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Anthony Szymczyk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pressure-driven ionic transport through nanochannels with inhomogenous Charge distributions.
Langmuir, 2010Co-Authors: Anthony Szymczyk, Haochen Zhu, Béatrice BalannecAbstract:The effect of spatially inhomogeneous fixed Charge distributions on the pressure-driven transport of ions through cylindrical nanopores have been investigated theoretically by means of an approximate version of the Poisson-Nernst-Planck model that can be used with confidence for moderately Charged nanopores with radius smaller than the Debye screening length of the system. Salt rejection rate has been computed as a function of the applied pressure difference for various one-dimensional (1D) unipolar Charge distributions and has been compared with that obtained for a homogeneously Charged nanochannel with an identical average Volume Charge Density. The ion rejection capabilities of Charged nanopores can be optimized by an appropriate distribution of the fixed Charge concentration. When ions are forced to enter the nanopores by the end with the lowest fixed Charged concentration, the salt rejection rate exhibits a nonmonotonous variation with the applied pressure. This phenomenon has been attributed to the influence of the inhomogeneous Charge distribution on the electric field that arises spontaneously so as to maintain the electroneutrality within the nanopore.
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Pressure-Driven Ionic Transport through Nanochannels with Inhomogenous Charge Distributions
Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, 2009Co-Authors: Anthony Szymczyk, Haochen Zhu, Béatrice BalannecAbstract:The effect of spatially inhomogeneous fixed Charge distributions on the pressure-driven transport of ions through cylindrical nanopores have been investigated theoretically by means of an approximate version of the Poisson−Nernst−Planck model that can be used with confidence for moderately Charged nanopores with radius smaller than the Debye screening length of the system. Salt rejection rate has been computed as a function of the applied pressure difference for various one-dimensional (1D) unipolar Charge distributions and has been compared with that obtained for a homogeneously Charged nanochannel with an identical average Volume Charge Density. The ion rejection capabilities of Charged nanopores can be optimized by an appropriate distribution of the fixed Charge concentration. When ions are forced to enter the nanopores by the end with the lowest fixed Charged concentration, the salt rejection rate exhibits a nonmonotonous variation with the applied pressure. This phenomenon has been attributed to the ...
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Modelling the transport of asymmetric electrolytes through nanofiltration membranes
Desalination, 2009Co-Authors: Anthony Szymczyk, Y. Lanteri, Patrick FievetAbstract:In this work, we used the SEDE (Steric, Electric and Dielectric Exclusion) model to investigate the rejection rate of asymmetric electrolytes by nanofiltration membranes. The SEDE model predicts that the rejection rate of asymmetric electrolytes with divalent counter-ions is a non-monotonous function of the Volume Charge Density. Because the Donnan exclusion screens the interaction between ions and their images, it was shown that there is a range of membrane Volume Charge densities for which the increase in the Donnan exclusion is overcompensated by the strong decrease in the interaction between the ions and their images. As a result, the rejection rate decreases even if the membrane Volume Charge Density increases. At very high membrane Charge densities, the image Charge interaction vanishes and the rejection rate tends to the value predicted by the Donnan theory. The separation performances of two NF polyamide membranes were investigated. It was shown that they cannot be described without taking into account the dielectric exclusion.
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Evaluation of the steric, electric, and dielectric exclusion model on the basis of salt rejection rate and membrane potential measurements.
Journal of colloid and interface science, 2008Co-Authors: Y. Lanteri, Patrick Fievet, Anthony SzymczykAbstract:Abstract The current work focuses on the application of the steric, electric, and dielectric exclusion (SEDE) model to the study of both the ion rejection rate and the membrane potential of a nanofiltration polyamide membrane. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the SEDE model and to compare it with steric/electric exclusion theory. Experiments were conducted with CaCl2 solutions at various concentrations. The SEDE model is a four-parameter model because the effective pore size ( r p ), the effective thickness-to-porosity ratio ( Δ x / A k ), the effective Volume Charge Density of the membrane (X), and the dielectric constant of the solution inside the pores ( e p ) have to be known to predict the rejection rate and the membrane potential. The first parameter was estimated from membrane potential measurements performed at high salt concentrations and the second from water permeability. In the case of single salt solutions, experimental rejection rates and membrane potentials can be described by a number of couples of values ( X , e p ) because both electric and dielectric exclusion contribute to reject ions. A set of couples ( X , e p ) were first estimated by fitting membrane potentials. One of the couples was found to provide a good description of experimental rejection rates as well. Results showed that the polyamide membrane is negatively Charged in CaCl2 solutions at natural pH and that the membrane Charge increases with the salt concentration. A decrease in the effective dielectric constant inside the pores with respect to its bulk value was found. This is indirect evidence that dielectric exclusion plays a major role in the transport phenomena of the studied NF membrane. The standard steric/electric theory was also used to fit experimental rejection rates and membrane potentials, the effective Volume Charge Density being the single adjustable parameter in this case. Unlike the SEDE model, the steric/electric exclusion theory was unable to account simultaneously for both rejection rate and membrane potential data by using a unique choice for X and e p . This highlights the global coherence of the SEDE model and the nonappropriateness of the description of transport in NF membranes by the classical steric/electric exclusion theory.
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Influence of steric, electric, and dielectric effects on membrane potential.
Langmuir, 2008Co-Authors: Yannick Lanteri, Anthony Szymczyk, Patrick FievetAbstract:The membrane potential arising through nanofiltration membranes separating two aqueous solutions of the same electrolyte at identical hydrostatic pressures but different concentrations is investigated within the scope of the steric, electric, and dielectric exclusion model. The influence of the ion size and the so-called dielectric exclusion on the membrane potential arising through both neutral and electrically Charged membranes is investigated. Dielectric phenomena have no influence on the membrane potential through neutral membranes, unlike ion size effects which increase the membrane potential value. For Charged membranes, both steric and dielectric effects increase the membrane potential at a given concentration but the diffusion potential (that is the high-concentration limit of the membrane potential) is affected only by steric effects. It is therefore proposed that membrane potential measurements carried out at high salt concentrations could be used to determine the mean pore size of nanofiltration membranes. In practical cases, the membrane Volume Charge Density and the dielectric constant inside pores depend on the physicochemical properties of both the membrane and the surrounding solutions (pH, concentration, and chemical nature of ions). It is shown that the Donnan and dielectric exclusions affect the membrane potential of Charged membranes similarly; namely, a higher salt concentration is needed to screen the membrane fixed Charge. The membrane Volume Charge Density and the pore dielectric constant cannot then be determined unambiguously by means of membrane potential experiments, and additional independent measurements are in need. It is suggested to carry out rejection rate measurements (together with membrane potential measurements).
Patrick Fievet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Modelling the transport of asymmetric electrolytes through nanofiltration membranes
Desalination, 2009Co-Authors: Anthony Szymczyk, Y. Lanteri, Patrick FievetAbstract:In this work, we used the SEDE (Steric, Electric and Dielectric Exclusion) model to investigate the rejection rate of asymmetric electrolytes by nanofiltration membranes. The SEDE model predicts that the rejection rate of asymmetric electrolytes with divalent counter-ions is a non-monotonous function of the Volume Charge Density. Because the Donnan exclusion screens the interaction between ions and their images, it was shown that there is a range of membrane Volume Charge densities for which the increase in the Donnan exclusion is overcompensated by the strong decrease in the interaction between the ions and their images. As a result, the rejection rate decreases even if the membrane Volume Charge Density increases. At very high membrane Charge densities, the image Charge interaction vanishes and the rejection rate tends to the value predicted by the Donnan theory. The separation performances of two NF polyamide membranes were investigated. It was shown that they cannot be described without taking into account the dielectric exclusion.
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Evaluation of the steric, electric, and dielectric exclusion model on the basis of salt rejection rate and membrane potential measurements.
Journal of colloid and interface science, 2008Co-Authors: Y. Lanteri, Patrick Fievet, Anthony SzymczykAbstract:Abstract The current work focuses on the application of the steric, electric, and dielectric exclusion (SEDE) model to the study of both the ion rejection rate and the membrane potential of a nanofiltration polyamide membrane. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the SEDE model and to compare it with steric/electric exclusion theory. Experiments were conducted with CaCl2 solutions at various concentrations. The SEDE model is a four-parameter model because the effective pore size ( r p ), the effective thickness-to-porosity ratio ( Δ x / A k ), the effective Volume Charge Density of the membrane (X), and the dielectric constant of the solution inside the pores ( e p ) have to be known to predict the rejection rate and the membrane potential. The first parameter was estimated from membrane potential measurements performed at high salt concentrations and the second from water permeability. In the case of single salt solutions, experimental rejection rates and membrane potentials can be described by a number of couples of values ( X , e p ) because both electric and dielectric exclusion contribute to reject ions. A set of couples ( X , e p ) were first estimated by fitting membrane potentials. One of the couples was found to provide a good description of experimental rejection rates as well. Results showed that the polyamide membrane is negatively Charged in CaCl2 solutions at natural pH and that the membrane Charge increases with the salt concentration. A decrease in the effective dielectric constant inside the pores with respect to its bulk value was found. This is indirect evidence that dielectric exclusion plays a major role in the transport phenomena of the studied NF membrane. The standard steric/electric theory was also used to fit experimental rejection rates and membrane potentials, the effective Volume Charge Density being the single adjustable parameter in this case. Unlike the SEDE model, the steric/electric exclusion theory was unable to account simultaneously for both rejection rate and membrane potential data by using a unique choice for X and e p . This highlights the global coherence of the SEDE model and the nonappropriateness of the description of transport in NF membranes by the classical steric/electric exclusion theory.
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Influence of steric, electric, and dielectric effects on membrane potential.
Langmuir, 2008Co-Authors: Yannick Lanteri, Anthony Szymczyk, Patrick FievetAbstract:The membrane potential arising through nanofiltration membranes separating two aqueous solutions of the same electrolyte at identical hydrostatic pressures but different concentrations is investigated within the scope of the steric, electric, and dielectric exclusion model. The influence of the ion size and the so-called dielectric exclusion on the membrane potential arising through both neutral and electrically Charged membranes is investigated. Dielectric phenomena have no influence on the membrane potential through neutral membranes, unlike ion size effects which increase the membrane potential value. For Charged membranes, both steric and dielectric effects increase the membrane potential at a given concentration but the diffusion potential (that is the high-concentration limit of the membrane potential) is affected only by steric effects. It is therefore proposed that membrane potential measurements carried out at high salt concentrations could be used to determine the mean pore size of nanofiltration membranes. In practical cases, the membrane Volume Charge Density and the dielectric constant inside pores depend on the physicochemical properties of both the membrane and the surrounding solutions (pH, concentration, and chemical nature of ions). It is shown that the Donnan and dielectric exclusions affect the membrane potential of Charged membranes similarly; namely, a higher salt concentration is needed to screen the membrane fixed Charge. The membrane Volume Charge Density and the pore dielectric constant cannot then be determined unambiguously by means of membrane potential experiments, and additional independent measurements are in need. It is suggested to carry out rejection rate measurements (together with membrane potential measurements).
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Identification of dielectric effects in nanofiltration of metallic salts
Journal of Membrane Science, 2007Co-Authors: Anthony Szymczyk, Patrick Fievet, Nicolas Fatin-rouge, Christophe Ramseyer, A. VidonneAbstract:Abstract Transport of four metallic salts (CuCl 2 , ZnCl 2 , NiCl 2 and CaCl 2 ) through a polyamide nanofiltration (NF) membrane has been investigated experimentally from rejection rate and tangential streaming potential measurements. Rejection rates have been further analyzed by means of the steric, electric and dielectric exclusion (SEDE) homogeneous model with the effective dielectric constant of the solution inside pores as the single adjustable parameter. The Volume Charge Density inside pores has been assessed from tangential streaming potential experiments by considering the effective dielectric constant inside pores instead of the bulk one. The conventional NF theory (i.e. disregarding dielectric effects) has been found to be unable to describe the experimental sequence of rejection rates (CuCl 2 > ZnCl 2 ≈ NiCl 2 > CaCl 2 ). It has been shown that the rejection rate sequence can be explained by the combination of the dielectric exclusion via image Charges and the Donnan effect in the case of asymmetric salts with divalent counter-ions. The influence of the characteristic size of ions on the magnitude of the Born effect may explain the almost identical rejection rates measured with ZnCl 2 and NiCl 2 whereas a significant variation of the membrane Volume Charge Density has been put in evidence by electrokinetic measurements carried out in both media.
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investigating transport properties of nanofiltration membranes by means of a steric electric and dielectric exclusion model
Journal of Membrane Science, 2005Co-Authors: Anthony Szymczyk, Patrick FievetAbstract:The transport properties of nanofiltration (NF) membranes are investigated by means of an improved transport model including dielectric exclusion in terms of both Born dielectric effect and image force contribution. The SEDE model (Steric, Electric and Dielectric Exclusion model) can be used to describe transport through pores of cylindrical or slit geometry. The coupling between the various mechanisms involved in the retention phenomenon is pointed out and discussed. The Volume Charge Density of a NF polyamide membrane is determined from tangential streaming potential measurements. The SEDE model is then used to assess the rejection rate of the membrane, the dielectric constant of the solution filling pores being the single adjustable parameter of the model. It is clearly shown that the dielectric exclusion cannot be neglected in the analysis of the filtration properties of NF membranes. Indeed, the classical steric/electric exclusion theory is found to be unable to describe experimental rejection rates of the polyamide membrane under consideration.
A. Vidonne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Identification of dielectric effects in nanofiltration of metallic salts
Journal of Membrane Science, 2007Co-Authors: Anthony Szymczyk, Patrick Fievet, Nicolas Fatin-rouge, Christophe Ramseyer, A. VidonneAbstract:Abstract Transport of four metallic salts (CuCl 2 , ZnCl 2 , NiCl 2 and CaCl 2 ) through a polyamide nanofiltration (NF) membrane has been investigated experimentally from rejection rate and tangential streaming potential measurements. Rejection rates have been further analyzed by means of the steric, electric and dielectric exclusion (SEDE) homogeneous model with the effective dielectric constant of the solution inside pores as the single adjustable parameter. The Volume Charge Density inside pores has been assessed from tangential streaming potential experiments by considering the effective dielectric constant inside pores instead of the bulk one. The conventional NF theory (i.e. disregarding dielectric effects) has been found to be unable to describe the experimental sequence of rejection rates (CuCl 2 > ZnCl 2 ≈ NiCl 2 > CaCl 2 ). It has been shown that the rejection rate sequence can be explained by the combination of the dielectric exclusion via image Charges and the Donnan effect in the case of asymmetric salts with divalent counter-ions. The influence of the characteristic size of ions on the magnitude of the Born effect may explain the almost identical rejection rates measured with ZnCl 2 and NiCl 2 whereas a significant variation of the membrane Volume Charge Density has been put in evidence by electrokinetic measurements carried out in both media.
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Transport properties and electrokinetic characterization of an amphoteric nanofilter
Langmuir, 2006Co-Authors: Anthony Szymczyk, Mohammed Sbaï, And Patrick Fievet, A. VidonneAbstract:Transport properties of a tubular nanofilter with amphoteric properties have been investigated by means of the SEDE (steric, electric, and dielectric exclusion) homogeneous model. Within the scope of this 1D model, the separation of solutes results from transport effects (described by means of extended Nernst−Planck equations) and interfacial phenomena including steric hindrance, the Donnan effect, and dielectric exclusion (expressed in terms of (i) the Born dielectric effect, which is connected to the lowering of the dielectric constant of a solution inside nanodimensional pores, and (ii) the interaction between ions and the polarization Charges induced at the dielectric boundary between the pore walls and the pore-filling solution). The effective Volume Charge Density of the membrane has been determined from tangential streaming potential experiments coupled with conductance experiments in a potassium chloride solution at various pH values ranging from 2 to 11. The inferred values have been used in the ...
Markus Zahn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of impulse voltage polarity peak amplitude and rise time on streamers initiated from a needle electrode in transformer oil
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2012Co-Authors: J Jadidian, Markus Zahn, Nils Lavesson, Ola Widlund, Karl BorgAbstract:An electrothermal hydrodynamic model is presented to evaluate effects of the applied lightning impulse voltage parameters such as polarity, magnitude, and rise time on the initiation and propagation of the streamers formed in an IEC defined needle-sphere electrode geometry filled with transformer oil. Instantaneous velocity, column diameter, head curvature, maximum electric field, and the Volume Charge Density have been investigated as the main characteristics of the streamer. Modeling results indicate that greater applied voltage peak amplitudes form streamers with higher velocity, greater head curvatures, and thicker columns. The bushy negative streamers usually initiate at almost twice the applied voltage magnitude and propagate slower than filamentary positive streamers. Results also show that in transformer oil at the same impulse voltage peak amplitude, shorter rise times create thicker positive and negative streamers.
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bipolar charging and discharging of a perfectly conducting sphere in a lossy medium stressed by a uniform electric field
Journal of Applied Physics, 2011Co-Authors: George J Hwang, Markus Zahn, Leif A A PetterssonAbstract:Generalized analysis is presented extending recent work of the charging of a perfectly conducting sphere from a single Charge carrier to two Charge carriers of opposite polarity, with different values of Volume Charge Density and mobility and including an ohmic lossy dielectric region surrounding a perfectly conducting sphere. Specific special cases treated are: (1) unipolar positive or negative charging and discharging and (2) bipolar charging and discharging; both cases treating zero and nonzero conductivity of the dielectric region surrounding a sphere. It is found that there exists a theoretical limit to the amount of Charge, either positive or negative, that can accumulate on a perfectly conducting sphere for a specific applied electric field magnitude, permittivity of the surrounding medium, and sphere size. However, in practice this saturation Charge limit is not reached and the sphere is Charged to a lower value due to the nonzero conductivity of the surrounding medium and the existence of both po...
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Bipolar charging and discharging of a perfectly conducting sphere in a lossy medium stressed by a uniform electric field
Journal of Applied Physics, 2011Co-Authors: J. George Hwang, Markus Zahn, Leif A A PetterssonAbstract:Generalized analysis is presented extending recent work of the charging of a perfectly conducting sphere from a single Charge carrier to two Charge carriers of opposite polarity, with different values of Volume Charge Density and mobility and including an ohmic lossy dielectric region surrounding a perfectly conducting sphere. Specific special cases treated are: (1) unipolar positive or negative charging and discharging and (2) bipolar charging and discharging; both cases treating zero and nonzero conductivity of the dielectric region surrounding a sphere. It is found that there exists a theoretical limit to the amount of Charge, either positive or negative, that can accumulate on a perfectly conducting sphere for a specific applied electric field magnitude, permittivity of the surrounding medium, and sphere size. However, in practice this saturation Charge limit is not reached and the sphere is Charged to a lower value due to the nonzero conductivity of the surrounding medium and the existence of both positive and negative mobile carriers. Moreover, it is the respective effective conductivities of these positive and negative carriers, as well as the conductivity of the surrounding medium, which strongly influences the sphere’s lowered saturation Charge limit, Charge polarity, charging rate, and discharging rate.
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a chemical reaction based boundary condition for flow electrification
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1997Co-Authors: A.p. Washabaugh, Markus ZahnAbstract:A physical model is developed for the Charge transfer boundary condition in semi-insulating liquids. The boundary condition is based upon interfacial chemical reactions and extends established relations for the interface by including the effects of interfacial surface Charge and Charge desorption at the interface. A steady state model for flow electrification in a rotating cylindrical electrode apparatus incorporated this boundary condition and described polarity changes in the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current as a function of the fluid velocity, the Volume Charge Density dependence an the terminal constraints, and the Charge Density dependence on applied dc voltages. Previously used boundary conditions are shown to be special cases of the chemical reaction rate boundary condition. A general methodology is developed for combining the Volume Charge Density and voltage/current terminal measurements to estimate the parameters describing the interfacial Charge transfer kinetics. Volume Charge densities /spl rho//sup w/ on the liquid side of the interfaces of 1 to 20 mC/m/sup 3/ were estimated from the open-circuited electrode measurements, with the stainless steel /spl rho//sup w/ typically larger than that of copper but smaller than that of transformer pressboard. Activation energies for an Arrhenius temperature dependence of /spl sim/0.16 eV for pressboard, 0.25 eV for stainless steel and 0.28 eV for copper were obtained. Interfacial adsorption reaction velocities, estimated to be 10/sup -5/ m/s, were not large enough to make the terminal current transport limited which contradicts the often used assumption that the reaction velocities can be considered 'infinite'. Estimated surface reaction rates at a 70/spl deg/C stainless steel/oil interface of /spl sim/20 /spl mu/m/s for adsorption and /spl sim/0.5 s/sup -1/ for desorption were obtained. The additive BTA reduced the /spl rho//sup w/ for pressboard and stainless steel at concentrations >8 ppm in transformer oil.
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A Chemical Reaction-based Condition for Flow Electrification
1997Co-Authors: A. P. Washabaugh, Markus ZahnAbstract:A physical model is developed for the Charge transfer boundary condition in semi-insulating liquids. The boundary condition is based upon interfacial chemical reactions and extends established relations for the interface by including the effects of interfacial surface Charge and Charge desorption at the interface. A steady state model for flow electrification in a rotating cylindrical electrode apparatus incorporated this boundary condition and described polarity changes in the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current as a function of the fluid velocity, the Volume Charge Density dependence on the terminal constraints, and the Charge Density dependence on applied dc voltages. Previously used boundary conditions are shown to be special cases of the chemical reaction rate boundary condition. A general methodology is developed for combining the Volume Charge Density and voltage/current terminal measurements to estimate the parameters describing the interfacial Charge transfer kinetics. Volume Charge densities p" on the liquid side of the interfaces of 1 to 20 mC/m3 were estimated from the open-circuited electrode measurements, with the stainless steel p" typically larger than that of copper but smaller than that of transformer pressboard. Activation energies for an Arrhenius temperature dependence of -0.16 eV for pressboard, 0.25 eV for stainless steel and 0.28 eV for copper were obtained. Interfacial adsorption reaction velocities, estimated to be mls, were not large enough to make the terminal current transport limited which contradicts the often used assumption that the reaction velocities can be considered 'infinite'. Estimated surface reaction rates at a 70°C stainless steel/oil interface of -20 pmls for adsorption and -0.5 s-l for desorption were obtained. The additive BTA reduced the p" for pressboard and stainless steel at concentrations > 8 ppm in transformer oil.
Partha P. Gopmandal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Importance of core electrostatic properties on the electrophoresis of a soft particle.
Physical Review E, 2016Co-Authors: Somnath Bhattacharyya, Partha P. GopmandalAbstract:The impact of the Volumetric Charged Density of the dielectric rigid core on the electrophoresis of a soft particle is analyzed numerically. The Volume Charge Density of the inner core of a soft particle can arise for a dendrimer structure or bacteriophage MS2. We consider the electrokinetic model based on the conservation principles, thus no conditions for Debye length or applied electric field is imposed. The fluid flow equations are coupled with the ion transport equations and the equation for the electric field. The occurrence of the induced nonuniform surface Charge Density on the outer surface of the inner core leads to a situation different from the existing analysis of a soft particle electrophoresis. The impact of this induced surface Charge Density together with the double-layer polarization and relaxation due to ion convection and electromigration is analyzed. The dielectric permittivity and the Charge Density of the core have a significant impact on the particle electrophoresis when the Debye length is in the order of the particle size. We find that by varying the ionic concentration of the electrolyte, the particle can exhibit reversal in its electrophoretic velocity. The role of the polymer layer softness parameter is addressed in the present analysis.
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Effect of core Charge Density on the electrophoresis of a soft particle coated with polyelectrolyte layer
Colloid and Polymer Science, 2016Co-Authors: Partha P. Gopmandal, S. Bhattacharyya, H. OhshimaAbstract:The electrophoresis of a Charged soft particle with Charged rigid core is considered under a weak imposed field condition. The rigid core of the soft particle is considered to have a finite dielectric permittivity and a fixed Volume Charge Density. The electric potential distribution is determined by solving the Poisson-Boltzman equation out side the rigid core and a Poisson equation within the core along with continuity conditions on the core-shell interface. We have extended the analytic expression of Ohshima (Electrophoresis 27:526–533, 2006 ) for the electrophoretic mobility of a soft particle with a Charged shell to include the effect of the Volume Charge Density of the rigid core. Mobility based on the present expression matches exactly with the existing analytical solutions for a soft particle with an unCharged core. We have also made a comparison of our solution for mobility with an unCharged rigid core with the existing experimental results. The impact of the core Charge Density on the soft particle mobility is analyzed.
