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Hillary D. J. Mrosso - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Patterns of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. 'macula'.
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Shohei Takuno, Ryutaro Miyagi, Mitsuto Aibara, Shinji Mizoiri, Shiho Takahashi-kariyazono, Akie Sato, Herbert Tichy, Jun-ichi Onami, Masato Nikaido, Hillary D. J. MrossoAbstract:The molecular basis of the incipient stage of speciation is still poorly understood. Cichlid fish species in Lake Victoria are a prime example of recent speciation events and a suitable system to study the Adaptation and reproductive isolation of species. Here, we report the pattern of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species collected in sympatry, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. ‘macula,’ based on the pooled genome sequences of 20 individuals of each species. Despite their ecological differences, population genomics analyses demonstrate that the two species are very close to a single panmictic population due to extensive gene flow. However, we identified 21 highly differentiated short genomic regions with fixed nucleotide differences. At least 15 of these regions contained genes with predicted roles in Adaptation and reproductive isolation, such as Visual Adaptation, circadian clock, developmental processes, Adaptation to hypoxia, and sexual selection. The nonsynonymous fixed differences in one of these genes, LWS, were reported as substitutions causing shift in absorption spectra of LWS pigments. Fixed differences were found in the promoter regions of four other differentially expressed genes, indicating that these substitutions may alter gene expression levels. These diverged short genomic regions may have contributed to the differentiation of two ecologically different species. Moreover, the origins of adaptive variants within the differentiated regions predate the geological formation of Lake Victoria; thus Lake Victoria cichlid species diversified via selection on standing genetic variation.
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Patterns of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. ‘macula’
BMC, 2019Co-Authors: Shohei Takuno, Ryutaro Miyagi, Mitsuto Aibara, Shinji Mizoiri, Shiho Takahashi-kariyazono, Akie Sato, Herbert Tichy, Jun-ichi Onami, Masato Nikaido, Hillary D. J. MrossoAbstract:Abstract Background The molecular basis of the incipient stage of speciation is still poorly understood. Cichlid fish species in Lake Victoria are a prime example of recent speciation events and a suitable system to study the Adaptation and reproductive isolation of species. Results Here, we report the pattern of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species collected in sympatry, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. ‘macula,’ based on the pooled genome sequences of 20 individuals of each species. Despite their ecological differences, population genomics analyses demonstrate that the two species are very close to a single panmictic population due to extensive gene flow. However, we identified 21 highly differentiated short genomic regions with fixed nucleotide differences. At least 15 of these regions contained genes with predicted roles in Adaptation and reproductive isolation, such as Visual Adaptation, circadian clock, developmental processes, Adaptation to hypoxia, and sexual selection. The nonsynonymous fixed differences in one of these genes, LWS, were reported as substitutions causing shift in absorption spectra of LWS pigments. Fixed differences were found in the promoter regions of four other differentially expressed genes, indicating that these substitutions may alter gene expression levels. Conclusions These diverged short genomic regions may have contributed to the differentiation of two ecologically different species. Moreover, the origins of adaptive variants within the differentiated regions predate the geological formation of Lake Victoria; thus Lake Victoria cichlid species diversified via selection on standing genetic variation
Ian D Stephen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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looking at the figures Visual Adaptation as a mechanism for body size and shape misperception
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2020Co-Authors: Kevin R Brooks, Jonathan Mond, Deborah Mitchison, Richard J Stevenson, Kirsten L Challinor, Ian D StephenAbstract:Many individuals experience body-size and -shape misperception (BSSM). Body-size overestimation is associated with body dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, and the development of eating disorders in individuals who desire to be thinner. Similar symptoms have been noted for those who underestimate their muscularity. Conversely, individuals with high body mass indices (BMI) who underestimate their adiposity may not recognize the risks of or seek help for obesity-related medical issues. Although social scientists have examined whether media representations of idealized bodies contribute to the overestimation of fat or underestimation of muscle, other scientists suggest that increases in the prevalence of obesity could explain body-fat underestimation as a form of renormalization. However, these disparate approaches have not advanced our understanding of the perceptual underpinnings of BSSM. Recently, a new unifying account of BSSM has emerged that is based on the long-established phenomenon of Visual Adaptation, employing psychophysical measurements of perceived size and shape following exposure to "extreme" body stimuli. By inducing BSSM in the laboratory as an aftereffect, this technique is rapidly advancing our understanding of the underlying mental representation of human bodies. This nascent approach provides insight into real-world BSSM and may inform the development of therapeutic and public-health interventions designed to address such perceptual errors.
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body image distortion and exposure to extreme body types contingent Adaptation and cross Adaptation for self and other
Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2016Co-Authors: Kevin R Brooks, Jonathan Mond, Richard J Stevenson, Ian D StephenAbstract:Body size misperception is common amongst the general public and is a core component of eating disorders and related conditions. While perennial media exposure to the “thin ideal” has been blamed for this misperception, relatively little research has examined Visual Adaptation as a potential mechanism. We examined the extent to which the bodies of “self” and “other” are processed by common or separate mechanisms in young women. Using a contingent Adaptation paradigm, experiment 1 gave participants prolonged exposure to images both of the self and of another female that had been distorted in opposite directions (e.g. expanded other/contracted self), and assessed the aftereffects using test images both of the self and other. The directions of the resulting perceptual biases were contingent on the test stimulus, establishing at least some separation between the mechanisms encoding these body types. Experiment 2 used a cross Adaptation paradigm to further investigate the extent to which these mechanisms are independent. Participants were adapted either to expanded or to contracted images of their own body or that of another female. While Adaptation effects were largest when adapting and testing with the same body type, confirming the separation of mechanisms reported in experiment 1, substantial misperceptions were also demonstrated for cross Adaptation conditions, demonstrating a degree of overlap in the encoding of self and other. In addition, the evidence of misperception of one’s own body following exposure to “thin” and to “fat” others demonstrates the viability of Visual Adaptation as a model of body image disturbance both for those who underestimate and those who overestimate their own size.
Shohei Takuno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Patterns of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. 'macula'.
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Shohei Takuno, Ryutaro Miyagi, Mitsuto Aibara, Shinji Mizoiri, Shiho Takahashi-kariyazono, Akie Sato, Herbert Tichy, Jun-ichi Onami, Masato Nikaido, Hillary D. J. MrossoAbstract:The molecular basis of the incipient stage of speciation is still poorly understood. Cichlid fish species in Lake Victoria are a prime example of recent speciation events and a suitable system to study the Adaptation and reproductive isolation of species. Here, we report the pattern of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species collected in sympatry, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. ‘macula,’ based on the pooled genome sequences of 20 individuals of each species. Despite their ecological differences, population genomics analyses demonstrate that the two species are very close to a single panmictic population due to extensive gene flow. However, we identified 21 highly differentiated short genomic regions with fixed nucleotide differences. At least 15 of these regions contained genes with predicted roles in Adaptation and reproductive isolation, such as Visual Adaptation, circadian clock, developmental processes, Adaptation to hypoxia, and sexual selection. The nonsynonymous fixed differences in one of these genes, LWS, were reported as substitutions causing shift in absorption spectra of LWS pigments. Fixed differences were found in the promoter regions of four other differentially expressed genes, indicating that these substitutions may alter gene expression levels. These diverged short genomic regions may have contributed to the differentiation of two ecologically different species. Moreover, the origins of adaptive variants within the differentiated regions predate the geological formation of Lake Victoria; thus Lake Victoria cichlid species diversified via selection on standing genetic variation.
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Patterns of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. ‘macula’
BMC, 2019Co-Authors: Shohei Takuno, Ryutaro Miyagi, Mitsuto Aibara, Shinji Mizoiri, Shiho Takahashi-kariyazono, Akie Sato, Herbert Tichy, Jun-ichi Onami, Masato Nikaido, Hillary D. J. MrossoAbstract:Abstract Background The molecular basis of the incipient stage of speciation is still poorly understood. Cichlid fish species in Lake Victoria are a prime example of recent speciation events and a suitable system to study the Adaptation and reproductive isolation of species. Results Here, we report the pattern of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species collected in sympatry, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. ‘macula,’ based on the pooled genome sequences of 20 individuals of each species. Despite their ecological differences, population genomics analyses demonstrate that the two species are very close to a single panmictic population due to extensive gene flow. However, we identified 21 highly differentiated short genomic regions with fixed nucleotide differences. At least 15 of these regions contained genes with predicted roles in Adaptation and reproductive isolation, such as Visual Adaptation, circadian clock, developmental processes, Adaptation to hypoxia, and sexual selection. The nonsynonymous fixed differences in one of these genes, LWS, were reported as substitutions causing shift in absorption spectra of LWS pigments. Fixed differences were found in the promoter regions of four other differentially expressed genes, indicating that these substitutions may alter gene expression levels. Conclusions These diverged short genomic regions may have contributed to the differentiation of two ecologically different species. Moreover, the origins of adaptive variants within the differentiated regions predate the geological formation of Lake Victoria; thus Lake Victoria cichlid species diversified via selection on standing genetic variation
Kevin R Brooks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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looking at the figures Visual Adaptation as a mechanism for body size and shape misperception
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2020Co-Authors: Kevin R Brooks, Jonathan Mond, Deborah Mitchison, Richard J Stevenson, Kirsten L Challinor, Ian D StephenAbstract:Many individuals experience body-size and -shape misperception (BSSM). Body-size overestimation is associated with body dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, and the development of eating disorders in individuals who desire to be thinner. Similar symptoms have been noted for those who underestimate their muscularity. Conversely, individuals with high body mass indices (BMI) who underestimate their adiposity may not recognize the risks of or seek help for obesity-related medical issues. Although social scientists have examined whether media representations of idealized bodies contribute to the overestimation of fat or underestimation of muscle, other scientists suggest that increases in the prevalence of obesity could explain body-fat underestimation as a form of renormalization. However, these disparate approaches have not advanced our understanding of the perceptual underpinnings of BSSM. Recently, a new unifying account of BSSM has emerged that is based on the long-established phenomenon of Visual Adaptation, employing psychophysical measurements of perceived size and shape following exposure to "extreme" body stimuli. By inducing BSSM in the laboratory as an aftereffect, this technique is rapidly advancing our understanding of the underlying mental representation of human bodies. This nascent approach provides insight into real-world BSSM and may inform the development of therapeutic and public-health interventions designed to address such perceptual errors.
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body image distortion and exposure to extreme body types contingent Adaptation and cross Adaptation for self and other
Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2016Co-Authors: Kevin R Brooks, Jonathan Mond, Richard J Stevenson, Ian D StephenAbstract:Body size misperception is common amongst the general public and is a core component of eating disorders and related conditions. While perennial media exposure to the “thin ideal” has been blamed for this misperception, relatively little research has examined Visual Adaptation as a potential mechanism. We examined the extent to which the bodies of “self” and “other” are processed by common or separate mechanisms in young women. Using a contingent Adaptation paradigm, experiment 1 gave participants prolonged exposure to images both of the self and of another female that had been distorted in opposite directions (e.g. expanded other/contracted self), and assessed the aftereffects using test images both of the self and other. The directions of the resulting perceptual biases were contingent on the test stimulus, establishing at least some separation between the mechanisms encoding these body types. Experiment 2 used a cross Adaptation paradigm to further investigate the extent to which these mechanisms are independent. Participants were adapted either to expanded or to contracted images of their own body or that of another female. While Adaptation effects were largest when adapting and testing with the same body type, confirming the separation of mechanisms reported in experiment 1, substantial misperceptions were also demonstrated for cross Adaptation conditions, demonstrating a degree of overlap in the encoding of self and other. In addition, the evidence of misperception of one’s own body following exposure to “thin” and to “fat” others demonstrates the viability of Visual Adaptation as a model of body image disturbance both for those who underestimate and those who overestimate their own size.
Herbert Tichy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Patterns of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. 'macula'.
BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2019Co-Authors: Shohei Takuno, Ryutaro Miyagi, Mitsuto Aibara, Shinji Mizoiri, Shiho Takahashi-kariyazono, Akie Sato, Herbert Tichy, Jun-ichi Onami, Masato Nikaido, Hillary D. J. MrossoAbstract:The molecular basis of the incipient stage of speciation is still poorly understood. Cichlid fish species in Lake Victoria are a prime example of recent speciation events and a suitable system to study the Adaptation and reproductive isolation of species. Here, we report the pattern of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species collected in sympatry, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. ‘macula,’ based on the pooled genome sequences of 20 individuals of each species. Despite their ecological differences, population genomics analyses demonstrate that the two species are very close to a single panmictic population due to extensive gene flow. However, we identified 21 highly differentiated short genomic regions with fixed nucleotide differences. At least 15 of these regions contained genes with predicted roles in Adaptation and reproductive isolation, such as Visual Adaptation, circadian clock, developmental processes, Adaptation to hypoxia, and sexual selection. The nonsynonymous fixed differences in one of these genes, LWS, were reported as substitutions causing shift in absorption spectra of LWS pigments. Fixed differences were found in the promoter regions of four other differentially expressed genes, indicating that these substitutions may alter gene expression levels. These diverged short genomic regions may have contributed to the differentiation of two ecologically different species. Moreover, the origins of adaptive variants within the differentiated regions predate the geological formation of Lake Victoria; thus Lake Victoria cichlid species diversified via selection on standing genetic variation.
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Patterns of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. ‘macula’
BMC, 2019Co-Authors: Shohei Takuno, Ryutaro Miyagi, Mitsuto Aibara, Shinji Mizoiri, Shiho Takahashi-kariyazono, Akie Sato, Herbert Tichy, Jun-ichi Onami, Masato Nikaido, Hillary D. J. MrossoAbstract:Abstract Background The molecular basis of the incipient stage of speciation is still poorly understood. Cichlid fish species in Lake Victoria are a prime example of recent speciation events and a suitable system to study the Adaptation and reproductive isolation of species. Results Here, we report the pattern of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species collected in sympatry, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. ‘macula,’ based on the pooled genome sequences of 20 individuals of each species. Despite their ecological differences, population genomics analyses demonstrate that the two species are very close to a single panmictic population due to extensive gene flow. However, we identified 21 highly differentiated short genomic regions with fixed nucleotide differences. At least 15 of these regions contained genes with predicted roles in Adaptation and reproductive isolation, such as Visual Adaptation, circadian clock, developmental processes, Adaptation to hypoxia, and sexual selection. The nonsynonymous fixed differences in one of these genes, LWS, were reported as substitutions causing shift in absorption spectra of LWS pigments. Fixed differences were found in the promoter regions of four other differentially expressed genes, indicating that these substitutions may alter gene expression levels. Conclusions These diverged short genomic regions may have contributed to the differentiation of two ecologically different species. Moreover, the origins of adaptive variants within the differentiated regions predate the geological formation of Lake Victoria; thus Lake Victoria cichlid species diversified via selection on standing genetic variation
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Additional file 1: of Visual Adaptation in Lake Victoria cichlid fishes: depth-related variation of color and scotopic opsins in species from sand/mud bottoms
2017Co-Authors: Yohey Terai, Takashi Okitsu, Akimori Wada, Ryutaro Miyagi, Mitsuto Aibara, Shinji Mizoiri, Hiroo Imai, Shiho Takahashi-kariyazono, Akie Sato, Herbert TichyAbstract:Figure S1. Short descriptions of the ten species and the frequencies of LWS and RH1 alleles in the populations of (a) Haplochromis xenognathus, (b) H. sp. ‘green dentex’, (c) H. sp. ‘paropius like’, (d) Platytaeniodus degeni, (e) H. sp. ‘stone’, (f) H. piceatus, (g) H. sp. cf. hiatus, (h) H. sp. ‘supramacrops’, (i) H. sp. ‘deepwater cinctus’, and (j) H. sp. cf. fusiformis are shown in separate panels. Arabic numerals correspond to those in Fig. 1a, and the depths at each point are described on the right side of the numbers. The size of a pie indicates the number of haplotypes sequenced. The standard sizes of pies are shown at the left bottom. The colored sections of a pie indicate the frequency of the correspondent allele in the standard allele color pie (right bottom). The amino acid differences among allele groups are shown in Fig. 2b (LWS) and Fig. 2c (RH1). The maps were drawn by Y. T. based on original source maps: https://www.google.com/maps . Fish photographs were taken by M. I. and S. M. (PDF 3 kb
