The Experts below are selected from a list of 21885 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Schlosser W Ralf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a scoping review of the use of Visual Aids in health education materials for persons with low literacy levels
Patient Education and Counseling, 2020Co-Authors: Njabulo Mbanda, Shakila Dada, Kirsty Bastable, Gimblerberglund Ingalill, Schlosser W RalfAbstract:Abstract Objective To conduct a scoping review on the literature on Visual Aids in health education for persons with low-literacy. Methods A scoping review methodology was employed. Pre-defined selection criteria identified 47 studies for inclusion. Data were extracted in relation to: (a) definitions of low-literacy and health literacy, (b) population studied, (c) research country, (d) consent procedures, (e) Visual Aids used, (f) development of Visual Aids, and (g) targeted outcomes. Results Visual Aids developed with persons with low-literacy demonstrated statistically significant improvements in health literacy outcomes, with benefits in medication adherence and comprehension also reported. Pictograms and videos were the most effective Visual Aids. Only one study adapted consent procedures for low-literacy participants. Discussion Visual Aids in health education materials may benefit persons with low-literacy levels, but large gaps in the research base are evident. Experimental research in low- and middle-income countries, with a particular focus on consent for participants with low-literacy is needed. Practice implications Visual aid design needs to include stakeholders. Consent procedures and decision-making need to be specifically adapted for participants with low-literacy.
Rocio Garciaretamero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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designing Visual Aids that promote risk literacy a systematic review of health research and evidence based design heuristics
Human Factors, 2017Co-Authors: Rocio Garciaretamero, Edward T CokelyAbstract:Background Effective risk communication is essential for informed decision making. Unfortunately, many people struggle to understand typical risk communications because they lack essential decision-making skills. Objective The aim of this study was to review the literature on the effect of numeracy on risk literacy, decision making, and health outcomes, and to evaluate the benefits of Visual Aids in risk communication. Method We present a conceptual framework describing the influence of numeracy on risk literacy, decision making, and health outcomes, followed by a systematic review of the benefits of Visual Aids in risk communication for people with different levels of numeracy and graph literacy. The systematic review covers scientific research published between January 1995 and April 2016, drawn from the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, Medline, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were investigation of the effect of numeracy and/or graph literacy, and investigation of the effect of Visual Aids or comparison of their effect with that of numerical information. Thirty-six publications met the criteria, providing data on 27,885 diverse participants from 60 countries. Results Transparent Visual Aids robustly improved risk understanding in diverse individuals by encouraging thorough deliberation, enhancing cognitive self-assessment, and reducing conceptual biases in memory. Improvements in risk understanding consistently produced beneficial changes in attitudes, behavioral intentions, trust, and healthy behaviors. Visual Aids were found to be particularly beneficial for vulnerable and less skilled individuals. Conclusion Well-designed Visual Aids tend to be highly effective tools for improving informed decision making among diverse decision makers. We identify five categories of practical, evidence-based guidelines for heuristic evaluation and design of effective Visual Aids.
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measuring graph literacy without a test a brief subjective assessment
Medical Decision Making, 2016Co-Authors: Rocio Garciaretamero, Edward T Cokely, Saima Ghazal, Alexander JoerisAbstract:Background. Visual Aids tend to help diverse and vulnerable individuals understand risk communications, as long as these individuals have a basic understanding of graphs (i.e., graph literacy). Tests of objective graph literacy (OGL) can effectively identify individuals with limited skills, highlighting vulnerabilities and facilitating custom-tailored risk communication. However, the administration of these tests can be time-consuming and may evoke negative emotional reactions (e.g., anxiety). Objectives. To evaluate a brief and easy-to-use assessment of subjective graph literacy (SGL) (i.e., self-reported ability to process and use graphically presented information) and to estimate the robustness and validity of the SGL scale and compare it with the leading OGL scale in diverse samples from different cultures. Participants. Demographically diverse residents (n = 470) of the United States, young adults (n = 172) and patients (n = 175) from Spain, and surgeons (n = 175) from 48 countries. Design. A focus g...
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Visual representation of statistical information improves diagnostic inferences in doctors and their patients
Social Science & Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Rocio Garciaretamero, Ulrich HoffrageAbstract:Abstract Doctors and patients have difficulty inferring the predictive value of a medical test from information about the prevalence of a disease and the sensitivity and false-positive rate of the test. Previous research has established that communicating such information in a format the human mind is adapted to—namely natural frequencies—as compared to probabilities, boosts accuracy of diagnostic inferences. In a study, we investigated to what extent these inferences can be improved—beyond the effect of natural frequencies—by providing Visual Aids. Participants were 81 doctors and 81 patients who made diagnostic inferences about three medical tests on the basis of information about prevalence of a disease, and the sensitivity and false-positive rate of the tests. Half of the participants received the information in natural frequencies, while the other half received the information in probabilities. Half of the participants only received numerical information, while the other half additionally received a Visual aid representing the numerical information. In addition, participants completed a numeracy scale. Our study showed three important findings: (1) doctors and patients made more accurate inferences when information was communicated in natural frequencies as compared to probabilities; (2) Visual Aids boosted accuracy even when the information was provided in natural frequencies; and (3) doctors were more accurate in their diagnostic inferences than patients, though differences in accuracy disappeared when differences in numerical skills were controlled for. Our findings have important implications for medical practice as they suggest suitable ways to communicate quantitative medical data.
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individual differences in graph literacy overcoming denominator neglect in risk comprehension
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 2012Co-Authors: Yasmina Okan, Rocio Garciaretamero, Edward T Cokely, Antonio MaldonadoAbstract:Graph literacy is an often neglected skill that influences decision making performance. We conducted an experiment to investigate whether individual differences in graph literacy affect the extent to which people benefit from Visual Aids (icon arrays) designed to reduce a common judgment bias (i.e., denominator neglect—a focus on numerators in ratios while neglecting denominators). Results indicated that icon arrays more often increased risk comprehension accuracy and confidence among participants with high graph literacy as compared with those with low graph literacy. Results held regardless of how the health message was framed (chances of dying versus chances of surviving). Findings contribute to our understanding of the ways in which individual differences in cognitive abilities interact with the comprehension of different risk representation formats. Theoretical, methodological, and prescriptive implications of the results are discussed (e.g., the effective communication of quantitative medical data). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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effective communication of risks to young adults using message framing and Visual Aids to increase condom use and std screening
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2011Co-Authors: Rocio Garciaretamero, Edward T CokelyAbstract:Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)—including HIV/Aids—are among the most common infectious diseases in young adults. How can we effectively promote prevention and detection of STDs in this high risk population? In a two-phase longitudinal experiment we examined the effects of a brief risk awareness intervention (i.e., a sexual health information brochure) in a large sample of sexually active young adults (n 744). We assessed the influence of gain- and loss-framed messages, and Visual Aids, on affective reactions, risk perceptions, attitudes, behavioral intentions, and reported behaviors relating to the prevention and detection of STDs. Results indicate that gain-framed messages induced greater adherence for prevention behaviors (e.g., condom use), whereas loss-framed messages were more effective in promoting illness-detecting behaviors (e.g., making an appointment with a doctor to discuss about STD screening). The influence of the framed messages on prevention and detection of STDs was mediated by changes in participants’ attitudes toward the health behaviors along with changes in their behavioral intentions. Moreover, when Visual Aids were added to the health information, both the gain- and loss-framed messages became equally and highly effective in promoting health behaviors. These results converge with other data indicating that well-constructed Visual Aids are often among the most highly effective, transparent, fast, memorable, and ethically desirable means of risk communication. Theoretical, economic, and public policy implications of these results are discussed.
Edward T Cokely - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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designing Visual Aids that promote risk literacy a systematic review of health research and evidence based design heuristics
Human Factors, 2017Co-Authors: Rocio Garciaretamero, Edward T CokelyAbstract:Background Effective risk communication is essential for informed decision making. Unfortunately, many people struggle to understand typical risk communications because they lack essential decision-making skills. Objective The aim of this study was to review the literature on the effect of numeracy on risk literacy, decision making, and health outcomes, and to evaluate the benefits of Visual Aids in risk communication. Method We present a conceptual framework describing the influence of numeracy on risk literacy, decision making, and health outcomes, followed by a systematic review of the benefits of Visual Aids in risk communication for people with different levels of numeracy and graph literacy. The systematic review covers scientific research published between January 1995 and April 2016, drawn from the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, Medline, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were investigation of the effect of numeracy and/or graph literacy, and investigation of the effect of Visual Aids or comparison of their effect with that of numerical information. Thirty-six publications met the criteria, providing data on 27,885 diverse participants from 60 countries. Results Transparent Visual Aids robustly improved risk understanding in diverse individuals by encouraging thorough deliberation, enhancing cognitive self-assessment, and reducing conceptual biases in memory. Improvements in risk understanding consistently produced beneficial changes in attitudes, behavioral intentions, trust, and healthy behaviors. Visual Aids were found to be particularly beneficial for vulnerable and less skilled individuals. Conclusion Well-designed Visual Aids tend to be highly effective tools for improving informed decision making among diverse decision makers. We identify five categories of practical, evidence-based guidelines for heuristic evaluation and design of effective Visual Aids.
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measuring graph literacy without a test a brief subjective assessment
Medical Decision Making, 2016Co-Authors: Rocio Garciaretamero, Edward T Cokely, Saima Ghazal, Alexander JoerisAbstract:Background. Visual Aids tend to help diverse and vulnerable individuals understand risk communications, as long as these individuals have a basic understanding of graphs (i.e., graph literacy). Tests of objective graph literacy (OGL) can effectively identify individuals with limited skills, highlighting vulnerabilities and facilitating custom-tailored risk communication. However, the administration of these tests can be time-consuming and may evoke negative emotional reactions (e.g., anxiety). Objectives. To evaluate a brief and easy-to-use assessment of subjective graph literacy (SGL) (i.e., self-reported ability to process and use graphically presented information) and to estimate the robustness and validity of the SGL scale and compare it with the leading OGL scale in diverse samples from different cultures. Participants. Demographically diverse residents (n = 470) of the United States, young adults (n = 172) and patients (n = 175) from Spain, and surgeons (n = 175) from 48 countries. Design. A focus g...
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individual differences in graph literacy overcoming denominator neglect in risk comprehension
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 2012Co-Authors: Yasmina Okan, Rocio Garciaretamero, Edward T Cokely, Antonio MaldonadoAbstract:Graph literacy is an often neglected skill that influences decision making performance. We conducted an experiment to investigate whether individual differences in graph literacy affect the extent to which people benefit from Visual Aids (icon arrays) designed to reduce a common judgment bias (i.e., denominator neglect—a focus on numerators in ratios while neglecting denominators). Results indicated that icon arrays more often increased risk comprehension accuracy and confidence among participants with high graph literacy as compared with those with low graph literacy. Results held regardless of how the health message was framed (chances of dying versus chances of surviving). Findings contribute to our understanding of the ways in which individual differences in cognitive abilities interact with the comprehension of different risk representation formats. Theoretical, methodological, and prescriptive implications of the results are discussed (e.g., the effective communication of quantitative medical data). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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effective communication of risks to young adults using message framing and Visual Aids to increase condom use and std screening
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2011Co-Authors: Rocio Garciaretamero, Edward T CokelyAbstract:Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)—including HIV/Aids—are among the most common infectious diseases in young adults. How can we effectively promote prevention and detection of STDs in this high risk population? In a two-phase longitudinal experiment we examined the effects of a brief risk awareness intervention (i.e., a sexual health information brochure) in a large sample of sexually active young adults (n 744). We assessed the influence of gain- and loss-framed messages, and Visual Aids, on affective reactions, risk perceptions, attitudes, behavioral intentions, and reported behaviors relating to the prevention and detection of STDs. Results indicate that gain-framed messages induced greater adherence for prevention behaviors (e.g., condom use), whereas loss-framed messages were more effective in promoting illness-detecting behaviors (e.g., making an appointment with a doctor to discuss about STD screening). The influence of the framed messages on prevention and detection of STDs was mediated by changes in participants’ attitudes toward the health behaviors along with changes in their behavioral intentions. Moreover, when Visual Aids were added to the health information, both the gain- and loss-framed messages became equally and highly effective in promoting health behaviors. These results converge with other data indicating that well-constructed Visual Aids are often among the most highly effective, transparent, fast, memorable, and ethically desirable means of risk communication. Theoretical, economic, and public policy implications of these results are discussed.
Njabulo Mbanda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a scoping review of the use of Visual Aids in health education materials for persons with low literacy levels
Patient Education and Counseling, 2020Co-Authors: Njabulo Mbanda, Shakila Dada, Kirsty Bastable, Gimblerberglund Ingalill, Schlosser W RalfAbstract:Abstract Objective To conduct a scoping review on the literature on Visual Aids in health education for persons with low-literacy. Methods A scoping review methodology was employed. Pre-defined selection criteria identified 47 studies for inclusion. Data were extracted in relation to: (a) definitions of low-literacy and health literacy, (b) population studied, (c) research country, (d) consent procedures, (e) Visual Aids used, (f) development of Visual Aids, and (g) targeted outcomes. Results Visual Aids developed with persons with low-literacy demonstrated statistically significant improvements in health literacy outcomes, with benefits in medication adherence and comprehension also reported. Pictograms and videos were the most effective Visual Aids. Only one study adapted consent procedures for low-literacy participants. Discussion Visual Aids in health education materials may benefit persons with low-literacy levels, but large gaps in the research base are evident. Experimental research in low- and middle-income countries, with a particular focus on consent for participants with low-literacy is needed. Practice implications Visual aid design needs to include stakeholders. Consent procedures and decision-making need to be specifically adapted for participants with low-literacy.
Padula Gianluca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Intuitive Robot Teleoperation through Multi-Sensor Informed Mixed Reality Visual Aids
'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)', 2021Co-Authors: Livatino Salvatore, Guastella, Dario C., Muscato Giovanni, Rinaldi Vincenzo, Cantelli Luciano, Melita, Carmelo D., Caniglia Alessandro, Mazza Riccardo, Padula GianlucaAbstract:© 2021 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Mobile robotic systems have evolved to include sensors capable of truthfully describing robot status and operating environment as accurately and reliably as never before. This possibility is challenged by effective sensor data exploitation, because of the cognitive load an operator is exposed to, due to the large amount of data and time-dependency constraints. This paper addresses this challenge in remote-vehicle teleoperation by proposing an intuitive way to present sensor data to users by means of using mixed reality and Visual Aids within the user interface. We propose a method for organizing information presentation and a set of Visual Aids to facilitate Visual communication of data in teleoperation control panels. The resulting sensor-information presentation appears coherent and intuitive, making it easier for an operator to catch and comprehend information meaning. This increases situational awareness and speeds up decision-making. Our method is implemented on a real mobile robotic system operating outdoor equipped with on-board internal and external sensors, GPS, and a reconstructed 3D graphical model provided by an assistant drone. Experimentation verified feasibility while intuitive and comprehensive Visual communication was confirmed through a qualitative assessment, which encourages further developments.Peer reviewe
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Intuitive Robot Teleoperation through Multi-Sensor Informed Mixed Reality Visual Aids
'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)', 2021Co-Authors: Livatino Salvatore, Guastella, Dario C., Muscato Giovanni, Rinaldi Vincenzo, Cantelli Luciano, Melita, Carmelo D., Caniglia Alessandro, Mazza Riccardo, Padula GianlucaAbstract:© 2021 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Mobile robotic systems have evolved to include sensors capable of truthfully describing robot status and operating environment as accurately and reliably as never before. This possibility is challenged by effective sensor data exploitation, because of the cognitive load an operator is exposed to, due to the large amount of data and time-dependency constraints. This paper addresses this challenge in remote-vehicle teleoperation by proposing an intuitive way to present sensor data to users by means of using mixed reality and Visual Aids within the user interface. We propose a method for organizing information presentation and a set of Visual Aids to facilitate Visual communication of data in teleoperation control panels. The resulting sensor-information presentation appears coherent and intuitive, making it easier for an operator to catch and comprehend information meaning. This increases situational awareness and speeds up decision-making. Our method is implemented on a real mobile robotic system operating outdoor equipped with on-board internal and external sensors, GPS, and a reconstructed 3D graphical model provided by an assistant drone. Experimentation verified feasibility while intuitive and comprehensive Visual communication was confirmed through an assessment, which encourages further developments.Peer reviewe
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Intuitive Robot Teleoperation through Multi-Sensor Informed Mixed Reality Visual Aids
'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)', 2021Co-Authors: Livatino Salvatore, Guastella, Dario C., Muscato Giovanni, Rinaldi Vincenzo, Cantelli Luciano, Melita, Carmelo D., Caniglia Alessandro, Mazza Riccardo, Padula GianlucaAbstract:© 2021 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.Mobile robotic systems have evolved to include sensors capable of truthfully describing robot status and operating environment as accurately and reliably as never before. This possibility is challenged by effective sensor data exploitation, because of the cognitive load an operator is exposed to, due to the large amount of data and time-dependency constraints. This paper addresses this challenge in remote-vehicle teleoperation by proposing an intuitive way to present sensor data to users by means of using mixed reality and Visual Aids within the user interface. We propose a method for organizing information presentation and a set of Visual Aids to facilitate Visual communication of data in teleoperation control panels. The resulting sensor-information presentation appears coherent and intuitive, making it easier for an operator to catch and comprehend information meaning. This increases situational awareness and speeds up decision-making. Our method is implemented on a real mobile robotic system operating outdoor equipped with on-board internal and external sensors, GPS, and a reconstructed 3D graphical model provided by an assistant drone. Experimentation verified feasibility while intuitive and comprehensive Visual communication was confirmed through an assessment, which encourages further developments.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio
