. Their measurements through the Trojan Horse Method (THM) are also reviewed and compared with direct data. The reaction rates and the corresponding recommended errors in this work were used as input for primordial nucleosynthesis calculations to evaluate their impact on the 2 H, 3;4 He and 7 Li primordial abundances, which are then compared