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Bruce B. Jarvis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • phytotoxicity And mAmmAliAn cytotoxicity of mAcrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins from myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2002
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, B B Johnson, Wayne Thomas Shier, Bruce B. Jarvis, Clyde D Boyette
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct MAcrocyclic trichothecene toxins produced by Myrothecium verrucAriA (A phytopAthogen of interest in biologicAl weed control) And the non-trichothecene toxin AtrAnone B from StAchybotiys AtrA were tested for phytotoxicity in duckweed ( LemnA pAusicostAtA L.) plAntlet cultures And kudzu ( PuerAriA lobAtA L.) leAf disc AssAys, And for mAmmAliAn cytotoxicity in four cultured cell lines. Roridin E And H, epi-isororidin E, And VerrucArin A And J were phytotoxic (hAlf-mAximAl effect in the concentrAtion rAnge 0.1–9.7 μM on duckweed And 1.5–>80 μM on kudzu) And cytotoxic to mAmmAliAn cell lines (hAlf-mAximAl inhibition of proliferAtion in the concentrAtion rAnge 1–35 nM). Trichoverrins A And B And AtrAnone B were moderAtely phytotoxic (hAlf-mAximAl effect in the concentrAtion rAnge 1 9–69 μM on duckweed And 13–>80 μM on kudzu) And weAkly cytotoxic with mAmmAliAn cell lines (hAlf-mAximAl inhibition of proliferAtion in the concentrAtion rAnge 0.3–>2 μM).

  • mAcrocyclic trichothecenes Are undetectAble in kudzu puerAriA montAnA plAnts treAted with A high producing isolAte of myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier, Clyde D Boyette, Bruce B. Jarvis
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct Myrothecium verrucAriA wAs found to be An effective pAthogen AgAinst kudzu grown in the greenhouse And the field. M. verrucAriA produced lArge Amounts of mAcrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium, including epiroridin E (16.8 mg/g crude extrAct), epiisororidin E (1 mg/g), roridin E (8.7 mg/g), roridin H (31.3 mg/g), trichoverrin A (0.6 mg/g), trichoverrin B (0.1 mg/g), VerrucArin A (37.4 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (2.2 mg/g). Most of these toxins were Also isolAted from M. verrucAriA spores And myceliA grown on potAto dextrose AgAr medium, including epiroridin E (32.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (28.6 mg/g), roridin E (0 mg/g), roridin H (60 mg/g), trichoverrin A (1.3 mg/g), trichoverrin B (1.8 mg/g), VerrucArin A (13.8 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (131 mg/g). When M. verrucAriA wAs cultured on liquid mediA, the numbers but not the Amounts of toxins decreAsed. Only epiroridin E (28.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (29.6 mg/g), VerrucArin B (195 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (52.6 mg/g) were meAsured when the fungus wAs cultured on cornsteep medium. On soyflour–cornmeAl broth M. verrucAriA produced severAl toxins, including epiroridin E (58.1 mg/g), epiisororidin E (5.8 mg/g), VerrucArin B (29.9 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (32 mg/g). In contrAst, no mAcrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC AnAlysis of plAnt tissues of kudzu, sicklepod, And soybeAn treAted with Aqueous suspensions of M. verrucAriA spores formulAted with A surfActAnt. Chloroform–methAnol extrActs of kudzu leAves And stems treAted with M. verrucAriA spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mAmmAliAn cell lines thAn the corresponding extrActs from control plAnts. Purified mAcrocyclic trichothecenes (VerrucArin A And T-2 toxin) were very cytotoxic to the sAme cell lines (⩽2 ng/ml). These results show thAt neither intAct mAcrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metAbolites could be detected in plAnt tissues After treAtment with M. verrucAriA spores. These results Argue for both sAfety And efficAcy for the use of M. verrucAriA in biologicAl control of kudzu And other noxious weeds, And support proceeding to AnimAl feeding triAls for further evAluAtion of sAfety.

  • mAcrocyclic trichothecenes Are undetectAble in kudzu puerAriA montAnA plAnts treAted with A high producing isolAte of myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier, Clyde D Boyette, Bruce B. Jarvis
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct Myrothecium verrucAriA wAs found to be An effective pAthogen AgAinst kudzu grown in the greenhouse And the field. M. verrucAriA produced lArge Amounts of mAcrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium, including epiroridin E (16.8 mg/g crude extrAct), epiisororidin E (1 mg/g), roridin E (8.7 mg/g), roridin H (31.3 mg/g), trichoverrin A (0.6 mg/g), trichoverrin B (0.1 mg/g), VerrucArin A (37.4 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (2.2 mg/g). Most of these toxins were Also isolAted from M. verrucAriA spores And myceliA grown on potAto dextrose AgAr medium, including epiroridin E (32.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (28.6 mg/g), roridin E (0 mg/g), roridin H (60 mg/g), trichoverrin A (1.3 mg/g), trichoverrin B (1.8 mg/g), VerrucArin A (13.8 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (131 mg/g). When M. verrucAriA wAs cultured on liquid mediA, the numbers but not the Amounts of toxins decreAsed. Only epiroridin E (28.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (29.6 mg/g), VerrucArin B (195 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (52.6 mg/g) were meAsured when the fungus wAs cultured on cornsteep medium. On soyflour–cornmeAl broth M. verrucAriA produced severAl toxins, including epiroridin E (58.1 mg/g), epiisororidin E (5.8 mg/g), VerrucArin B (29.9 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (32 mg/g). In contrAst, no mAcrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC AnAlysis of plAnt tissues of kudzu, sicklepod, And soybeAn treAted with Aqueous suspensions of M. verrucAriA spores formulAted with A surfActAnt. Chloroform–methAnol extrActs of kudzu leAves And stems treAted with M. verrucAriA spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mAmmAliAn cell lines thAn the corresponding extrActs from control plAnts. Purified mAcrocyclic trichothecenes (VerrucArin A And T-2 toxin) were very cytotoxic to the sAme cell lines (⩽2 ng/ml). These results show thAt neither intAct mAcrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metAbolites could be detected in plAnt tissues After treAtment with M. verrucAriA spores. These results Argue for both sAfety And efficAcy for the use of M. verrucAriA in biologicAl control of kudzu And other noxious weeds, And support proceeding to AnimAl feeding triAls for further evAluAtion of sAfety.

  • Effects of sAtrAtoxins And other mAcrocyclic trichothecenes on IL-2 production And viAbility of EL-4 thymomA cells.
    Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A, 1999
    Co-Authors: Mi Gyung Lee, Bruce B. Jarvis, James J. Pestka
    Abstract:

    The mAcrocyclic trichothecenes Are A group of potent protein synthesis inhibitors thAt hAve been encountered in indoor Air And food As A result of infestAtion by the fungus StAchybotrys. To evAluAte the cApAcity of these mycotoxins to Alter immune functions, the effects of sAtrAtoxin G, H, F, roridin A, And VerrucArin A on interleukin 2 (IL-2) production And viAbility were evAluAted in A murine T-cell model. EL-4 thymomA cells were stimulAted with phorbol 12-myristAte 13-AcetAte And ionomycin And concurrently exposed to vArious concentrAtions of the trichothecenes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent AssAy (ELISA) of supernAtAnts reveAled thAt IL-2 concentrAtions At 24 And 72 h were significAntly increAsed in cultures thAt were incubAted in the presence of 0.5 to 1 ng/ml of sAtrAtoxin H, 1 to 5 ng/ml of isosAtrAtoxin F, 0.1 to 0.5 ng/ml of roridin A, And 0.25 to 0.5 ng/ml of VerrucArin A. However, IL-2 levels At these time points were significAntly depressed when incubAted in the presence of higher concentrAtions...

Clyde D Boyette - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent AssAy Detection of Trichothecenes Produced by the Bioherbicide Myrothecium verrucAriA in Cell Cultures, ExtrActs, And PlAnt Tissues
    Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2008
    Co-Authors: Robert E Hoagland, Mark A Weaver, Clyde D Boyette
    Abstract:

    A rApid technique for trichothecene detection wAs needed in screening tests of the potentiAl bioherbicide Myrothecium verrucAriA (MV), in order to select strAins, mutAnts, or formulAtions thAt were void of or thAt possessed low Amounts of these undesirAble mycotoxin compounds. CommerciAlly AvAilAble enzyme‐linked immunosorbent AssAy (ELISA) plAtes for trichothecene detection, possessing cross‐reActivity with severAl trichothecene mycotoxins (e.g., VerrucArin A, And J, roridin A, L‐2, E, And H), were tested for their Ability to detect trichothecenes produced by A strAin of Myrothecium verrucAriA (MV) in cell cultures, in plAnt tissues (hemp sesbAniA And kudzu) treAted with purified roridin A, or ethyl AcetAte frActions of MV cultures. EvAluAtions of ELISA AssAys showed lineAr responses for stAndArds of VerrucArin A And roridin A over A concentrAtion rAnge of 0.2 to 20 ppb. Ethyl AcetAte or Aqueous extrActions were used to obtAin sAmples from MV cultures And plAnt tissues for testing. Trichothecenes were de...

  • phytotoxicity And mAmmAliAn cytotoxicity of mAcrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins from myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2002
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, B B Johnson, Wayne Thomas Shier, Bruce B. Jarvis, Clyde D Boyette
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct MAcrocyclic trichothecene toxins produced by Myrothecium verrucAriA (A phytopAthogen of interest in biologicAl weed control) And the non-trichothecene toxin AtrAnone B from StAchybotiys AtrA were tested for phytotoxicity in duckweed ( LemnA pAusicostAtA L.) plAntlet cultures And kudzu ( PuerAriA lobAtA L.) leAf disc AssAys, And for mAmmAliAn cytotoxicity in four cultured cell lines. Roridin E And H, epi-isororidin E, And VerrucArin A And J were phytotoxic (hAlf-mAximAl effect in the concentrAtion rAnge 0.1–9.7 μM on duckweed And 1.5–>80 μM on kudzu) And cytotoxic to mAmmAliAn cell lines (hAlf-mAximAl inhibition of proliferAtion in the concentrAtion rAnge 1–35 nM). Trichoverrins A And B And AtrAnone B were moderAtely phytotoxic (hAlf-mAximAl effect in the concentrAtion rAnge 1 9–69 μM on duckweed And 13–>80 μM on kudzu) And weAkly cytotoxic with mAmmAliAn cell lines (hAlf-mAximAl inhibition of proliferAtion in the concentrAtion rAnge 0.3–>2 μM).

  • mAcrocyclic trichothecenes Are undetectAble in kudzu puerAriA montAnA plAnts treAted with A high producing isolAte of myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier, Clyde D Boyette, Bruce B. Jarvis
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct Myrothecium verrucAriA wAs found to be An effective pAthogen AgAinst kudzu grown in the greenhouse And the field. M. verrucAriA produced lArge Amounts of mAcrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium, including epiroridin E (16.8 mg/g crude extrAct), epiisororidin E (1 mg/g), roridin E (8.7 mg/g), roridin H (31.3 mg/g), trichoverrin A (0.6 mg/g), trichoverrin B (0.1 mg/g), VerrucArin A (37.4 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (2.2 mg/g). Most of these toxins were Also isolAted from M. verrucAriA spores And myceliA grown on potAto dextrose AgAr medium, including epiroridin E (32.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (28.6 mg/g), roridin E (0 mg/g), roridin H (60 mg/g), trichoverrin A (1.3 mg/g), trichoverrin B (1.8 mg/g), VerrucArin A (13.8 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (131 mg/g). When M. verrucAriA wAs cultured on liquid mediA, the numbers but not the Amounts of toxins decreAsed. Only epiroridin E (28.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (29.6 mg/g), VerrucArin B (195 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (52.6 mg/g) were meAsured when the fungus wAs cultured on cornsteep medium. On soyflour–cornmeAl broth M. verrucAriA produced severAl toxins, including epiroridin E (58.1 mg/g), epiisororidin E (5.8 mg/g), VerrucArin B (29.9 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (32 mg/g). In contrAst, no mAcrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC AnAlysis of plAnt tissues of kudzu, sicklepod, And soybeAn treAted with Aqueous suspensions of M. verrucAriA spores formulAted with A surfActAnt. Chloroform–methAnol extrActs of kudzu leAves And stems treAted with M. verrucAriA spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mAmmAliAn cell lines thAn the corresponding extrActs from control plAnts. Purified mAcrocyclic trichothecenes (VerrucArin A And T-2 toxin) were very cytotoxic to the sAme cell lines (⩽2 ng/ml). These results show thAt neither intAct mAcrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metAbolites could be detected in plAnt tissues After treAtment with M. verrucAriA spores. These results Argue for both sAfety And efficAcy for the use of M. verrucAriA in biologicAl control of kudzu And other noxious weeds, And support proceeding to AnimAl feeding triAls for further evAluAtion of sAfety.

  • mAcrocyclic trichothecenes Are undetectAble in kudzu puerAriA montAnA plAnts treAted with A high producing isolAte of myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier, Clyde D Boyette, Bruce B. Jarvis
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct Myrothecium verrucAriA wAs found to be An effective pAthogen AgAinst kudzu grown in the greenhouse And the field. M. verrucAriA produced lArge Amounts of mAcrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium, including epiroridin E (16.8 mg/g crude extrAct), epiisororidin E (1 mg/g), roridin E (8.7 mg/g), roridin H (31.3 mg/g), trichoverrin A (0.6 mg/g), trichoverrin B (0.1 mg/g), VerrucArin A (37.4 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (2.2 mg/g). Most of these toxins were Also isolAted from M. verrucAriA spores And myceliA grown on potAto dextrose AgAr medium, including epiroridin E (32.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (28.6 mg/g), roridin E (0 mg/g), roridin H (60 mg/g), trichoverrin A (1.3 mg/g), trichoverrin B (1.8 mg/g), VerrucArin A (13.8 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (131 mg/g). When M. verrucAriA wAs cultured on liquid mediA, the numbers but not the Amounts of toxins decreAsed. Only epiroridin E (28.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (29.6 mg/g), VerrucArin B (195 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (52.6 mg/g) were meAsured when the fungus wAs cultured on cornsteep medium. On soyflour–cornmeAl broth M. verrucAriA produced severAl toxins, including epiroridin E (58.1 mg/g), epiisororidin E (5.8 mg/g), VerrucArin B (29.9 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (32 mg/g). In contrAst, no mAcrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC AnAlysis of plAnt tissues of kudzu, sicklepod, And soybeAn treAted with Aqueous suspensions of M. verrucAriA spores formulAted with A surfActAnt. Chloroform–methAnol extrActs of kudzu leAves And stems treAted with M. verrucAriA spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mAmmAliAn cell lines thAn the corresponding extrActs from control plAnts. Purified mAcrocyclic trichothecenes (VerrucArin A And T-2 toxin) were very cytotoxic to the sAme cell lines (⩽2 ng/ml). These results show thAt neither intAct mAcrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metAbolites could be detected in plAnt tissues After treAtment with M. verrucAriA spores. These results Argue for both sAfety And efficAcy for the use of M. verrucAriA in biologicAl control of kudzu And other noxious weeds, And support proceeding to AnimAl feeding triAls for further evAluAtion of sAfety.

Wayne Thomas Shier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • phytotoxicity And mAmmAliAn cytotoxicity of mAcrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins from myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2002
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, B B Johnson, Wayne Thomas Shier, Bruce B. Jarvis, Clyde D Boyette
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct MAcrocyclic trichothecene toxins produced by Myrothecium verrucAriA (A phytopAthogen of interest in biologicAl weed control) And the non-trichothecene toxin AtrAnone B from StAchybotiys AtrA were tested for phytotoxicity in duckweed ( LemnA pAusicostAtA L.) plAntlet cultures And kudzu ( PuerAriA lobAtA L.) leAf disc AssAys, And for mAmmAliAn cytotoxicity in four cultured cell lines. Roridin E And H, epi-isororidin E, And VerrucArin A And J were phytotoxic (hAlf-mAximAl effect in the concentrAtion rAnge 0.1–9.7 μM on duckweed And 1.5–>80 μM on kudzu) And cytotoxic to mAmmAliAn cell lines (hAlf-mAximAl inhibition of proliferAtion in the concentrAtion rAnge 1–35 nM). Trichoverrins A And B And AtrAnone B were moderAtely phytotoxic (hAlf-mAximAl effect in the concentrAtion rAnge 1 9–69 μM on duckweed And 13–>80 μM on kudzu) And weAkly cytotoxic with mAmmAliAn cell lines (hAlf-mAximAl inhibition of proliferAtion in the concentrAtion rAnge 0.3–>2 μM).

  • mAcrocyclic trichothecenes Are undetectAble in kudzu puerAriA montAnA plAnts treAted with A high producing isolAte of myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier, Clyde D Boyette, Bruce B. Jarvis
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct Myrothecium verrucAriA wAs found to be An effective pAthogen AgAinst kudzu grown in the greenhouse And the field. M. verrucAriA produced lArge Amounts of mAcrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium, including epiroridin E (16.8 mg/g crude extrAct), epiisororidin E (1 mg/g), roridin E (8.7 mg/g), roridin H (31.3 mg/g), trichoverrin A (0.6 mg/g), trichoverrin B (0.1 mg/g), VerrucArin A (37.4 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (2.2 mg/g). Most of these toxins were Also isolAted from M. verrucAriA spores And myceliA grown on potAto dextrose AgAr medium, including epiroridin E (32.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (28.6 mg/g), roridin E (0 mg/g), roridin H (60 mg/g), trichoverrin A (1.3 mg/g), trichoverrin B (1.8 mg/g), VerrucArin A (13.8 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (131 mg/g). When M. verrucAriA wAs cultured on liquid mediA, the numbers but not the Amounts of toxins decreAsed. Only epiroridin E (28.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (29.6 mg/g), VerrucArin B (195 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (52.6 mg/g) were meAsured when the fungus wAs cultured on cornsteep medium. On soyflour–cornmeAl broth M. verrucAriA produced severAl toxins, including epiroridin E (58.1 mg/g), epiisororidin E (5.8 mg/g), VerrucArin B (29.9 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (32 mg/g). In contrAst, no mAcrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC AnAlysis of plAnt tissues of kudzu, sicklepod, And soybeAn treAted with Aqueous suspensions of M. verrucAriA spores formulAted with A surfActAnt. Chloroform–methAnol extrActs of kudzu leAves And stems treAted with M. verrucAriA spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mAmmAliAn cell lines thAn the corresponding extrActs from control plAnts. Purified mAcrocyclic trichothecenes (VerrucArin A And T-2 toxin) were very cytotoxic to the sAme cell lines (⩽2 ng/ml). These results show thAt neither intAct mAcrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metAbolites could be detected in plAnt tissues After treAtment with M. verrucAriA spores. These results Argue for both sAfety And efficAcy for the use of M. verrucAriA in biologicAl control of kudzu And other noxious weeds, And support proceeding to AnimAl feeding triAls for further evAluAtion of sAfety.

  • mAcrocyclic trichothecenes Are undetectAble in kudzu puerAriA montAnA plAnts treAted with A high producing isolAte of myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier, Clyde D Boyette, Bruce B. Jarvis
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct Myrothecium verrucAriA wAs found to be An effective pAthogen AgAinst kudzu grown in the greenhouse And the field. M. verrucAriA produced lArge Amounts of mAcrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium, including epiroridin E (16.8 mg/g crude extrAct), epiisororidin E (1 mg/g), roridin E (8.7 mg/g), roridin H (31.3 mg/g), trichoverrin A (0.6 mg/g), trichoverrin B (0.1 mg/g), VerrucArin A (37.4 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (2.2 mg/g). Most of these toxins were Also isolAted from M. verrucAriA spores And myceliA grown on potAto dextrose AgAr medium, including epiroridin E (32.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (28.6 mg/g), roridin E (0 mg/g), roridin H (60 mg/g), trichoverrin A (1.3 mg/g), trichoverrin B (1.8 mg/g), VerrucArin A (13.8 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (131 mg/g). When M. verrucAriA wAs cultured on liquid mediA, the numbers but not the Amounts of toxins decreAsed. Only epiroridin E (28.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (29.6 mg/g), VerrucArin B (195 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (52.6 mg/g) were meAsured when the fungus wAs cultured on cornsteep medium. On soyflour–cornmeAl broth M. verrucAriA produced severAl toxins, including epiroridin E (58.1 mg/g), epiisororidin E (5.8 mg/g), VerrucArin B (29.9 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (32 mg/g). In contrAst, no mAcrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC AnAlysis of plAnt tissues of kudzu, sicklepod, And soybeAn treAted with Aqueous suspensions of M. verrucAriA spores formulAted with A surfActAnt. Chloroform–methAnol extrActs of kudzu leAves And stems treAted with M. verrucAriA spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mAmmAliAn cell lines thAn the corresponding extrActs from control plAnts. Purified mAcrocyclic trichothecenes (VerrucArin A And T-2 toxin) were very cytotoxic to the sAme cell lines (⩽2 ng/ml). These results show thAt neither intAct mAcrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metAbolites could be detected in plAnt tissues After treAtment with M. verrucAriA spores. These results Argue for both sAfety And efficAcy for the use of M. verrucAriA in biologicAl control of kudzu And other noxious weeds, And support proceeding to AnimAl feeding triAls for further evAluAtion of sAfety.

Angelo Garibaldi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • VerrucArin A And roridin e produced on rocket by myrothecium roridum under different temperAtures And co2 levels
    World Mycotoxin Journal, 2017
    Co-Authors: Pietro Bosio, Ilenia Siciliano, Giovanna Gilardi, Maria Lodovica Gullino, Angelo Garibaldi
    Abstract:

    The behAviour of Myrothecium roridum, ArtificiAlly inoculAted on cultivAted rocket (ErucA sAtivA), hAs been evAluAted under eight different temperAture And CO2 concentrAtion combinAtions (from 14-18 °C to 26-30 °C And with 400-450 or 800-850 ppm of CO2). The pAthogen isolAte used for this study wAs inoculAted on rocket And diseAse severity increAsed with high temperAtures for both CO2 levels. VerrucArin A And roridin E mycotoxins were produced under All the tested temperAtures At high CO2 conditions. The mAximum level of VerrucArin A wAs found At 14-18 °C And 800-850 ppm of CO2, And the mAximum roridin E production wAs detected At 26-30 °C with 800-850 ppm of CO2. The results obtAined in this study show thAt both the CO2 concentrAtion And the temperAture influence diseAse severity And mycotoxin production in different wAys. An increAse in temperAture, which is fAvourAble for AttAcks of the pAthogen, could induce the spreAd of M. roridum in temperAte regions, And this pAthogen could tAke on even greAter im...

  • VerrucArin A And roridin E produced on spinAch by Myrothecium verrucAriA under different temperAtures And CO_2 levels
    Mycotoxin Research, 2017
    Co-Authors: Ilenia Siciliano, Giovanna Gilardi, Pietro Bosio, Maria Lodovica Gullino, Angelo Garibaldi
    Abstract:

    The behAvior of Myrothecium verrucAriA , ArtificiAlly inoculAted on spinAch, wAs studied under seven different temperAture conditions (from 5 to 35 °C) And under eight different combinAtions of temperAture And CO_2 concentrAtion (14–30 °C And 775–870 or 1550–1650 mg/m^3). The isolAte used for this study wAs growing well on spinAch, And the mycotoxins VerrucArin A And roridin E were produced under All tested temperAture And CO_2 conditions. The mAximum levels of VerrucArin A (18.59 ng/g) And roridin E (49.62 ng/g) were found At A temperAture of 26–30 °C And A CO_2 level of 1550–1650 mg/m^3. Rises in temperAture As well As in temperAture And CO_2 concentrAtions hAd A significAnt effect by increAsing Myrothecium leAf spots on spinAch. The biosynthesis of VerrucArin A wAs significAntly increAsed At the highest temperAture (35 °C), while roridin E wAs influenced by the CO_2 concentrAtion. These results show thAt A positive correlAtion between climAte condition And mAcrocyclic trichothecene production is possible. However, becAuse of the Ability of M. verrucAriA to produce mycotoxins, An increAse in temperAture could induce the spreAd of M. verrucAriA in temperAte regions; this pAthogen mAy gAin importAnce in the future.

  • VerrucArin A And roridin e produced on spinAch by myrothecium verrucAriA under different temperAtures And co2 levels
    Mycotoxin Research, 2017
    Co-Authors: Ilenia Siciliano, Giovanna Gilardi, Pietro Bosio, Maria Lodovica Gullino, Angelo Garibaldi
    Abstract:

    The behAvior of Myrothecium verrucAriA, ArtificiAlly inoculAted on spinAch, wAs studied under seven different temperAture conditions (from 5 to 35 °C) And under eight different combinAtions of temperAture And CO2 concentrAtion (14–30 °C And 775–870 or 1550–1650 mg/m3). The isolAte used for this study wAs growing well on spinAch, And the mycotoxins VerrucArin A And roridin E were produced under All tested temperAture And CO2 conditions. The mAximum levels of VerrucArin A (18.59 ng/g) And roridin E (49.62 ng/g) were found At A temperAture of 26–30 °C And A CO2 level of 1550–1650 mg/m3. Rises in temperAture As well As in temperAture And CO2 concentrAtions hAd A significAnt effect by increAsing Myrothecium leAf spots on spinAch. The biosynthesis of VerrucArin A wAs significAntly increAsed At the highest temperAture (35 °C), while roridin E wAs influenced by the CO2 concentrAtion. These results show thAt A positive correlAtion between climAte condition And mAcrocyclic trichothecene production is possible. However, becAuse of the Ability of M. verrucAriA to produce mycotoxins, An increAse in temperAture could induce the spreAd of M. verrucAriA in temperAte regions; this pAthogen mAy gAin importAnce in the future.

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  • phytotoxicity And mAmmAliAn cytotoxicity of mAcrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins from myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2002
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, B B Johnson, Wayne Thomas Shier, Bruce B. Jarvis, Clyde D Boyette
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct MAcrocyclic trichothecene toxins produced by Myrothecium verrucAriA (A phytopAthogen of interest in biologicAl weed control) And the non-trichothecene toxin AtrAnone B from StAchybotiys AtrA were tested for phytotoxicity in duckweed ( LemnA pAusicostAtA L.) plAntlet cultures And kudzu ( PuerAriA lobAtA L.) leAf disc AssAys, And for mAmmAliAn cytotoxicity in four cultured cell lines. Roridin E And H, epi-isororidin E, And VerrucArin A And J were phytotoxic (hAlf-mAximAl effect in the concentrAtion rAnge 0.1–9.7 μM on duckweed And 1.5–>80 μM on kudzu) And cytotoxic to mAmmAliAn cell lines (hAlf-mAximAl inhibition of proliferAtion in the concentrAtion rAnge 1–35 nM). Trichoverrins A And B And AtrAnone B were moderAtely phytotoxic (hAlf-mAximAl effect in the concentrAtion rAnge 1 9–69 μM on duckweed And 13–>80 μM on kudzu) And weAkly cytotoxic with mAmmAliAn cell lines (hAlf-mAximAl inhibition of proliferAtion in the concentrAtion rAnge 0.3–>2 μM).

  • mAcrocyclic trichothecenes Are undetectAble in kudzu puerAriA montAnA plAnts treAted with A high producing isolAte of myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier, Clyde D Boyette, Bruce B. Jarvis
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct Myrothecium verrucAriA wAs found to be An effective pAthogen AgAinst kudzu grown in the greenhouse And the field. M. verrucAriA produced lArge Amounts of mAcrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium, including epiroridin E (16.8 mg/g crude extrAct), epiisororidin E (1 mg/g), roridin E (8.7 mg/g), roridin H (31.3 mg/g), trichoverrin A (0.6 mg/g), trichoverrin B (0.1 mg/g), VerrucArin A (37.4 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (2.2 mg/g). Most of these toxins were Also isolAted from M. verrucAriA spores And myceliA grown on potAto dextrose AgAr medium, including epiroridin E (32.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (28.6 mg/g), roridin E (0 mg/g), roridin H (60 mg/g), trichoverrin A (1.3 mg/g), trichoverrin B (1.8 mg/g), VerrucArin A (13.8 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (131 mg/g). When M. verrucAriA wAs cultured on liquid mediA, the numbers but not the Amounts of toxins decreAsed. Only epiroridin E (28.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (29.6 mg/g), VerrucArin B (195 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (52.6 mg/g) were meAsured when the fungus wAs cultured on cornsteep medium. On soyflour–cornmeAl broth M. verrucAriA produced severAl toxins, including epiroridin E (58.1 mg/g), epiisororidin E (5.8 mg/g), VerrucArin B (29.9 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (32 mg/g). In contrAst, no mAcrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC AnAlysis of plAnt tissues of kudzu, sicklepod, And soybeAn treAted with Aqueous suspensions of M. verrucAriA spores formulAted with A surfActAnt. Chloroform–methAnol extrActs of kudzu leAves And stems treAted with M. verrucAriA spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mAmmAliAn cell lines thAn the corresponding extrActs from control plAnts. Purified mAcrocyclic trichothecenes (VerrucArin A And T-2 toxin) were very cytotoxic to the sAme cell lines (⩽2 ng/ml). These results show thAt neither intAct mAcrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metAbolites could be detected in plAnt tissues After treAtment with M. verrucAriA spores. These results Argue for both sAfety And efficAcy for the use of M. verrucAriA in biologicAl control of kudzu And other noxious weeds, And support proceeding to AnimAl feeding triAls for further evAluAtion of sAfety.

  • mAcrocyclic trichothecenes Are undetectAble in kudzu puerAriA montAnA plAnts treAted with A high producing isolAte of myrothecium verrucAriA
    Phytochemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hamed K Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier, Clyde D Boyette, Bruce B. Jarvis
    Abstract:

    AbstrAct Myrothecium verrucAriA wAs found to be An effective pAthogen AgAinst kudzu grown in the greenhouse And the field. M. verrucAriA produced lArge Amounts of mAcrocyclic trichothecenes when cultured on solid rice medium, including epiroridin E (16.8 mg/g crude extrAct), epiisororidin E (1 mg/g), roridin E (8.7 mg/g), roridin H (31.3 mg/g), trichoverrin A (0.6 mg/g), trichoverrin B (0.1 mg/g), VerrucArin A (37.4 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (2.2 mg/g). Most of these toxins were Also isolAted from M. verrucAriA spores And myceliA grown on potAto dextrose AgAr medium, including epiroridin E (32.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (28.6 mg/g), roridin E (0 mg/g), roridin H (60 mg/g), trichoverrin A (1.3 mg/g), trichoverrin B (1.8 mg/g), VerrucArin A (13.8 mg/g), And VerrucArin J (131 mg/g). When M. verrucAriA wAs cultured on liquid mediA, the numbers but not the Amounts of toxins decreAsed. Only epiroridin E (28.3 mg/g), epiisororidin E (29.6 mg/g), VerrucArin B (195 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (52.6 mg/g) were meAsured when the fungus wAs cultured on cornsteep medium. On soyflour–cornmeAl broth M. verrucAriA produced severAl toxins, including epiroridin E (58.1 mg/g), epiisororidin E (5.8 mg/g), VerrucArin B (29.9 mg/g) And VerrucArin J (32 mg/g). In contrAst, no mAcrocyclic trichothecenes were detected by HPLC AnAlysis of plAnt tissues of kudzu, sicklepod, And soybeAn treAted with Aqueous suspensions of M. verrucAriA spores formulAted with A surfActAnt. Chloroform–methAnol extrActs of kudzu leAves And stems treAted with M. verrucAriA spores were less cytotoxic to four cultured mAmmAliAn cell lines thAn the corresponding extrActs from control plAnts. Purified mAcrocyclic trichothecenes (VerrucArin A And T-2 toxin) were very cytotoxic to the sAme cell lines (⩽2 ng/ml). These results show thAt neither intAct mAcrocyclic trichothecenes nor toxic metAbolites could be detected in plAnt tissues After treAtment with M. verrucAriA spores. These results Argue for both sAfety And efficAcy for the use of M. verrucAriA in biologicAl control of kudzu And other noxious weeds, And support proceeding to AnimAl feeding triAls for further evAluAtion of sAfety.