The Experts below are selected from a list of 125508 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Edward J Oughton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
stochastic counterfactual risk analysis for the Vulnerability assessment of cyber physical attacks on electricity distribution infrastructure networks
Risk Analysis, 2019Co-Authors: Edward J Oughton, Daniel Ralph, Raghav Pant, Eireann Leverett, Jennifer Copic, Scott Thacker, Rabia Dada, Simon Ruffle, Michelle TuvesonAbstract:In December 2015, a cyber-physical attack took place on the Ukrainian electricity distribution network. This is regarded as one of the first cyber-physical attacks on electricity infrastructure to have led to a substantial power outage and is illustrative of the increasing Vulnerability of Critical National Infrastructure to this type of malicious activity. Few data points, coupled with the rapid emergence of cyber phenomena, has held back the development of resilience analytics of cyber-physical attacks, relative to many other threats. We propose to overcome data limitations by applying stochastic counterfactual risk analysis as part of a new Vulnerability assessment framework. The method is developed in the context of the direct and indirect socioeconomic impacts of a Ukrainian-style cyber-physical attack taking place on the electricity distribution network serving London and its surrounding regions. A key finding is that if decision-makers wish to mitigate major population disruptions, then they must invest resources more-or-less equally across all substations, to prevent the scaling of a cyber-physical attack. However, there are some substations associated with higher economic value due to their support of other Critical National Infrastructures assets, which justifies the allocation of additional cyber security investment to reduce the chance of cascading failure. Further cyber-physical Vulnerability Research must address the tradeoffs inherent in a system made up of multiple institutions with different strategic risk mitigation objectives and metrics of value, such as governments, infrastructure operators, and commercial consumers of infrastructure services.
James D Ford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Vulnerability and its discontents the past present and future of climate change Vulnerability Research
Climatic Change, 2018Co-Authors: James D Ford, Tristan Pearce, Graham Mcdowell, Lea Berrangford, Jesse S Sayles, Ella BelferAbstract:The concept of Vulnerability is well established in the climate change literature, underpinning significant Research effort. The ability of Vulnerability Research to capture the complexities of climate-society dynamics has been increasingly questioned, however. In this paper, we identify, characterize, and evaluate concerns over the use of Vulnerability approaches in the climate change field based on a review of peer-reviewed articles published since 1990 (n = 587). Seven concerns are identified: neglect of social drivers, promotion of a static understanding of human-environment interactions, vagueness about the concept of Vulnerability, neglect of cross-scale interactions, passive and negative framing, limited influence on decision-making, and limited collaboration across disciplines. Examining each concern against trends in the literature, we find some of these concerns weakly justified, but others pose valid challenges to Vulnerability Research. Efforts to revitalize Vulnerability Research are needed, with priority areas including developing the next generation of empirical studies, catalyzing collaboration across disciplines to leverage and build on the strengths of divergent intellectual traditions involved in Vulnerability Research, and linking Research to the practical realities of decision-making.
-
participatory scenario planning and climate change impacts adaptation and Vulnerability Research in the arctic
Environmental Science & Policy, 2018Co-Authors: Melanie Flynn, James D Ford, Tristan Pearce, Sherilee L HarperAbstract:Participatory scenario planning (PSP) approaches are increasingly being used in Research on climate change impacts, adaptation, and Vulnerability (IAV). We identify and evaluate how PSP has been used in IAV studies in the Arctic, reviewing work published in the peer-reviewed and grey literature (n = 43). Studies utilizing PSP commonly follow the stages recognized as ‘best practice’ in the general literature in scenario planning, engaging with multiple ways of knowing including western science and traditional knowledge, and are employed in a diversity of sectors. Community participation, however, varies between studies, and climate projections are only utilized in just over half of the studies reviewed, raising concern that important future drivers of change are not fully captured. The time required to conduct PSP, involving extensive community engagement, was consistently reported as a challenge, and for application in Indigenous communities requires careful consideration of local culture, values, and belief systems on what it means to prepare for future climate impacts.
-
community level climate change Vulnerability Research trends progress and future directions
Environmental Research Letters, 2016Co-Authors: James D Ford, Graham Mcdowell, Julie JonesAbstract:This study systematically identifies, characterizes, and critically evaluates community-level climate change Vulnerability assessments published over the last 25 years (n = 274). We find that while the field has advanced considerably in terms of conceptual framing and methodological approaches, key shortcomings remain in how Vulnerability is being studied at the community-level. We argue that Vulnerability Research needs to more critically engage with the following: methods for evaluating future Vulnerability, the relevance of Vulnerability Research for decision-making, interdependencies between social and ecological systems, attention to Researcher / subject power dynamics, critical interpretation of key terms, and consideration of the potentially positive opportunities presented by a changing climate. Addressing these Research needs is necessary for generating knowledge that supports climate-affected communities in navigating the challenges and opportunities ahead.
-
case study and analogue methodologies in climate change Vulnerability Research
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2010Co-Authors: James D Ford, Tristan Pearce, Lea Berrangford, E C H Keskitalo, Tanya Smith, Frank Duerden, Barry SmitAbstract:Assessing Vulnerability is an important component of human dimensions of climate change (HDCC) Research. Vulnerability assessments identify and characterize who and what are sensitive to climatic r ...
Alisha A Shah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
temperature dependence of metabolic rate in tropical and temperate aquatic insects support for the climate variability hypothesis in mayflies but not stoneflies
Global Change Biology, 2021Co-Authors: Alisha A Shah, Arthur H Woods, Justin C Havird, Alexander S Flecker, Chris W Funk, Juan M Guayasamin, Boris Kondratieff, Andrea C Encalada, Leroy N PoffAbstract:A fundamental gap in climate change Vulnerability Research is an understanding of the relative thermal sensitivity of ectotherms. Aquatic insects are vital to stream ecosystem function and biodiversity but insufficiently studied with respect to their thermal physiology. With global temperatures rising at an unprecedented rate, it is imperative that we know how aquatic insects respond to increasing temperature and whether these responses vary among taxa, latitudes, and elevations. We evaluated the thermal sensitivity of standard metabolic rate in stream-dwelling baetid mayflies and perlid stoneflies across a ~2,000 m elevation gradient in the temperate Rocky Mountains in Colorado, USA, and the tropical Andes in Napo, Ecuador. We used temperature-controlled water baths and microrespirometry to estimate changes in oxygen consumption. Tropical mayflies generally exhibited greater thermal sensitivity in metabolism compared to temperate mayflies; tropical mayfly metabolic rates increased more rapidly with temperature and the insects more frequently exhibited behavioral signs of thermal stress. By contrast, temperate and tropical stoneflies did not clearly differ. Varied responses to temperature among baetid mayflies and perlid stoneflies may reflect differences in evolutionary history or ecological roles as herbivores and predators, respectively. Our results show that there is physiological variation across elevations and species and that low-elevation tropical mayflies may be especially imperiled by climate warming. Given such variation among species, broad generalizations about the Vulnerability of tropical ectotherms should be made more cautiously.
-
temperature dependence of metabolic rate in tropical and temperate aquatic insects support for the climate variability hypothesis in mayflies but not stoneflies
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Alisha A Shah, Arthur H Woods, Justin C Havird, Encalada C Encalada, Alexander S Flecker, Chris W Funk, Juan M Guayasamin, Boris Kondratieff, Leroy N Poff, Steven A ThomasAbstract:A fundamental gap in climate change Vulnerability Research is an understanding of the relative thermal sensitivity of tropical and temperate organisms. Aquatic insects are vital to stream ecosystem function and biodiversity. With global temperatures rising at an unprecedented rate, it is imperative that we understand how sensitive aquatic insects are to increasing temperature and whether sensitivities vary among taxa across latitude and elevation. We measured thermal sensitivity of standard metabolic rate in stream-dwelling mayflies and stoneflies across a ~2,000 m elevation gradient in the temperate Rocky Mountains in Colorado, U.S.A., and the tropical Andes in Napo, Ecuador. Mayflies generally adhered to the predictions of the Climate Variability Hypothesis, such that tropical species exhibited greater thermal sensitivity than did temperate species. For stoneflies, by contrast, there was no evidence in support of our predictions; temperate stoneflies showed greater thermal sensitivity than tropical relatives. Differences among mayflies and stoneflies may reflect the evolutionary history of these insect clades or different ecological roles of mayflies (often herbivorous) and stoneflies (often predatory). Collectively our results suggest that there is physiological variation across elevations and species and low elevation tropical mayflies may be the most imperiled by climate warming. However, broad generalizations about the Vulnerability of tropical ectotherms should be made with caution.
Michelle Tuveson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
stochastic counterfactual risk analysis for the Vulnerability assessment of cyber physical attacks on electricity distribution infrastructure networks
Risk Analysis, 2019Co-Authors: Edward J Oughton, Daniel Ralph, Raghav Pant, Eireann Leverett, Jennifer Copic, Scott Thacker, Rabia Dada, Simon Ruffle, Michelle TuvesonAbstract:In December 2015, a cyber-physical attack took place on the Ukrainian electricity distribution network. This is regarded as one of the first cyber-physical attacks on electricity infrastructure to have led to a substantial power outage and is illustrative of the increasing Vulnerability of Critical National Infrastructure to this type of malicious activity. Few data points, coupled with the rapid emergence of cyber phenomena, has held back the development of resilience analytics of cyber-physical attacks, relative to many other threats. We propose to overcome data limitations by applying stochastic counterfactual risk analysis as part of a new Vulnerability assessment framework. The method is developed in the context of the direct and indirect socioeconomic impacts of a Ukrainian-style cyber-physical attack taking place on the electricity distribution network serving London and its surrounding regions. A key finding is that if decision-makers wish to mitigate major population disruptions, then they must invest resources more-or-less equally across all substations, to prevent the scaling of a cyber-physical attack. However, there are some substations associated with higher economic value due to their support of other Critical National Infrastructures assets, which justifies the allocation of additional cyber security investment to reduce the chance of cascading failure. Further cyber-physical Vulnerability Research must address the tradeoffs inherent in a system made up of multiple institutions with different strategic risk mitigation objectives and metrics of value, such as governments, infrastructure operators, and commercial consumers of infrastructure services.
Leroy N Poff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
temperature dependence of metabolic rate in tropical and temperate aquatic insects support for the climate variability hypothesis in mayflies but not stoneflies
Global Change Biology, 2021Co-Authors: Alisha A Shah, Arthur H Woods, Justin C Havird, Alexander S Flecker, Chris W Funk, Juan M Guayasamin, Boris Kondratieff, Andrea C Encalada, Leroy N PoffAbstract:A fundamental gap in climate change Vulnerability Research is an understanding of the relative thermal sensitivity of ectotherms. Aquatic insects are vital to stream ecosystem function and biodiversity but insufficiently studied with respect to their thermal physiology. With global temperatures rising at an unprecedented rate, it is imperative that we know how aquatic insects respond to increasing temperature and whether these responses vary among taxa, latitudes, and elevations. We evaluated the thermal sensitivity of standard metabolic rate in stream-dwelling baetid mayflies and perlid stoneflies across a ~2,000 m elevation gradient in the temperate Rocky Mountains in Colorado, USA, and the tropical Andes in Napo, Ecuador. We used temperature-controlled water baths and microrespirometry to estimate changes in oxygen consumption. Tropical mayflies generally exhibited greater thermal sensitivity in metabolism compared to temperate mayflies; tropical mayfly metabolic rates increased more rapidly with temperature and the insects more frequently exhibited behavioral signs of thermal stress. By contrast, temperate and tropical stoneflies did not clearly differ. Varied responses to temperature among baetid mayflies and perlid stoneflies may reflect differences in evolutionary history or ecological roles as herbivores and predators, respectively. Our results show that there is physiological variation across elevations and species and that low-elevation tropical mayflies may be especially imperiled by climate warming. Given such variation among species, broad generalizations about the Vulnerability of tropical ectotherms should be made more cautiously.
-
temperature dependence of metabolic rate in tropical and temperate aquatic insects support for the climate variability hypothesis in mayflies but not stoneflies
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Alisha A Shah, Arthur H Woods, Justin C Havird, Encalada C Encalada, Alexander S Flecker, Chris W Funk, Juan M Guayasamin, Boris Kondratieff, Leroy N Poff, Steven A ThomasAbstract:A fundamental gap in climate change Vulnerability Research is an understanding of the relative thermal sensitivity of tropical and temperate organisms. Aquatic insects are vital to stream ecosystem function and biodiversity. With global temperatures rising at an unprecedented rate, it is imperative that we understand how sensitive aquatic insects are to increasing temperature and whether sensitivities vary among taxa across latitude and elevation. We measured thermal sensitivity of standard metabolic rate in stream-dwelling mayflies and stoneflies across a ~2,000 m elevation gradient in the temperate Rocky Mountains in Colorado, U.S.A., and the tropical Andes in Napo, Ecuador. Mayflies generally adhered to the predictions of the Climate Variability Hypothesis, such that tropical species exhibited greater thermal sensitivity than did temperate species. For stoneflies, by contrast, there was no evidence in support of our predictions; temperate stoneflies showed greater thermal sensitivity than tropical relatives. Differences among mayflies and stoneflies may reflect the evolutionary history of these insect clades or different ecological roles of mayflies (often herbivorous) and stoneflies (often predatory). Collectively our results suggest that there is physiological variation across elevations and species and low elevation tropical mayflies may be the most imperiled by climate warming. However, broad generalizations about the Vulnerability of tropical ectotherms should be made with caution.
