Urban Health

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Bethany Havas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Michael Davies - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Urban Health Indicator Tools of the Physical Environment: a Systematic Review
    Journal of Urban Health, 2018
    Co-Authors: Helen Pineo, Ketevan Glonti, Nici Zimmermann, Paul Wilkinson, Harry Rutter, Michael Davies
    Abstract:

    Urban Health indicator (UHI) tools provide evidence about the Health impacts of the physical Urban environment which can be used in built environment policy and decision-making. Where UHI tools provide data at the neighborhood (and lower) scale they can provide valuable information about Health inequalities and environmental deprivation. This review performs a census of UHI tools and explores their nature and characteristics (including how they represent, simplify or address complex systems) to increase understanding of their potential use by municipal built environment policy and decision-makers. We searched seven bibliographic databases, four key journals and six practitioner websites and conducted Google searches between January 27, 2016 and February 24, 2016 for UHI tools. We extracted data from primary studies and online indicator systems. We included 198 documents which identified 145 UHI tools comprising 8006 indicators, from which we developed a taxonomy. Our taxonomy classifies the significant diversity of UHI tools with respect to topic, spatial scale, format, scope and purpose. The proportions of UHI tools which measure data at the neighborhood and lower scale, and present data via interactive maps, have both increased over time. This is particularly relevant to built environment policy and decision-makers, reflects growing analytical capability and offers the potential for improved understanding of the complexity of influences on Urban Health (an aspect noted as a particular challenge by some indicator producers). The relation between Urban Health indicators and Health impacts attributable to modifiable environmental characteristics is often indirect. Furthermore, the use of UHI tools in policy and decision-making appears to be limited, thus raising questions about the continued development of such tools by multiple organisations duplicating scarce resources. Further research is needed to understand the requirements of built environment policy and decision-makers, public Health professionals and local communities regarding the form and presentation of indicators which support their varied objectives.

Kelly Murphy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Introduction—Knowledge Translation and Urban Health Equity: Advancing the Agenda
    Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2012
    Co-Authors: Kelly Murphy, Patrick Fafard, Patricia O'campo
    Abstract:

    In 2011, an interdisciplinary symposium was organized in Toronto, Canada to investigate prevailing models of Health policy change in the knowledge translation literature and to assess the applicability of these models for equity-focused Urban Health research. The papers resulting from the symposium have been published together, in the Journal of Urban Health, along with this introductory essay. This essay describes how the different papers grapple in different ways with how to understand and to bridge the gaps between Urban Health research and action. The breadth of perspectives reflected in the papers (e.g., social epidemiology, public Health, political science, sociology, critical labor studies, and educational psychology) shed much light on core tensions in the relationship between KT and Health equity. The first tension is whether the content of evidence or the context of decision making is the strong determinate of research impact in relation to Health equity policy. The second tension is whether relationships between Health equity researchers and decision makers are best viewed in terms of collaboration or of conflict. The third concerns the role that power plays in evidence-based policy making, when the issues at stake are not only empirical but also normative.

  • Barriers to Knowledge Production, Knowledge Translation, and Urban Health Policy Change: Ideological, Economic, and Political Considerations
    Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2012
    Co-Authors: Carles Muntaner, Haejoo Chung, Kelly Murphy
    Abstract:

    In this paper, we consider social forces that affect the processes of both knowledge production and knowledge translation in relation to Urban Health research. First, we briefly review our conceptual model, derived from a social-conflict framework, to outline how unequal power relations and Health inequalities are causally linked. Second, we critically discuss ideological, political, and economic barriers that exist within academia that affect knowledge production related to Urban Health and Health inequalities. Third, we broaden the scope of our analysis to examine how the ideological, political, and economic environment beyond the academy creates barriers to Health equity policy making. We conclude with some key questions about the role that knowledge translation can possibly play in light of these constraints on research and policy for Urban Health.

Trudy Harpham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Urban Health in developing countries what do we know and where do we go
    Health & Place, 2009
    Co-Authors: Trudy Harpham
    Abstract:

    The world became mainly Urban in 2007. It is thus timely to review the state of knowledge about Urban Health and the current priorities for research and action. This article considers both Health determinants and outcomes in low-income Urban areas of developing countries. The need to study Urban Health in a multi-level and multi-sectoral way is highlighted and priorities for research are identified. Interventions such as the Healthy Cities project are considered and obstacles to the effective implementation of Urban Health programmes are discussed. Concepts such as the double burden of ill Health and the Urban penalty are re-visited. Finally, a call for a shift from 'vulnerability' to 'resilience' is presented.

  • Urban Health in developing countries: What do we know and where do we go?
    Health & place, 2008
    Co-Authors: Trudy Harpham
    Abstract:

    The world became mainly Urban in 2007. It is thus timely to review the state of knowledge about Urban Health and the current priorities for research and action. This article considers both Health determinants and outcomes in low-income Urban areas of developing countries. The need to study Urban Health in a multi-level and multi-sectoral way is highlighted and priorities for research are identified. Interventions such as the Healthy Cities project are considered and obstacles to the effective implementation of Urban Health programmes are discussed. Concepts such as the double burden of ill Health and the Urban penalty are re-visited. Finally, a call for a shift from 'vulnerability' to 'resilience' is presented.

  • Urban Health in developing countries: a review
    Progress in Development Studies, 2001
    Co-Authors: Trudy Harpham, Catherine Molyneux
    Abstract:

    The last major review of Urban Health in developing countries was published in 1992. At that time, knowledge was largely limited to crude rural-Urban comparisons and some ad hoc studies of low-income Urban communities. Most research was done on communicable (infectious) diseases and little was known about the relationship between Urban life in developing countries and chronic illness such as mental ill-Health, heart disease and cancer. This paper updates knowledge by reviewing recent research on intra-Urban Health inequalities, Urban Health-seeking behaviour and the importance of Urban-rural links for Health. It also presents a new model of Urban Health that incorporates changes in Urban Health research and practice.

  • Sustainable Urban Health in developing countries
    Habitat International, 1996
    Co-Authors: Trudy Harpham, Edmundo Werna
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper analyses how Health-sector professionals view the discussion of sustainability, takes these discussions further by applying the concept to Urban Health, and compares key issues of sustainable Urban Health with other aspects of sustainable development. The Health sector's respective emphasis on Health services versus environmental Health is discussed and current action within the World Health Organisation's Healthy City projects is considered in the light of sustainable Urban Health. Finally, a discussion of the concept “think globally, act locally” is considered and the proposal to “think locally, act globally” is presented in relation to the UN Summit on Human Settlements, Habitat II.

  • Urban Health in Developing Countries: Progress and Prospects
    1995
    Co-Authors: Trudy Harpham, Marcel Tanner
    Abstract:

    Urbanization and Health in developing countries - a review of trends linkages for Urban Health - the community and agencies features and determinants of Urban Health organizing and managing Urban Health services research on Urban Health financing Urban Health services WHO support for Urban Health development Urban Health and the World Bank UNICEF's activities in Urban Health USAID's experience in Urban Health GTZ'a experience NGO's - between municipalities and communities view from the slums of Asia action and research - progress and prospects.

Ifeoma Onyia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Developing a European Urban Health indicator system: results of EURO-URHIS 1
    European journal of public health, 2015
    Co-Authors: Lesley Patterson, Richard F Heller, Jude Robinson, Christopher A. Birt, Erik Van Ameijden, I S Bocşan, Chris White, Yannis Skalkidis, Vinay Bothra, Ifeoma Onyia
    Abstract:

    More than half of the world's population now live in cities, including over 70% in Europe. Cities bring opportunities but can be unHealthy places to live. The poorest Urban dwellers live in the worst environments and are at the greatest risk of poor Health outcomes. EURO-URHIS 1 set out to compile a cross-EU inventory of member states use of measures of Urban Health in order to support policymakers and improve public Health policy. Following a literature review to define terms and find an appropriate model to guide Urban Health research, EURO-URHIS Urban Areas in all EU member states except Luxembourg, as well as Croatia, Turkey, Macedonia, Iceland and Norway, were defined and selected in collaboration with project partners. Following piloting of the survey tool, a the EURO-URHIS 45 data collection tool was sent out to contacts in all countries with identified EUA's, asking for data on 45 Urban Health Indicators (UHI) and 10 other indicators. 60 questionnaires were received from 30 countries, giving information on local Health indicator availability, definitions and sources. Telephone interviews were also conducted with 14 respondents about their knowledge of sources of Urban Health data and barriers or problems experienced when collecting the data. Most participants had little problem identifying the sources of data, though some found that data was not always routinely recorded and was held by diverse sources or not at local level. Some participants found the data collection instrument to not be user-friendly and with UHI definitions that were sometimes unclear. However, the work has demonstrated that Urban Health and its measurement is of major relevance and importance for Public Health across Europe. The current study has constructed an initial system of European UHIs to meet the objectives of the project, but has also clearly demonstrated that further development work is required. The importance and value of examining UHIs has been confirmed, and the scene has been set for further studies on this topic.

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