The Experts below are selected from a list of 300 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David H. Lassila - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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shock induced deformation twinning and omega transformation in tantalum and tantalum Tungsten Alloys
Acta Materialia, 2000Co-Authors: L M Hsiung, David H. LassilaAbstract:Abstract Effects of high strain-rate and high plastic-strain deformation on the development of deformation substructures in tantalum and tantalum–Tungsten Alloys (Ta–2.5 wt.% W and Ta–10 wt.% W) shocked at 15 and 45 GPa have been investigated. In addition to dislocation cells/walls, and {112} -type deformation twinning, a shock-induced omega phase (hexagonal) is also found within polycrystalline tantalum shocked at 45 GPa. The orientation relationships between the omega phase and parent (bcc) matrix are {10 1 0} h ‖{211} b ,[0001] h ‖ b and 2 10> h ‖ 1 1> b . The lattice parameters of omega phase are a h ≈ 2 a b =0.468 nm and c h ≈( 3 /2)a b =0.286 nm (c h /a h =0.611). Since both deformation twinning and omega transformation occur preferably in the {211}b planes with high resolved shear stresses, it is suggested that both can be considered as alternative paths for shear transformations in shock-deformed tantalum. A greater volume fraction of twin and omega phase formed in Ta–W than in pure Ta reveals that shock-induced shear transformations can be promoted by solid solution alloying. While deformation twinning is resulted from 1/6 1 1 > homogeneous shear in consecutive {211} planes, omega transformation can be attributed to the 1/12 1 1 >, 1/3 1 1 > and 1/12 1 1 > inhomogeneous shear in consecutive {211} planes. Dislocation mechanisms for shock-induced twinning and omega transformation are proposed and critically discussed.
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Shock-induced deformation twinning and omega transformation in tantalum and tantalum–Tungsten Alloys
Acta Materialia, 2000Co-Authors: L M Hsiung, David H. LassilaAbstract:Abstract Effects of high strain-rate and high plastic-strain deformation on the development of deformation substructures in tantalum and tantalum–Tungsten Alloys (Ta–2.5 wt.% W and Ta–10 wt.% W) shocked at 15 and 45 GPa have been investigated. In addition to dislocation cells/walls, and {112} -type deformation twinning, a shock-induced omega phase (hexagonal) is also found within polycrystalline tantalum shocked at 45 GPa. The orientation relationships between the omega phase and parent (bcc) matrix are {10 1 0} h ‖{211} b ,[0001] h ‖ b and 2 10> h ‖ 1 1> b . The lattice parameters of omega phase are a h ≈ 2 a b =0.468 nm and c h ≈( 3 /2)a b =0.286 nm (c h /a h =0.611). Since both deformation twinning and omega transformation occur preferably in the {211}b planes with high resolved shear stresses, it is suggested that both can be considered as alternative paths for shear transformations in shock-deformed tantalum. A greater volume fraction of twin and omega phase formed in Ta–W than in pure Ta reveals that shock-induced shear transformations can be promoted by solid solution alloying. While deformation twinning is resulted from 1/6 1 1 > homogeneous shear in consecutive {211} planes, omega transformation can be attributed to the 1/12 1 1 >, 1/3 1 1 > and 1/12 1 1 > inhomogeneous shear in consecutive {211} planes. Dislocation mechanisms for shock-induced twinning and omega transformation are proposed and critically discussed.
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Shock-induced displacive transformations in tantalum and tantalum-Tungsten Alloys
Scripta Materialia, 1998Co-Authors: L M Hsiung, David H. LassilaAbstract:A recent investigation on the deformation substructure of shocked tantalum by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has for the first-time revealed that a displacive omega transformation can also take place in tantalum (a group V transition metal) under a high shock peak pressure (45 GPa). Plate- or lath-like {omega} phase ({omega}{prime} hereafter) has been observed within shocked tantalum, which is considered to be unusual since tantalum has a bcc structure and exhibits no equilibrium phase transformation up to its melting temperature at ambient pressure. The occurrence of displacive omega transformation within shocked tantalum is of great interest because it provides not only an effective strengthening mechanism for tantalum and tantalum Alloys but also an opportunity to study and understand the mechanisms of displacive {beta} {yields} {omega}{prime} transition induced by high strain-rate deformation. Results from the investigation of displacive omega transformation in tantalum and tantalum-Tungsten alloy are reported and discussed here.
L M Hsiung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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shock induced deformation twinning and omega transformation in tantalum and tantalum Tungsten Alloys
Acta Materialia, 2000Co-Authors: L M Hsiung, David H. LassilaAbstract:Abstract Effects of high strain-rate and high plastic-strain deformation on the development of deformation substructures in tantalum and tantalum–Tungsten Alloys (Ta–2.5 wt.% W and Ta–10 wt.% W) shocked at 15 and 45 GPa have been investigated. In addition to dislocation cells/walls, and {112} -type deformation twinning, a shock-induced omega phase (hexagonal) is also found within polycrystalline tantalum shocked at 45 GPa. The orientation relationships between the omega phase and parent (bcc) matrix are {10 1 0} h ‖{211} b ,[0001] h ‖ b and 2 10> h ‖ 1 1> b . The lattice parameters of omega phase are a h ≈ 2 a b =0.468 nm and c h ≈( 3 /2)a b =0.286 nm (c h /a h =0.611). Since both deformation twinning and omega transformation occur preferably in the {211}b planes with high resolved shear stresses, it is suggested that both can be considered as alternative paths for shear transformations in shock-deformed tantalum. A greater volume fraction of twin and omega phase formed in Ta–W than in pure Ta reveals that shock-induced shear transformations can be promoted by solid solution alloying. While deformation twinning is resulted from 1/6 1 1 > homogeneous shear in consecutive {211} planes, omega transformation can be attributed to the 1/12 1 1 >, 1/3 1 1 > and 1/12 1 1 > inhomogeneous shear in consecutive {211} planes. Dislocation mechanisms for shock-induced twinning and omega transformation are proposed and critically discussed.
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Shock-induced deformation twinning and omega transformation in tantalum and tantalum–Tungsten Alloys
Acta Materialia, 2000Co-Authors: L M Hsiung, David H. LassilaAbstract:Abstract Effects of high strain-rate and high plastic-strain deformation on the development of deformation substructures in tantalum and tantalum–Tungsten Alloys (Ta–2.5 wt.% W and Ta–10 wt.% W) shocked at 15 and 45 GPa have been investigated. In addition to dislocation cells/walls, and {112} -type deformation twinning, a shock-induced omega phase (hexagonal) is also found within polycrystalline tantalum shocked at 45 GPa. The orientation relationships between the omega phase and parent (bcc) matrix are {10 1 0} h ‖{211} b ,[0001] h ‖ b and 2 10> h ‖ 1 1> b . The lattice parameters of omega phase are a h ≈ 2 a b =0.468 nm and c h ≈( 3 /2)a b =0.286 nm (c h /a h =0.611). Since both deformation twinning and omega transformation occur preferably in the {211}b planes with high resolved shear stresses, it is suggested that both can be considered as alternative paths for shear transformations in shock-deformed tantalum. A greater volume fraction of twin and omega phase formed in Ta–W than in pure Ta reveals that shock-induced shear transformations can be promoted by solid solution alloying. While deformation twinning is resulted from 1/6 1 1 > homogeneous shear in consecutive {211} planes, omega transformation can be attributed to the 1/12 1 1 >, 1/3 1 1 > and 1/12 1 1 > inhomogeneous shear in consecutive {211} planes. Dislocation mechanisms for shock-induced twinning and omega transformation are proposed and critically discussed.
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Shock-induced displacive transformations in tantalum and tantalum-Tungsten Alloys
Scripta Materialia, 1998Co-Authors: L M Hsiung, David H. LassilaAbstract:A recent investigation on the deformation substructure of shocked tantalum by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has for the first-time revealed that a displacive omega transformation can also take place in tantalum (a group V transition metal) under a high shock peak pressure (45 GPa). Plate- or lath-like {omega} phase ({omega}{prime} hereafter) has been observed within shocked tantalum, which is considered to be unusual since tantalum has a bcc structure and exhibits no equilibrium phase transformation up to its melting temperature at ambient pressure. The occurrence of displacive omega transformation within shocked tantalum is of great interest because it provides not only an effective strengthening mechanism for tantalum and tantalum Alloys but also an opportunity to study and understand the mechanisms of displacive {beta} {yields} {omega}{prime} transition induced by high strain-rate deformation. Results from the investigation of displacive omega transformation in tantalum and tantalum-Tungsten alloy are reported and discussed here.
N Tsyntsaru - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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EVALUATION OF CORROSION AND TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF ELECTRODEPOSITED Tungsten Alloys
2018Co-Authors: E. Vernickaite, H. Cesiulis, N TsyntsaruAbstract:Tungsten alloy coatings with iron group metals (Ni, Fe, Co) are considered as advanced materials for various surface engineering applications. Such coatings should be resistant to mechanical and corrosive damage, and to have improved functionality and durability. Accordingly, the objectives of this review consist in a comparative study of available literature on corrosive and wear behavior of electrodeposited Tungsten Alloys with iron group metals, including our recent results on evaluation of electrodeposited Co-W coatings. The wear and corrosion resistance of Ni-W, Fe-W and Co-W strongly depends on the chosen deposition conditions and subsequently on Tungsten content and structure of obtained protective coatings. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15544/balttrib.2017.36
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Electrodeposition of cobalt–Tungsten Alloys and their application for surface engineering
Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 2016Co-Authors: N TsyntsaruAbstract:Applying electrochemically deposited coatings is a convenient way to improve surface properties of a substrate metal. Today materials for applications are frequently selected according to their functional properties. Nowadays theoretical and practical studies of the co-deposition of Tungsten with iron group metals are conducted worldwide, and interest for these studies increases. Tungsten Alloys of iron group metals have a high melting point and are often considered high-performance Alloys, and the attractiveness in those has been driven by their outstanding properties and multiple possible applications. That research is encouraged by the pronounced mechanical, tribological, and magnetic properties as well as the corrosion resistance of Tungsten Alloys. The magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co–W Alloys are of interest in recording media and remotely-actuated micro-/nano-electromechanical systems. The given research presents an overview of versatile possibilities of Co–W Alloys as multiscale materials obtained by electrodeposition from citrate solutions at pH 5–8 and temperatures 20–60°C. The paper discusses electrodeposited Tungsten Alloys as suitable candidates to meet many technological demands at macro-, micro- and nano-scale as coating films, microbumps and nanowires.
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Electrodeposition and corrosion behaviour of nanostructured cobalt-Tungsten Alloys coatings
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing, 2016Co-Authors: E. Vernickaite, N Tsyntsaru, H. CesiulisAbstract:Theoretical and practical studies of Tungsten Alloys with iron group metals continue to be carried out because of their unique combination of tribological, magnetic and electrical properties. The e...
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Modern trends in Tungsten Alloys electrodeposition with iron group metals
Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, 2012Co-Authors: N Tsyntsaru, Eva Pellicer, H. Cesiulis, M. Donten, J. Sort, E. J. Podlaha-murphyAbstract:Theoretical and applied studies of Tungsten Alloys with iron group metals (Me-W) are being carried out worldwide, in the light of their versatile applications. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the works on electrodeposition of Tungsten Alloys with iron group metals, their properties and applications. There are 221 papers reviewing on the following theoretical and practical topics: chemistry of electrolytes used for electrodeposition, codeposition mechanisms, and properties of electrodeposited Tungsten Alloys. In addition, the formation of W(VI) and iron group metal (Me) complexes (polytungstates and complexes of Me(II) and W(VI)) with citrates and OH^− is analysed based on the published data and the calculated distribution of species as a function of pH (ranged from 1 to 10) is provided for solutions with/without citrates. The adduced data are correlated with the compositions of electrodeposited Alloys. Various codeposition models of Tungsten with iron group metals described in the literature are critically discussed as well. The peculiarities of the structure of Tungsten Alloys and their thermal stability, mechanical, tribological, and magnetic properties, corrosion performance, their applications in hydrogen electrocatalysis, template-assisted deposition into recesses (aimed to obtain micro- and nanostructures) are also reviewed and mapped.
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iron Tungsten Alloys electrodeposited under direct current from citrate ammonia plating baths
Surface & Coatings Technology, 2009Co-Authors: N Tsyntsaru, H. Cesiulis, J Bobanova, Xingpu Ye, A I Dikusar, I Prosycevas, Jeanpierre CelisAbstract:Abstract Fe–W Alloys containing ~ 23–30 at.% Tungsten were electrodeposited from citrate–ammonia solutions at different cathodic current densities. A characterization of the structural properties of these coatings is reported. The 8 to 15 μm thick Fe–W coatings obtained are smooth and nano-crystalline. The structure of such as-electrodeposited coatings evolves slightly with increasing cathodic current densities. Above 5 A dm − 2 , micro-cracks appear in electrodeposited Fe–W coatings, and the oxygen content in the coatings increases. A nano-crystalline structure and a high Tungsten content result in nanohardness of 13 GPa. The electrodeposited Fe–W Alloys remain “nanocrystalline” after annealing up to 800 °C. After heating at 1000 °C, the nano-crystalline structure transforms into a microcrystalline one, and up to three phases are formed, namely FeWO 4 , Fe, and possibly Fe 2 W.
H. Cesiulis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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EVALUATION OF CORROSION AND TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF ELECTRODEPOSITED Tungsten Alloys
2018Co-Authors: E. Vernickaite, H. Cesiulis, N TsyntsaruAbstract:Tungsten alloy coatings with iron group metals (Ni, Fe, Co) are considered as advanced materials for various surface engineering applications. Such coatings should be resistant to mechanical and corrosive damage, and to have improved functionality and durability. Accordingly, the objectives of this review consist in a comparative study of available literature on corrosive and wear behavior of electrodeposited Tungsten Alloys with iron group metals, including our recent results on evaluation of electrodeposited Co-W coatings. The wear and corrosion resistance of Ni-W, Fe-W and Co-W strongly depends on the chosen deposition conditions and subsequently on Tungsten content and structure of obtained protective coatings. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15544/balttrib.2017.36
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Electrodeposition and corrosion behaviour of nanostructured cobalt-Tungsten Alloys coatings
Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing, 2016Co-Authors: E. Vernickaite, N Tsyntsaru, H. CesiulisAbstract:Theoretical and practical studies of Tungsten Alloys with iron group metals continue to be carried out because of their unique combination of tribological, magnetic and electrical properties. The e...
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Modern trends in Tungsten Alloys electrodeposition with iron group metals
Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, 2012Co-Authors: N Tsyntsaru, Eva Pellicer, H. Cesiulis, M. Donten, J. Sort, E. J. Podlaha-murphyAbstract:Theoretical and applied studies of Tungsten Alloys with iron group metals (Me-W) are being carried out worldwide, in the light of their versatile applications. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the works on electrodeposition of Tungsten Alloys with iron group metals, their properties and applications. There are 221 papers reviewing on the following theoretical and practical topics: chemistry of electrolytes used for electrodeposition, codeposition mechanisms, and properties of electrodeposited Tungsten Alloys. In addition, the formation of W(VI) and iron group metal (Me) complexes (polytungstates and complexes of Me(II) and W(VI)) with citrates and OH^− is analysed based on the published data and the calculated distribution of species as a function of pH (ranged from 1 to 10) is provided for solutions with/without citrates. The adduced data are correlated with the compositions of electrodeposited Alloys. Various codeposition models of Tungsten with iron group metals described in the literature are critically discussed as well. The peculiarities of the structure of Tungsten Alloys and their thermal stability, mechanical, tribological, and magnetic properties, corrosion performance, their applications in hydrogen electrocatalysis, template-assisted deposition into recesses (aimed to obtain micro- and nanostructures) are also reviewed and mapped.
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iron Tungsten Alloys electrodeposited under direct current from citrate ammonia plating baths
Surface & Coatings Technology, 2009Co-Authors: N Tsyntsaru, H. Cesiulis, J Bobanova, Xingpu Ye, A I Dikusar, I Prosycevas, Jeanpierre CelisAbstract:Abstract Fe–W Alloys containing ~ 23–30 at.% Tungsten were electrodeposited from citrate–ammonia solutions at different cathodic current densities. A characterization of the structural properties of these coatings is reported. The 8 to 15 μm thick Fe–W coatings obtained are smooth and nano-crystalline. The structure of such as-electrodeposited coatings evolves slightly with increasing cathodic current densities. Above 5 A dm − 2 , micro-cracks appear in electrodeposited Fe–W coatings, and the oxygen content in the coatings increases. A nano-crystalline structure and a high Tungsten content result in nanohardness of 13 GPa. The electrodeposited Fe–W Alloys remain “nanocrystalline” after annealing up to 800 °C. After heating at 1000 °C, the nano-crystalline structure transforms into a microcrystalline one, and up to three phases are formed, namely FeWO 4 , Fe, and possibly Fe 2 W.
A Litnovsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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oxidation resistance of bulk plasma facing Tungsten Alloys
Nuclear materials and energy, 2018Co-Authors: F Klein, M. Rasinski, J. W. Coenen, A Litnovsky, J. Schmitz, T Wegener, Jesus Gonzalezjulian, Martin Bram, Ch LinsmeierAbstract:Abstract Tungsten (W) currently is the main candidate as plasma-facing armour material for the first wall of future fusion reactors, like DEMO. Advantages of W include a high melting point, high thermal conductivity, low tritium retention, and low erosion yield. However, in case of an accident, air ingress into the vacuum vessel can occur and the temperature of the first wall can reach 1200 K to 1450 K due to nuclear decay heat. In the absence of cooling, the temperature will remain in that range for several weeks. At these temperatures the radioactive Tungsten oxide volatilizes. Therefore, ‘smart’ W Alloys are developed that aim to preserve the properties of W during plasma operation coupled with suppressed Tungsten oxide formation in case of an accident. This study focusses on oxidation studies at 1273 K of samples produced by mechanical alloying followed by field assisted sintering. In a first step the sintering is optimized for Tungsten (W) – chromium (Cr) -yttrium (Y) Alloys. It is shown that the best oxidation resistance is achieved with submicron grain sizes. This yields a closed, protective oxide layer. In a second step the influence of the grinding process during sample preparation is analysed. It is shown that scratches initiate failure of the protective oxide. In a third step the oxidation and sublimation is measured for weeks – for the first time the sublimation is directly measured in order to determine the potential hazard in comparison to pure W. It is shown that the oxidation is suppressed in comparison to pure W. However, sublimation at a rate of 1 × 10 − 6 mg cm − 2 s − 1 starts after a few days. Nevertheless, the progess in smart Alloys is evident: sublimation is delayed by about two days and complete mechanical destruction of the first wall is avoided.
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development and analyses of self passivating Tungsten Alloys for demo accidental conditions
Fusion Engineering and Design, 2017Co-Authors: T Wegener, M. Rasinski, F. Koch, A Litnovsky, F Klein, Jens Brinkmann, Ch. LinsmeierAbstract:Abstract Tungsten is considered the main candidate material for the first-wall in DEMO due to its high melting point, low erosion yield and low tritium retention. Nevertheless, it can cause a substantial safety issue in a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) in combination with air ingress into the plasma vessel, due to the formation and sublimation of volatile neutron activated Tungsten oxide. Self-passivating Tungsten Alloys introduce a passive safety mechanism by forming a stable chromic oxide scale on the surface acting as a diffusion barrier for oxygen and preventing the formation of Tungsten oxide. Self-passivating Tungsten Alloys optimized for oxidation resistance containing ∼12 wt.% Cr and ∼0.6 wt.% Y are investigated under conditions of argon–oxygen, humid argon and humid air atmospheres at different partial pressures and temperatures ranging from 1073 to 1273 K. Thin films with ∼3.5 μm thickness produced by magnetron sputter deposition are used as a model system. The oxidation resistance of these films in an argon–20 vol.% oxygen atmosphere is sufficient to prevent formation and release of Tungsten oxide at temperatures of from 1073 to 1273 K. The sublimation of Cr in nitrogen–oxygen–water atmosphere at T ≥ 1273 K is discussed. A deeper understanding of the governing processes for oxygen/Cr diffusion under different atmospheres is gained, supported by SEM/EDX in combination with FIB cross-section and TGA measurements.
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new oxidation resistant Tungsten Alloys for use in the nuclear fusion reactors
Physica Scripta, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, M. Rasinski, J. W. Coenen, J. Schmitz, Ch. Linsmeier, Arkadi Kreter, T Wegener, F Klein, Jesus Gonzalezjulian, Martin BramAbstract:Smart Tungsten-based Alloys are under development as plasma-facing components for a future fusion power plant. Smart Alloys are planned to adjust their properties depending on environmental conditions: acting as a sputter-resistant plasma-facing material during plasma operation and suppressing the sublimation of radioactive Tungsten oxide in case of an accident on the power plant. New smart Alloys containing yttrium are presently in the focus of research. Thin film smart Alloys are featuring an remarkable 105-fold suppression of mass increase due to an oxidation as compared to that of pure Tungsten at 1000 °C. Newly developed bulk smart Tungsten Alloys feature even better oxidation resistance compared to that of thin films. First plasma test of smart Alloys under DEMO-relevant conditions revealed the same mass removal as for pure Tungsten due to sputtering by plasma ions. Exposed smart alloy samples demonstrate the superior oxidation performance as compared to Tungsten–chromium–titanium systems developed earlier.
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advanced smart Tungsten Alloys for a future fusion power plant
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, M. Rasinski, J. W. Coenen, J. Schmitz, Ch. Linsmeier, Arkadi Kreter, T Wegener, F Klein, Martin Bram, Jesus GonzalezjulianAbstract:The severe particle, radiation and neutron environment in a future fusion power plant requires the development of advanced plasma-facing materials. At the same time, the highest level of safety needs to be ensured. The so-called loss-of-coolant accident combined with air ingress in the vacuum vessel represents a severe safety challenge. In the absence of a coolant the temperature of the Tungsten first wall may reach 1200 °C. At such a temperature, the neutron-activated radioactive Tungsten forms volatile oxide which can be mobilized into atmosphere. Smart Tungsten Alloys are being developed to address this safety issue. Smart Alloys should combine an acceptable plasma performance with the suppressed oxidation during an accident. New thin film Tungsten–chromium–yttrium smart Alloys feature an impressive 105 fold suppression of oxidation compared to that of pure Tungsten at temperatures of up to 1000 °C. Oxidation behavior at temperatures up to 1200 °C, and reactivity of Alloys in humid atmosphere along with a manufacturing of reactor-relevant bulk samples, impose an additional challenge in smart alloy development. First exposures of smart Alloys in steady-state deuterium plasma were made. Smart Tungsten–chroimium–titanium Alloys demonstrated a sputtering resistance which is similar to that of pure Tungsten. Expected preferential sputtering of alloying elements by plasma ions was confirmed experimentally. The subsequent isothermal oxidation of exposed samples did not reveal any influence of plasma exposure on the passivation of Alloys.
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New oxidation-resistant Tungsten Alloys for use in the nuclear fusion reactors
Physica Scripta, 2017Co-Authors: A Litnovsky, M. Rasinski, X. Tan, Thomas Wegener, Franziska Klein, J. W. Coenen, J. Schmitz, Ch. Linsmeier, Arkadi Kreter, Yijun MaoAbstract:© 2017 Forschungszentrum Jülich. Smart Tungsten-based Alloys are under development as plasma-facing components for a future fusion power plant. Smart Alloys are planned to adjust their properties depending on environmental conditions: acting as a sputter-resistant plasma-facing material during plasma operation and suppressing the sublimation of radioactive Tungsten oxide in case of an accident on the power plant. New smart Alloys containing yttrium are presently in the focus of research. Thin film smart Alloys are featuring an remarkable 10 5 -fold suppression of mass increase due to an oxidation as compared to that of pure Tungsten at 1000 °C. Newly developed bulk smart Tungsten Alloys feature even better oxidation resistance compared to that of thin films. First plasma test of smart Alloys under DEMO-relevant conditions revealed the same mass removal as for pure Tungsten due to sputtering by plasma ions. Exposed smart alloy samples demonstrate the superior oxidation performance as compared to Tungsten-chromium-titanium systems developed earlier.
