The Experts below are selected from a list of 198 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Sophie Hambleton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Varicella zoster Virus Immunity: A primer.
Journal of Infection, 2015Co-Authors: Christopher J. A. Duncan, Sophie HambletonAbstract:Varicella zoster (VZV) is among the most prevalent Viruses affecting the human race. The majority of us experience primary infection as varicella in childhood and remain latently infected, with occasional reactivation as the infectious entity, shingles. Rarely, VZV causes severe and disseminated disease, which can be fatal despite the availability of highly active antiviral agents. VZV is the only herpesVirus against which effective vaccines have been developed and widely implemented in several countries, further complicating its epidemiology. The immunological correlates of protection against varicella remain incompletely understood. Here we provide a brief overview of evidence from animal models and observational studies that define immunologic risk factors for severe varicella, and thus the most important elements of VZV Immunity. Although circulating VZV-specific antibody can prevent primary infection, innate and cellular responses appear much more important in limiting its severity and duration. Improved understanding of these protective factors may assist us in developing more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of severe varicella.
Byron E. E. Martina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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West Nile Virus: Immunity and pathogenesis
Viruses, 2011Co-Authors: Stephanie M. Lim, Penelope Koraka, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus, Byron E. E. MartinaAbstract:West Nile Virus (WNV) is a neurotropic, arthropod-borne flaviVirus that is maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds, but can also infect and cause disease in horses and humans. WNV is endemic in parts of Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, and since 1999 has spread to North America, Mexico, South America, and the Caribbean. WNV infects the central nervous system (CNS) and can cause severe disease in a small minority of infected humans, mostly immunocompromised or the elderly. This review discusses some of the mechanisms by which the immune system can limit dissemination of WNV infection and elaborates on the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis. Reasons for susceptibility to WNV-associated neuroinvasive disease in less than 1% of cases remain unexplained, but one favored hypothesis is that the involvement of the CNS is associated with a weak immune response allowing robust WNV replication in the periphery and spread of the Virus to the CNS.
Luisa Barzon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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west nile Virus infection in individuals with pre existing usutu Virus Immunity northern italy 2018
Eurosurveillance, 2019Co-Authors: Alessandro Sinigaglia, Monia Pacenti, Thomas Martello, Silvana Pagni, Elisa Franchin, Luisa BarzonAbstract:In 2018, there was a large West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreak in northern Italy. We observed five atypical cases of WNV infection that were characterised by the presence of WNV RNA and WNV IgG at the time of diagnosis, but no IgM response during follow-up. Neutralisation assays demonstrated pre-existing Usutu Virus Immunity in all patients. Besides challenging diagnosis, the immunological crosstalk between the two Viruses warrants further investigation on possible cross-protection or infection enhancement effects.
Christopher J. A. Duncan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Varicella zoster Virus Immunity: A primer.
Journal of Infection, 2015Co-Authors: Christopher J. A. Duncan, Sophie HambletonAbstract:Varicella zoster (VZV) is among the most prevalent Viruses affecting the human race. The majority of us experience primary infection as varicella in childhood and remain latently infected, with occasional reactivation as the infectious entity, shingles. Rarely, VZV causes severe and disseminated disease, which can be fatal despite the availability of highly active antiviral agents. VZV is the only herpesVirus against which effective vaccines have been developed and widely implemented in several countries, further complicating its epidemiology. The immunological correlates of protection against varicella remain incompletely understood. Here we provide a brief overview of evidence from animal models and observational studies that define immunologic risk factors for severe varicella, and thus the most important elements of VZV Immunity. Although circulating VZV-specific antibody can prevent primary infection, innate and cellular responses appear much more important in limiting its severity and duration. Improved understanding of these protective factors may assist us in developing more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of severe varicella.
Lingyi Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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replication incompetent adenoviral vaccine vector elicits effective anti immunodeficiency Virus Immunity
Nature, 2002Co-Authors: John W Shiver, Ling Chen, Danilo R Casimiro, Maryellen Davies, Robert K Evans, Zhiqiang Zhang, Adam J Simon, Wendy L Trigona, Sheri Dubey, Lingyi HuangAbstract:Recent studies of human immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in humans and of simian immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in rhesus monkeys have shown that resolution of the acute viral infection and control of the subsequent persistent infection are mediated by the antiviral cellular immune response. We comparatively assessed several vaccine vector delivery systems-three formulations of a plasmid DNA vector, the modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) Virus, and a replication incompetent adenoVirus type 5 (Ad5) vector-expressing the SIV gag protein for their ability to elicit such immune responses in monkeys. The vaccines were tested either as a single modality or in combined modality regimens. Here we show that the most effective responses were elicited by a replication-incompetent Ad5 vector, used either alone or as a booster inoculation after priming with a DNA vector. After challenge with a pathogenic HIV-SIV hybrid Virus (SHIV), the animals immunized with Ad5 vector exhibited the most pronounced attenuation of the Virus infection. The replication-defective adenoVirus is a promising vaccine vector for development of an HIV-1 vaccine.
