Trypanosoma Equiperdum

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De-hua Lai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Theo Baltz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • how does Trypanosoma Equiperdum fit into the trypanozoon group a cluster analysis by rapd and multiplex endonuclease genotyping approach
    Parasitology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Filip Claes, Theo Baltz, Bruno Goddeeris, Edwin Chukwura Agbo, Magdalena Radwanska, M Te F W Pas, D T De Waal, Eric Claassen, P Büscher
    Abstract:

    The pathogenic trypanosomes Trypanosoma Equiperdum, T. evansi as well as T. brucei are morphologically identical. In horses, these parasites are considered to cause respectively dourine, surra and nagana. Previous molecular attempts to differentiate these species were not successful for T. evansi and T. Equiperdum; only T. b. brucei could be differentiated to a certain extent. In this study we analysed 10 T. Equiperdum, 8 T. evansi and 4 T. b. brucei using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and multiplex-endonuclease fingerprinting, a modified AFLP technique. The results obtained confirm the homogeneity of the T. evansi group tested. The T. b. brucei clustered out in a heterogenous group. For T. Equiperdum the situation is more complex: 8 out of 10 T. Equiperdum clustered together with the T. evansi group, while 2 T. Equiperdum strains were more related to T. b. brucei. Hence, 2 hypotheses can be formulated: (1) only 2 T. Equiperdum strains are genuine T. Equiperdum causing dourine; all other T. Equiperdum strains actually are T. evansi causing surra or (2) T. Equiperdum does not exist at all. In that case, the different clinical outcome of horse infections with T. evansi or T. b. brucei is primarily related to the host immune response.

  • A diamidine-resistant Trypanosoma Equiperdum clone contains a P2 purine transporter with reduced substrate affinity.
    Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 1995
    Co-Authors: Michael P. Barrett, Christiane Giroud, Zheng Qing Zhang, Hubert Denise, Theo Baltz
    Abstract:

    Abstract Following the demonstration that the transport of melaminophenyl arsenical drugs in Trypanosoma brucei is dependent upon an unusual adenosine nucleoside transporter (Carter and Fairlamb, Nature 361 (1993) 173–175) we have investigated adenosine transport in the related parasite Trypanosoma Equiperdum (Botat1.1) and a cloned derivative resistant to the diamidine drug berenil (diminazene aceturate) with limited cross-resistance to the melaminophenyl arsenical cymelarsen. The parental strain possesses a bipartite adenosine transport system consisting of one component which is inhibited in a dose-dependent and saturable manner with increasing concentrations of inosine and a second component which is similarly inhibited by adenine. Uptake of adenosine on this second transporter is also inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by berenil and cymelarsen. Both transporters have high affinity for adenosine (apparent K m values of 0.60 and 0.70 mM and V max values of 8.4 and 6.9 pmol (s (10 8 trypanosomes)) −1 at 25°C, respectively). Thus T. Equiperdum shares with T. brucei a system comprising two adenosine transporters named P1 and P2, respectively. The P1 transporter is similar in the sensitive and resistant T. Equiperdum clones, whereas the P2 transporter has reduced transport capacity at physiological adenosine concentration and decreased affinity for adenosine in the drug-resistant clone.

  • Identification of Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma Equiperdum and Trypanosoma brucei brucei using repetitive DNA probes.
    Veterinary Parasitology, 1994
    Co-Authors: Z.q. Zhang, Theo Baltz
    Abstract:

    The phylogenetic relatedness of 15 stocks of Trypanosoma evansi, three stocks of Trypanosoma Equiperdum and one stock of Trypanosoma brucei brucei was determined using Southern blot analysis of restriction enzyme digested DNA, probed with two repetitive DNA sequences from T. b. brucei. A dendrogram derived by cluster analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) revealed three groups of related stocks. Group 1 included 14 stocks of T. evansi and one stock of T. Equiperdum. Group 2 included two stocks of T. Equiperdum and one stock of T. evansi. Group 3 included the one stock of T. brucei brucei. Group 2 is more closely related to Group 3 than Group 1, by analysis of the banding patterns. Further analysis of the T. evansi in Group 1 revealed that the patterns of isolates from different provinces in China were identical, but differed from T. evansi isolated from Africa, South America and the Philippines. These results provide insight into the origins of T. evansi and suggest that RFLP may be a useful means of distinguishing closely related trypanosomes.

  • Characterization of a benzyl-phenoxy-ethanamine binding protein in Trypanosoma Equiperdum and the possible relation between binding affinity and trypanocidal activity.
    Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Didier Betbeder, Theo Baltz, Jean-jacques Perie, Marc Poirot, Jean-charles Faye
    Abstract:

    A new family of benzyl-phenoxy-ethanamine derivatives has been assayed for trypanocidal activity. Using tritiated morpholino-benzyl-phenoxy-ethanamine as a probe, it is shown that this ligand is able to bind specifically to a protein contained in extracts of Trypanosoma Equiperdum. The binding is saturable and of high affinity (KD = 4 nM: Bmax = 200 fmol (mg protein)-1). The in vitro activities of the investigated compounds against this parasite correlate with their affinities to the putative binding site. Moreover, using an azido functionalized morpholino-benzyl-phenoxyethanamine as photoprobe a major M(r) = 40,000 protein was specifically revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This molecular weight corresponds with the previously observed value determined for the antioestrogen binding site protein of rat liver which has been shown to specifically bind antioestrogens of the triphenylethylene family and phenoxyethanamine derivatives.

  • Antigenic variation in Trypanosoma Equiperdum.
    Research in microbiology, 1991
    Co-Authors: Charles Roth, Catherine Jacquemot, Frédéric Bringaud, Christiane Giroud, H. Eisen, Theo Baltz
    Abstract:

    Trypanosoma Equiperdum is an African trypanosome that causes dourine in horses. Like the other African trypanosomes, T. Equiperdum escapes elimination by the immune system of its host by using an elaborate system of antigenic variant. The trypanosomes are covered by a coat consisting of a single protein called the variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) that acts as the major trypanosome immunogen. As the host responds to one VSG, trypanosomes covered with another VSG become dominant. There is a loose order of appearance of these VSG during the infection. The factors that affect the timing of VSG expression and the effective size of the VSG repertoire in T. Equiperdum are reviewed. The VSG genes are generally activated by a process of duplicative transposition involving the duplication of a silent VSG gene and inserting a copy of the gene into an expression site. The order of VSG expression is related to the amount of homology between the silent gene and the expression site. The genes expressed late in infection lack extensive homology with the expression site and depend on homology with the gene in the expression site. The genes coding for VSG expressed late in infection are hybrid genes because of this mode of transfer. This transfer mechanism allows the trypanosome to create complex VSG genes from parts of several different silent genes that are each pseudogenes. Additionally, data are presented showing that only a limited portion of the VSG is actually seen by the host immune system. These factors indicate that the effective VSG repertoire is greater than the number of VSG genes in the trypanosome genome.

José Bubis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Dominant IgM synthesis against the soluble form of the prevailing variant surface glycoprotein from TeAp-N/D1 Trypanosoma Equiperdum throughout the experimental acute infections of horses with non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon parasites.
    Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry, 2020
    Co-Authors: Graciela L. Uzcanga, José Bubis
    Abstract:

    Two horses were infected with distinct non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon Venezuelan stocks, namely TeAp-N/D1 Trypanosoma Equiperdum and TeAp-El Frio01 Trypanosoma evansi. Preceding reports have re...

  • Glucose deprivation activates a cAMP-independent protein kinase from Trypanosoma Equiperdum
    Parasitology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Alberto Guevara, Alejandro J. Montilla, Maritza Calabokis, Cristina Lugo, Nelson A. Araujo, José Bubis
    Abstract:

    Kemptide (sequence: LRRASLG) is a synthetic peptide holding the consensus recognition site for the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). cAMP-independent protein kinases that phosphorylate kemptide were stimulated in Trypanosoma Equiperdum following glucose deprivation. An enriched kemptide kinase-containing fraction was isolated from glucose-starved parasites using sedimentation throughout a sucrose gradient, followed by sequential chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-300. The trypanosome protein possesses a molecular mass of 39.07-51.73 kDa, a Stokes radius of 27.4 Ǻ, a sedimentation coefficient of 4.06 S and a globular shape with a frictional ratio f/fo = 1.22-1.25. Optimal enzymatic activity was achieved at 37 °C and pH 8.0, and kinetic studies showed Km values for ATP and kemptide of 11.8 ± 4.1 and 24.7 ± 3.8 µm, respectively. The parasite enzyme uses ATP and Mg2+ and was inhibited by other nucleotides and/or analogues of ATP, such as cAMP, AMP, ADP, GMP, GDP, GTP, CTP, β,γ-imidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate and 5'-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl] adenosine, and by other divalent cations, such as Zn2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Ca2+ and Fe2+. Additionally, the trypanosome kinase was inhibited by the PKA-specific heat-stable peptide inhibitor PKI-α. This study is the first biochemical and enzymatic characterization of a protein kinase from T. Equiperdum.

  • High immunological response against a Trypanosoma Equiperdum protein that exhibits homology with the regulatory subunits of mammalian cAMP-dependent protein kinases.
    Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry, 2018
    Co-Authors: Emiliana Mendoza, José Bubis, Yenis Pérez-rojas, Alejandro J. Montilla, Lilian M. Spencer, Floritza Bustamante, Juan C. Martínez
    Abstract:

    Previously, we have identified a protein in Trypanosoma Equiperdum that possesses homology with the regulatory (R) subunits of the mammalian cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). The recombinant T. ...

  • Interaction of tubulin and protein kinase CK2 in Trypanosoma Equiperdum.
    Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C Journal of biosciences, 2017
    Co-Authors: Beatriz E. Boscán, Graciela L. Uzcanga, Maritza Calabokis, Rocío Camargo, Frank Aponte, José Bubis
    Abstract:

    A polypeptide band with an apparent molecular weight of 55,000 was phosphorylated in vitro in whole-cell lysates of Trypanosoma Equiperdum. This band corresponds to tubulin as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of the phosphorylated polypeptide from T. Equiperdum extracts when anti-α and anti-β tubulin monoclonal antibodies were employed. A parasite protein kinase CK2 was in charge of modifying tubulin given that common mammalian CK2 inhibitors such as emodin and GTP, hindered the phosphorylation of tubulin and exogenously added casein. Interestingly, a divalent cation-dependent translocation of the T. Equiperdum tubulin and the CK2 responsible for its phosphorylation was noticed, suggesting a direct interaction between these two proteins. Additionally, this fraction of tubulin and its kinase coeluted using separations based on parameters as different as charge (DEAE-Sepharose anion-exchange chromatography) and size (Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration chromatography). Analyses by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot of the purified and radioactively labeled fraction containing both tubulin and the CK2 enzyme, established the phosphorylation of a single band that was recognized by anti-CK2 α-subunit and anti-tubulin antibodies. All these findings revealed a physical association between a pool of tubulin and a CK2 in T. Equiperdum.

  • Identification of potential protein partners that bind to the variant surface glycoprotein in Trypanosoma Equiperdum.
    Parasitology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Liomary M. Carrasquel, José L. Escalona, Alvaro Acosta-serrano, Yurong Guo, José Bubis
    Abstract:

    Trypanosoma Equiperdum possesses a dense coat of a variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) that is used to evade the host immune response by a process known as antigenic variation. Soluble and membrane forms of the predominant VSG from the Venezuelan T. Equiperdum TeAp-N/D1 strain (sVSG and mVSG, respectively) were purified to homogeneity; and antibodies against sVSG and mVSG were raised, isolated, and employed to produce anti-idiotypic antibodies that structurally mimic the VSG surface. Prospective VSG-binding partners were initially detected by far-Western blots, and then by immunoblots using the generated anti-idiotypic antibodies. Polypeptides of ~80 and 55 kDa were isolated when anti-idiotypic antibodies-Sepharose affinity matrixes were used as baits. Mass spectrometry sequencing yielded hits with various proteins from Trypanosoma brucei such as heat-shock protein 70, tryparedoxin peroxidase, VSG variants, expression site associated gene product 6, and two hypothetical proteins. In addition, a possible interaction with a protein homologous to the glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein from Trypanosoma congolense was also found. These results indicate that the corresponding orthologous gene products are candidates for VSG-interacting proteins in T. Equiperdum.

Zhao-rong Lun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Further evidence from SSCP and ITS DNA sequencing support Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma Equiperdum as subspecies or even strains of Trypanosoma brucei
    Infection Genetics and Evolution, 2016
    Co-Authors: Yan-zi Wen, Zhao-rong Lun, Xing-quan Zhu, Geoff Hide, De-hua Lai
    Abstract:

    The subgenus Trypanozoon includes three species Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma Equiperdum, which are morphologically identical and indistinguishable even using some molecular methods. In this study, PCR-based single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) was used to analyze the ribosomal DNA of the Trypanozoon species. Data indicate different patterns of ITS2 fragments between T. brucei, T. evansi and T. Equiperdum by SSCP. Furthermore, analysis of total ITS sequences within these three members of the subgenus Trypanozoon showed a high degree of homology using phylogenetic analysis but were polyphyletic in haplotype networks. These data provide novel nuclear evidence to further support the notion that T. evansi and T. Equiperdum should be subspecies or even strains of T. brucei.

  • Doubts about Trypanosoma Equiperdum strains classed as Trypanosoma brucei or Trypanosoma evansi.
    Trends in Parasitology, 2006
    Co-Authors: De-hua Lai, Julius Lukeš, Xiao-guang Chen, Zhao-rong Lun
    Abstract:

    We read with great interest the suggestion by Claes et al. [1] that some Trypanosoma Equiperdum strains are, in fact, Trypanosoma brucei and that the remaining strains are Trypanosoma evansi. However, in our opinion, the classification of the T. Equiperdum Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (OVI) and Bordeaux Trypanosoma antigen type (BoTat) 1.1 strains as T. brucei, and the other T. Equiperdum strains as T. evansi is premature.

  • Kinetoplast DNA and molecular karyotypes of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma Equiperdum from China.
    Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 1992
    Co-Authors: Zhao-rong Lun, Reto Brun, Wendy Gibson
    Abstract:

    We compared 12 stocks of Trypanosoma evansi and 1 recently isolated stock of Trypanosoma Equiperdum from different regions of China by analysis of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), nuclear DNA and molecular karyotypes. The T. Equiperdum stock was remarkably similar to the T. evansi stocks, except for the possession of kDNA maxi-circles, suggesting a very close evolutionary relationship between T. evansi and T. Equiperdum. The maxi-circles of the Chinese T. Equiperdum stock were approximately 14.3 kb in size, i.e., about half the size of those of Trypanosoma brucei. This stock is thus similar to an old laboratory stock of T. Equiperdum, which also has maxi-circles with a sizeable deletion. Both T. Equiperdum and T. evansi kDNA mini-circles hybridised with a T. evansi-specific mini-circle fragment isolated from a Kenyan T. evansi stock. Our results extend the generality that T. evansi and T. Equiperdum mini-circles are microheterogeneous rather than homogeneous. Molecular karyotypes obtained by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis provided a more sensitive way of distinguishing the T. evansi stocks than isoenzymes or restriction fragment length polymorphisms in kDNA mini-circles, genes for ribosomal RNAs and variant surface glycoproteins. Our results fit the general idea that T. evansi stocks worldwide have a single origin.

Laurent Hébert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Melarsomine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan®) fails to cure horses with Trypanosoma Equiperdum OVI parasites in their cerebrospinal fluid.
    Veterinary parasitology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Laurent Hébert, Anthony Madeline, Philippe Büscher, Claire Laugier, Julien Cauchard, Edouard Guitton, Tristan Géraud, Stéphan Zientara, Aymeric Hans, Sandrine Petry
    Abstract:

    Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of melarsomine hydrochloride (Cymelarsan®) to cure horses suffering from a nervous form of dourine, a sexually-transmitted disease caused by Trypanosoma Equiperdum. The recently described experimental model for assessing drug efficacy against horse trypanosomosis allowed us to obtain eight horses (Welsh pony mares) infected by T. Equiperdum with parasites in their cerebrospinal fluid. The Cymelarsan® treatment evaluated consisted of the daily administration of 0.5 mg/kg of Cymelarsan® over 7 days. Two control horses remained untreated, three horses received the treatment 36 days p.i. and three horses received the treatment 16 days p.i. Following treatment, we observed parasite clearance in blood, stabilization of rectal temperature and a relative improvement in the mean packed cell volume levels for all treated horses. However, live parasites were later observed again in the CSF of all treated horses. Our results indicate the inability of Cymelarsan® to reach Trypanozoon located in the central nervous system of infected horses and thus discourage the use of Cymelarsan® to treat animals suffering from a nervous form of dourine.

  • Validation of a new experimental model for assessing drug efficacy against infection with Trypanosoma Equiperdum in horses.
    Veterinary parasitology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Laurent Hébert, Anthony Madeline, Latifa Lakhdar, Edouard Guitton, Tristan Géraud, David Carnicer, Pierre-hugues Pitel, Margaux Coste, Eve Laloy, Aude Giraudet
    Abstract:

    Abstract Trypanosoma Equiperdum, the causative agent of dourine, may affect the central nervous system, leading to neurological signs in infected horses. This location protects the parasite from most (if not all) existing chemotherapies. In this context, the OIE terrestrial code considers dourine as a non-treatable disease and imposes a stamping-out policy for affected animals before a country may achieve its dourine-free status. The use of practices as drastic as euthanasia remains controversial, but the lack of a suitable tool for studying a treatment’s efficacy against dourine hampers the development of an alternative strategy for dourine infection management. The present study reports on the development of an experimental infection model for assessing drug efficacy against the nervous form of dourine. The model combines the infection of horses by Trypanosoma Equiperdum and the search for trypanosomes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through an ultrasound-guided cervical sampling protocol. After a development phase involving four horses, we established an infection model that consists of inoculating 5 × 104 T. Equiperdum OVI parasites intravenously into adult Welsh mares (Equus caballus). To evaluate its efficacy, eight horses were infected according to this model. In all these animals, parasites were observed in the blood at 2 days post-inoculation (p.i.) and in CSF (12.5 ± 1.6 days p.i.) and seroconversion was detected (8.25 ± 0.5 days p.i.). All eight animals also developed fever (rectal temperature > 39 °C), low hematocrit ( This model provides a robust infection protocol that induces an acute trypanosome infection and that allows parasites to be detected in the CSF of infected horses within a period of time compatible with animal experimentation constraints. We conclude that this model constitutes a suitable tool for analyzing the efficacy of anti-Trypanosoma drugs and vaccines.

  • Validation of a new experimental model for assessing drug efficacy against infection with Trypanosoma Equiperdum in horses
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Laurent Hébert, Anthony Madeline, Latifa Lakhdar, Edouard Guitton, Tristan Géraud, David Carnicer, Pierre-hugues Pitel, Margaux Coste, Eve Laloy, Aude Giraudet
    Abstract:

    Trypanosoma Equiperdum, the causative agent of dourine, may affect the central nervous system, leading to neurological signs in infected horses. This location protects the parasite from most (if not all) existing chemotherapies. In this context, the OIE terrestrial code considers dourine as a non-treatable disease and imposes a stamping-out policy for affected animals before a country may achieve its dourine-free status. The use of practices as drastic as euthanasia remains controversial, but the lack of a suitable tool for studying a treatment's efficacy against dourine hampers the development of an alternative strategy for dourine infection management. The present study reports on the development of an experimental infection model for assessing drug efficacy against the nervous form of dourine. The model combines the infection of horses by Trypanosoma Equiperdum and the search for trypanosomes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through an ultrasound-guided cervical sampling protocol. After a development phase involving four horses, we established an infection model that consists of inoculating 5 × 104T. Equiperdum OVI parasites intravenously into adult Welsh mares (Equus caballus). To evaluate its efficacy, eight horses were infected according to this model. In all these animals, parasites were observed in the blood at 2 days post-inoculation (p.i.) and in CSF (12.5 ± 1.6 days p.i.) and seroconversion was detected (8.25 ± 0.5 days p.i.). All eight animals also developed fever (rectal temperature > 39 °C), low hematocrit (< 27%), and ventral edema (7.9 ± 2.0 days p.i.), together with other inconstant clinical signs such as edema of the vulva (six out of eight horses) or cutaneous plaques (three out of eight horses). This model provides a robust infection protocol that induces an acute trypanosome infection and that allows parasites to be detected in the CSF of infected horses within a period of time compatible with animal experimentation constraints. We conclude that this model constitutes a suitable tool for analyzing the efficacy of anti-Trypanosoma drugs and vaccines.

  • First Draft Genome Sequence of the Dourine Causative Agent: Trypanosoma Equiperdum Strain OVI.
    Journal of genomics, 2017
    Co-Authors: Laurent Hébert, Bouziane Moumen, Anthony Madeline, Sascha Steinbiss, Latifa Lakhdar, Nick Van Reet, Philippe Büscher, Claire Laugier, Julien Cauchard, Sandrine Petry
    Abstract:

    Trypanosoma Equiperdum is the causative agent of dourine, a sexually-transmitted infection of horses. This parasite belongs to the subgenus Trypanozoon that also includes the agent of sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei) and surra (Trypanosoma evansi). We herein report the genome sequence of a T. Equiperdum strain OVI, isolated from a horse in South-Africa in 1976. This is the first genome sequence of the T. Equiperdum species, and its availability will provide important insights for future studies on genetic classification of the subgenus Trypanozoon.

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