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Stefan O Reber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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less immune activation following social stress in rural vs urban participants raised with regular or no animal contact respectively
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018Co-Authors: Till S Bobel, Sascha B Hackl, Dominik Langgartner, Marc N Jarczok, Nicolas Rohleder, G A W Rook, Christopher A Lowry, Harald Gundel, Christiane Waller, Stefan O ReberAbstract:Urbanization is on the rise, and environments offering a narrow range of microbial exposures are linked to an increased prevalence of both physical and mental disorders. Human and animal studies suggest that an overreactive immune system not only accompanies stress-associated disorders but might even be causally involved in their pathogenesis. Here, we show in young [mean age, years (SD): rural, 25.1 (0.78); urban, 24.5 (0.88)] healthy human volunteers that urban Upbringing in the absence of pets (n = 20), relative to rural Upbringing in the presence of farm animals (n = 20), was associated with a more pronounced increase in the number of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations following acute psychosocial stress induced by the Trier social stress test (TSST). Moreover, ex vivo-cultured PBMCs from urban participants raised in the absence of animals secreted more IL-6 in response to the T cell-specific mitogen Con A. In turn, antiinflammatory IL-10 secretion was suppressed following TSST in urban participants raised in the absence of animals, suggesting immunoregulatory deficits, relative to rural participants raised in the presence of animals. Questionnaires, plasma cortisol, and salivary α-amylase, however, indicated the experimental protocol was more stressful and anxiogenic for rural participants raised in the presence of animals. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that urban vs. rural Upbringing in the absence or presence of animals, respectively, increases vulnerability to stress-associated physical and mental disorders by compromising adequate resolution of systemic immune activation following social stress and, in turn, aggravating stress-associated systemic immune activation.
Jessica Reed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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interaction of childhood urbanicity and variation in dopamine genes alters adult prefrontal function as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging fmri
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Jessica Reed, Enrico Dambrosio, Stefano Marenco, Gianluca Ursini, Amanda B Zheutlin, Giuseppe Blasi, Barbara E SpencerAbstract:Brain phenotypes showing environmental influence may help clarify unexplained associations between urban exposure and psychiatric risk. Heritable prefrontal fMRI activation during working memory (WM) is such a phenotype. We hypothesized that urban Upbringing (childhood urbanicity) would alter this phenotype and interact with dopamine genes that regulate prefrontal function during WM. Further, dopamine has been hypothesized to mediate urban-associated factors like social stress. WM-related prefrontal function was tested for main effects of urbanicity, main effects of three dopamine genes—catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1), and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2)—and, importantly, dopamine gene-by-urbanicity interactions. For COMT, three independent human samples were recruited (total n = 487). We also studied 253 subjects genotyped for DRD1 and DRD2. 3T fMRI activation during the N-back WM task was the dependent variable, while childhood urbanicity, dopamine genotype, and urbanicity-dopamine interactions were independent variables. Main effects of dopamine genes and of urbanicity were found. Individuals raised in an urban environment showed altered prefrontal activation relative to those raised in rural or town settings. For each gene, dopamine genotype-by-urbanicity interactions were shown in prefrontal cortex–COMT replicated twice in two independent samples. An urban childhood Upbringing altered prefrontal function and interacted with each gene to alter genotype-phenotype relationships. Gene-environment interactions between multiple dopamine genes and urban Upbringing suggest that neural effects of developmental environmental exposure could mediate, at least partially, increased risk for psychiatric illness in urban environments via dopamine genes expressed into adulthood.
Outcome In Psychosis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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no evidence of association between childhood urban environment and cortical thinning in psychotic disorder
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Aleida Frissen, Jim Van Os, Machteld Marcelis, Ritsaert Lieverse, Petra Habets, Ed H B M Gronenschild, Genetic Risk, Outcome In PsychosisAbstract:Background The alterations in cortical morphology, such as cortical thinning, observed in psychotic disorder, may be the outcome of interacting genetic and environmental effects. It has been suggested that urban Upbringing may represent a proxy environmental effect impacting cortical thickness (CT). Therefore, the current study examined whether the association between group as a proxy genetic variable (patients with psychotic disorder [high genetic risk], healthy siblings of patients [intermediate risk] and healthy control subjects [average risk]) and CT was conditional on different levels of the childhood urban environment and whether this was sex-dependent. Methods T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired from 89 patients with a psychotic disorder, 95 non-psychotic siblings of patients with psychotic disorder and 87 healthy control subjects. Freesurfer software was used to measure CT. Developmental urban exposure was classified as low, medium, and high, reflecting the population density and the number of moves between birth and the 15th birthday, using data from the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics and the equivalent database in Belgium. Multilevel regression analyses were used to examine the association between group, sex, and urban Upbringing (as well as their interactions) and cortical CT as the dependent variable. Results CT was significantly smaller in the patient group compared to the controls (B = -0.043, p <0.001), but not in the siblings compared to the controls (B = -0.013, p = 0.31). There was no main effect of developmental urbanicity on CT (B = 0.001, p = 0.91). Neither the three-way group × urbanicity × sex interaction (χ2 = 3.73, p = 0.16), nor the two-way group × urbanicity interaction was significant (χ2 = 0.51, p = 0.77). Conclusion The negative association between (familial risk for) psychotic disorder and CT was not moderated by developmental urbanicity, suggesting that reduced CT is not the outcome of familial sensitivity to the proxy environmental factor ‘urban Upbringing’.
Jim Van Os - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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no evidence of association between childhood urban environment and cortical thinning in psychotic disorder
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Aleida Frissen, Jim Van Os, Machteld Marcelis, Ritsaert Lieverse, Petra Habets, Ed H B M Gronenschild, Genetic Risk, Outcome In PsychosisAbstract:Background The alterations in cortical morphology, such as cortical thinning, observed in psychotic disorder, may be the outcome of interacting genetic and environmental effects. It has been suggested that urban Upbringing may represent a proxy environmental effect impacting cortical thickness (CT). Therefore, the current study examined whether the association between group as a proxy genetic variable (patients with psychotic disorder [high genetic risk], healthy siblings of patients [intermediate risk] and healthy control subjects [average risk]) and CT was conditional on different levels of the childhood urban environment and whether this was sex-dependent. Methods T1-weighted MRI scans were acquired from 89 patients with a psychotic disorder, 95 non-psychotic siblings of patients with psychotic disorder and 87 healthy control subjects. Freesurfer software was used to measure CT. Developmental urban exposure was classified as low, medium, and high, reflecting the population density and the number of moves between birth and the 15th birthday, using data from the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics and the equivalent database in Belgium. Multilevel regression analyses were used to examine the association between group, sex, and urban Upbringing (as well as their interactions) and cortical CT as the dependent variable. Results CT was significantly smaller in the patient group compared to the controls (B = -0.043, p <0.001), but not in the siblings compared to the controls (B = -0.013, p = 0.31). There was no main effect of developmental urbanicity on CT (B = 0.001, p = 0.91). Neither the three-way group × urbanicity × sex interaction (χ2 = 3.73, p = 0.16), nor the two-way group × urbanicity interaction was significant (χ2 = 0.51, p = 0.77). Conclusion The negative association between (familial risk for) psychotic disorder and CT was not moderated by developmental urbanicity, suggesting that reduced CT is not the outcome of familial sensitivity to the proxy environmental factor ‘urban Upbringing’.
Vocelová Anna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Upbringing and reaching of persons with autistic spectrum disorders
2008Co-Authors: Vocelová AnnaAbstract:The diploma thesis "Upbringing and teaching of persons with Autistic Spectrum Disorders" deals not only with diagnostics of individual autistic disorders, but also with pedagogical and educational approaches, integrating of autistic persons into the normal society, possibility to use their abilities etc. The Autistic Spectrum Disorders include Autism, Atypical Autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder. All these are among pervasive developmental disorders that typically appear within the first three years of life. the early examination is very important, otherwise the child can be misdiagnosed as mentally retard. Scientific studies showed, that many individuals with autism are not retarded, but in fact, they are unable to give their answers accurately for the determination of their iq in some intelligence tests. Autistic children and adults typically have difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions, and leisure or play activities. Relevant behavioral or cognitive intervention can help children gain get self-care, social, and communication skills. Only few people with autism live independently after reaching adulthood, however, but some of them become successful and they are relatively highfunctioning. However, many people with this diagnosis..
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Upbringing and reaching of persons with autistic spectrum disorders
Univerzita Karlova Filozofická fakulta, 2008Co-Authors: Vocelová AnnaAbstract:Diplomová práce "Výchova a vzdělávání osob s poruchami autistického spektra" se zabývá nejen diagnostikou jednotlivých autistických poruch, ale také výchovnými a vzdělávacími přístupy, začleněním autistických osob do běžné společnosti, možností jejich uplatnění apod. Mezi poruchy autistického spektra řadíme dětský autismus, atypický autismus, Aspergerův syndrom, Rettův syndrom a dětskou dezintegrační poruchu. Všechny patří mezi pervazivní vývojové poruchy, které bývají obvykle zpozorovány v prvních třech letech života. Časné vyšetření je velice důležité pro to, aby dítě nebylo chybně diagnostikováno jako mentálně retardované. Vědci dokázali, že velká část lidí s autismem není retardovaná, ale není schopna vystihnout v testech inteligence své odpovědi natolik přesně, aby mohlo být IQ určeno objektivně. Děti i dospělí s autismem mají obvykle potíže v oblasti verbální i neverbální komunikace, v sociálních vztazích, ve volnočasových a herních aktivitách. Adekvátní usměrňování v oblasti chování a poznávání může dítěti pomoci získat sociální a komunikační dovednosti, lze jej naučit sebeobsluze. Jen malé množství autistických osob žije v dospělosti zcela nezávisle na okolí. Ti, kterým se to podaří, jsou ovšem poměrně vysoce funkční. Většina lidí s touto diagnózou po celý život vykazuje hlavní symptom autismu -...The diploma thesis "Upbringing and teaching of persons with Autistic Spectrum Disorders" deals not only with diagnostics of individual autistic disorders, but also with pedagogical and educational approaches, integrating of autistic persons into the normal society, possibility to use their abilities etc. The Autistic Spectrum Disorders include Autism, Atypical Autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder. All these are among pervasive developmental disorders that typically appear within the first three years of life. the early examination is very important, otherwise the child can be misdiagnosed as mentally retard. Scientific studies showed, that many individuals with autism are not retarded, but in fact, they are unable to give their answers accurately for the determination of their iq in some intelligence tests. Autistic children and adults typically have difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions, and leisure or play activities. Relevant behavioral or cognitive intervention can help children gain get self-care, social, and communication skills. Only few people with autism live independently after reaching adulthood, however, but some of them become successful and they are relatively highfunctioning. However, many people with this diagnosis...Katedra andragogiky a personálního řízeníDepartment of Adult Education and Personnel ManagementFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult
